Zirconium Oxide doped and stabilized with Scandium Oxide
Fuel Cell Electrolyte ZrO/Sc2O3
Product
Product Code
Order or Specifications
Scandia Stabilized Zirconia (6 mol. %) Powder
SCZ6-P
Scandia Stabilized Zirconia (6 mol. %) Ink
SCZ6-I
American Elements specializes in producing scandia stabilized zirconium oxide (SCZ), zirconium oxide stabilized by various doping levels of scandium oxide, a material that upon firing forms a dense highly ionically conductive thin film electrolyte layer for use in solid oxide fuel cell electrochemistry structures. Scandia doped Zirconium Oxide belongs to a class of doped oxide compounds with ionic conductivity exceeding yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes. These include samarium doped ceria (SDC), yttria doped ceria (YDC) and Yttrium Oxide doped Bismuth Oxide. Scandia Stablized Zirconia is available in a powder for tape casting, air spray, extrusion and sputtering fuel cell applications and as an ink for screen printing. Scandia doping levels are available at 6% and as specified by customer. American Elements provides guidance on firing parameters, doping levels, and thermal expansion matching with American Elements' cathode and anode cell layers.
Scandium is a Block D, Group 3, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Scandium's shells is 2, 8, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d1 4s2. In its elemental form scandium's CAS number is 7440-20-2. The scandium atom has a radius of 160.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Scandium is mildly toxic. Scandium is a metal that has many of the characteristics of the rare earth elements, particularly yttrium. It is a light material with a higher melting point than aluminum giving uses in aerospace and most recently, in racing bicycles and golf clubs. Doping zirconium oxide with scandium oxide produces a low temperature electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells. Scandium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purityproperties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Scandium was first discovered by Lars Nilson in 1879. The origin of the name, Scandium, comes from the Latin word 'Scandia' meaning Scandinavia. See Scandium research below.
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium is primarily used in it's oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Scandium Ion-Enhanced Oxidative Dimerization and N-Demethylation of N,N-Dimethylanilines by a Non-Heme Iron(IV)-Oxo Complex.
Park J, Morimoto Y, Lee YM, You Y, Nam W, Fukuzumi S.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22010853
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Efficacy of smear layer removal at the root tip by using ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium garnet laser.
Peeters HH, Suardita K.
J Endod. 2011 Nov;37(11):1585-9. Epub 2011 Sep 28.
PMID:
22000469
[PubMed - in process]
Novel acridone-modified MCM-41 type silica: Synthesis, characterization and fluorescence tuning.
Hemgesberg M, Dörr G, Schmitt Y, Seifert A, Zhou Z, Klupp Taylor R, Bay S, Ernst S, Gerhards M, Müller TJ, Thiel WR.
Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2011;2:284-92. Epub 2011 Jun 9.
PMID:
21977441
[PubMed - in process]
Apicoectomies with the Erbium Laser: A Complementary Technique for Retrograde Endodontic Treatment.
Angiero F, Benedicenti S, Signore A, Parker S, Crippa R.
Photomed Laser Surg. 2011 Oct 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21967484
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Structural Chemistry, Monoclinic-to-Orthorhombic Phase Transition, and CO(2) Adsorption Behavior of the Small Pore Scandium Terephthalate, Sc(2)(O(2)CC(6)H(4)CO(2))(3), and Its Nitro- And Amino-Functionalized Derivatives.
Mowat JP, Miller SR, Griffin JM, Seymour VR, Ashbrook SE, Thompson SP, Fairen-Jimenez D, Banu AM, Düren T, Wright PA.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Sep 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21958382
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Scandium Stimulates the Production of Amylase and Bacilysin in Bacillus subtilis.
Inaoka T, Ochi K.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21948839
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Allyl complexes of scandium: synthesis and structure of neutral, cationic and anionic derivatives.
Standfuss S, Abinet E, Spaniol TP, Okuda J.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Oct 11;47(41):11441-3. Epub 2011 Sep 23.
PMID:
21946865
[PubMed - in process]
Model for the evaluation of root wear by histometric analysis.
José Pimentel Lopes de Oliveira G, Silveira Faeda R, Marcantonio E Jr, Chiérici Marcantonio RA.
Microsc Res Tech. 2011 Oct;74(10):920-4. doi: 10.1002/jemt.20976. Epub 2010 Dec 30.
PMID:
21936025
[PubMed - in process]
Scandium-Catalyzed Silylation of Aromatic C?H Bonds.
Oyamada J, Nishiura M, Hou Z.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Sep 20. doi: 10.1002/anie.201105636. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
21932221
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Lewis acid-catalyzed propargylic etherification and sulfanylation from alcohols in MeNO?-H?O.
Ohta K, Koketsu E, Nagase Y, Takahashi N, Watanabe H, Yoshimatsu M.
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2011;59(9):1133-40.
PMID:
21881257
[PubMed - in process]
Matrix infrared spectroscopic and theoretical studies on the reactions of scandium, yttrium, and lanthanide metal atoms with dimethyl ether.
Gong Y, Andrews L.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Oct 27;115(42):11624-31. Epub 2011 Oct 3.
PMID:
21870806
[PubMed - in process]
Neutron activation analysis of a particle returned from asteroid Itokawa.
Ebihara M, Sekimoto S, Shirai N, Hamajima Y, Yamamoto M, Kumagai K, Oura Y, Ireland TR, Kitajima F, Nagao K, Nakamura T, Naraoka H, Noguchi T, Okazaki R, Tsuchiyama A, Uesugi M, Yurimoto H, Zolensky ME, Abe M, Fujimura A, Mukai T, Yada Y.
Science. 2011 Aug 26;333(6046):1119-21.
PMID:
21868669
[PubMed]
Lanthanide Complexes of Substituted ?-Diketone Hydrazone Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activities.
Hegazy WH, Al-Motawaa IH.
Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2011;2011:531946. Epub 2011 Jun 22.
PMID:
21799665
[PubMed - in process]
Electronic states and spin-orbit splitting of lanthanum dimer.
Liu Y, Wu L, Zhang CH, Krasnokutski SA, Yang DS.
J Chem Phys. 2011 Jul 21;135(3):034309.
PMID:
21787005
[PubMed - in process]
Asymmetric bromoamination of chalcones with a privileged N,N'-dioxide/scandium(III) catalyst.
Huang SX, Ding K.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Aug 16;50(34):7734-6. doi: 10.1002/anie.201101076. Epub 2011 Jul 15. No abstract available.
PMID:
21766400
[PubMed - in process]
Isocyanide insertion and cyclization reactions to form indolines using pincer-type complexes of scandium.
Wicker BF, Pink M, Mindiola DJ.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Sep 21;40(35):9020-5. Epub 2011 Jul 8.
PMID:
21743908
[PubMed - in process]
Technologic advances in endodontics.
Mortman RE.
Dent Clin North Am. 2011 Jul;55(3):461-80, vii-viii.
PMID:
21726684
[PubMed - in process]
Elemental analysis of lung tissue particles and intracellular iron content of alveolar macrophages in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
Shimizu Y, Matsuzaki S, Dobashi K, Yanagitani N, Satoh T, Koka M, Yokoyama A, Ohkubo T, Ishii Y, Kamiya T, Mori M.
Respir Res. 2011 Jun 30;12:88.
PMID:
21718529
[PubMed - in process]
Reactivity of a scandium terminal imido complex towards unsaturated substrates.
Chu J, Lu E, Liu Z, Chen Y, Leng X, Song H.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Aug 8;50(33):7677-80. doi: 10.1002/anie.201102267. Epub 2011 Jun 29. No abstract available.
PMID:
21717544
[PubMed - in process]
Highly enantioselective synthesis of ?-substituted butenolides via the vinylogous Mukaiyama-Michael reaction catalyzed by a chiral scandium(III)-N,N'-dioxide complex.
Zhang Q, Xiao X, Lin L, Liu X, Feng X.
Org Biomol Chem. 2011 Aug 21;9(16):5748-54. Epub 2011 Jun 30.
PMID:
21717015
[PubMed - in process]
levels of scandium oxide, a material that upon firing forms a dense highly ionically conductive thin film electrolyte layer for use in solid oxide fuel cell electrochemistry structures. Scandia doped Zirconium Oxide belongs to a class of doped oxide compounds with ionic conductivity exceeding yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes. These include samarium doped ceria (SDC), yttria doped ceria (YDC) and Yttrium Oxide doped Bismuth Oxide. Scandia Stablized Zirconia is available in a powder for tape casting, air spray, extrusion and sputtering fuel cell applications and as an ink for screen printing. Scandia doping levels are available at 6% and as specified by customer. American Elements provides guidance on firing parameters, doping levels, and thermal expansion matching with American Elements' cathode and anode cell layers.
Scandium is a Block D, Group 3, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Scandium's shells is 2, 8, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d1 4s2. In its elemental form scandium's CAS number is 7440-20-2. The scandium atom has a radius of 160.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Scandium is mildly toxic. Scandium is a metal that has many of the characteristics of the rare earth elements, particularly yttrium. It is a light
material with a higher melting point than aluminum giving uses in aerospace and most recently, in racing bicycles and golf clubs. 
Doping zirconium oxide with scandium oxide produces a low temperature electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells. Scandium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Scandium was first discovered by Lars Nilson in 1879. The origin of the name, Scandium, comes from the Latin word 'Scandia' meaning Scandinavia. See Scandium research below.
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium is primarily used in it's oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change
in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a 
certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below. 
