Silica doped Zirconia is available in granule, powder and tablet form with an average particle size range of 1 - 3mm. Oxide compounds are not conductive to electricity. However, certain perovskite structured oxides are electronically conductive finding application in the cathode of solid oxide fuel cells and oxygen generation systems. They are compounds containing at least one oxygen anion and one metallic cation. They are typically insoluble in aqueous solutions (water) and extremely stable making them useful in ceramic structures as simple as producing clay bowls to advanced electronics and in light weight structural components in aerospace and electrochemical applications such as fuel cells in which they exhibit ionic conductivity. Metal oxide compounds are basic anhydrides and can therefore react with acids and with strong reducing agents in redox reactions. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available.
. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and followsapplicable ASTM testing standards.
Silicon is a Block P, Group 14, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Silicon's shells is 2, 8, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p2. In its elemental form silicon's CAS number is 7440-21-3. The silicon atom has a radius of 117.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 210.pm. Silicon is not toxic but can cause chronic respiratory problems if inhaled as a fine silica or silicate dust. Asbestos silicates are carcinogenic. Silicon is one of man's most useful elements. It makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Silicon is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ultra high purity silicon can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus , or arsenic to produce silicon for use in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silcones are important products of silicon. They range from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Silicon was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1823. The name Silicon originates from the Latin word "silex" which means flint or hard stone. See Silicon research below.
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium’s principal mineral is zircon (Zirconium Silicate) and is primarily used in its oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below.
Dielectrophoretic capture of E. coli cells at micropatterned nanoelectrode arrays.
Syed LU, Liu J, Price AK, Li YF, Culbertson CT, Li J.
Electrophoresis. 2011 Aug 8. doi: 10.1002/elps.201100020. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21823128
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Label-free electrochemical measurement of protein tyrosine kinase activity and inhibition based on electro-catalyzed tyrosine signaling.
Yang Y, Guo LH, Qu N, Wei MY, Zhao LX, Wan B.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2011 Jul 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21820892
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Role of Methylmercury Exposure (from Fish Consumption) on Growth and Neurodevelopment of Children Under 5 Years of Age Living in a Transitioning (Tin-Mining) Area of the Western Amazon, Brazil.
Marques RC, Dórea JG, Leão RS, Dos Santos VG, Bueno L, Marques RC, Brandão KG, Palermo EF, Guimarães JR.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21818617
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis of zinc tin oxide (ZTO) nanocrystallites at room temperature through association with peptide-containing bolaamphiphile molecules.
Ahn S, Kwon TG, Lee SY.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Jul 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21816408
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Gold nanoparticles modified ZnO nanorods with improved photocatalytic activity.
Sun L, Zhao D, Song Z, Shan C, Zhang Z, Li B, Shen D.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Jul 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21816407
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Optimized low-kV spectrum of dual-energy CT equipped with high-kV tin filtration for electron density measurements.
Saito M.
Med Phys. 2011 Jun;38(6):2850-8.
PMID:
21815360
[PubMed - in process]
Electrical properties of (Ba, Sr)TiO(3) thin films with Pt and ITO electrodes: dielectric and rectifying behaviour.
Li S, Ghinea C, Bayer TJ, Motzko M, Schafranek R, Klein A.
J Phys Condens Matter. 2011 Aug 3;23(33):334202. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21813966
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Solid state synthesis of tin-doped ZnO at room temperature: Characterization and its enhanced gas sensing and photocatalytic properties.
Jia X, Fan H, Afzaal M, Wu X, O'Brien P.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Jul 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21813237
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A comparison of utility measurement using EQ-5D and SF-6D preference-based generic instruments in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Salaffi F, Carotti M, Ciapetti A, Gasparini S, Grassi W.
Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011 Jul 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21813061
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Highly Active Iridium/Iridium-Tin/Tin Oxide Heterogeneous Nanoparticles as Alternative Electrocatalysts for the Ethanol Oxidation Reaction.
Du W, Wang Q, Saxner D, Deskins NA, Su D, Krzanowski JE, Frenkel AI, Teng X.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21812458
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Eight-Coordinated Arsenic in the Zintl Phases RbCd(4)As(3) and RbZn(4)As(3): Synthesis and Structural Characterization.
He H, Tyson C, Bobev S.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21812395
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effect of tin and lead chlorotriphenyl analogues on selected living cells.
Boniewska-Bernacka E, Man D, Slota R, Broda MA.
J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2011 Jul;25(4):231-7. doi: 10.1002/jbt.20380. Epub 2010 Dec 10.
PMID:
21812073
[PubMed - in process]
SnO(2) nanosheet hollow spheres with improved lithium storage capabilities.
Ding S, Wen David Lou X.
Nanoscale. 2011 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21811740
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A Three-State Surface Confined Molecular Switch with Multiple Channel Outputs.
Simao C, Mas-Torrent M, Casado-Montenegro J, Oton F, Veciana J, Rovira C.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21809828
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Increased and balanced light emission of transparent organic light-emitting diodes by enhanced microcavity effects.
Lee J, Hofmann S, Thomschke M, Furno M, Kim YH, Lüssem B, Leo K.
Opt Lett. 2011 Aug 1;36(15):2931-3. doi: 10.1364/OL.36.002931.
PMID:
21808362
[PubMed - in process]
Regional variations in pedal cyclist injuries in New Zealand: safety in numbers or risk in scarcity?
Tin ST, Woodward A, Thornley S, Ameratunga S.
Aust N Z J Public Health. 2011 Aug;35(4):357-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2011.00731.x.
PMID:
21806731
[PubMed - in process]
Determination of Quasi-Fermi Levels Across Illuminated Organic Donor/Acceptor Heterojunctions by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy.
Ellison DJ, Kim JY, Stevens DM, Frisbie CD.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Aug 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21806052
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Nonvolatile Rewritable Memory Effects in Graphene Oxide Functionalized by Conjugated Polymer Containing Fluorene and Carbazole Units.
Zhang B, Liu YL, Chen Y, Neoh KG, Li YX, Zhu CX, Tok ES, Kang ET.
Chemistry. 2011 Jul 29. doi: 10.1002/chem.201100807. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21805510
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Differentiating treatment-induced necrosis from recurrent/progressive brain tumor using nonmodel-based semiquantitative indices derived from dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR perfusion.
Narang J, Jain R, Arbab AS, Mikkelsen T, Scarpace L, Rosenblum ML, Hearshen D, Babajani-Feremi A.
Neuro Oncol. 2011 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21803763
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Impact of device-guided slow breathing on symptoms of chronic heart failure: a randomized, controlled feasibility study.
Ekman I, Kjellström B, Falk K, Norman J, Swedberg K.
Eur J Heart Fail. 2011 Jul 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21803755
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Elution behavior of polyethylene and polypropylene standards on carbon sorbents.
Chitta R, Macko T, Brüll R, Kalies G.
J Chromatogr A. 2010 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21035809 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Effect of Cyclic Impact Load on Shear Bond Strength of Zirconium Dioxide Ceramics.
Kawai N, Shinya A, Yokoyama D, Gomi H, Shinya A.
J Adhes Dent. 2010 Sep 28. doi: 10.3290/j.jad.a19471. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20978648 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Differences in metal ion release following cobalt-chromium and oxidized zirconium total knee arthroplasty.
Garrett S, Jacobs N, Yates P, Smith A, Wood D.
Acta Orthop Belg. 2010 Aug;76(4):513-20.PMID: 20973359 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
DNA binding studies of new valine derived chiral complexes of tin(IV) and zirconium(IV).
Arjmand F, Jamsheera A.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2010 Jun 12. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20965776 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Influence of counter-ions on the self-assembly of ZrO(2) nanodisks.
Ji H, Liu X, Wang X, Yao X.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Jan 15;353(2):356-62. Epub 2010 Oct 16.PMID: 20951993 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
The interaction of osteoblasts with bone-implant materials: 1. the effect of physico-chemical surface properties of implant materials.
Kubies D, Himmlová L, Riedel T, Tresohlavá E, Balík K, Douderová M, Bártová J, Pesáková V.
Physiol Res. 2010 Oct 15. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20945966 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Free ArticleRelated citations
Fracture resistance of endodontically-treated teeth: effect of combination bleaching and an antioxidant.
Khoroushi M, Feiz A, Khodamoradi R.
Oper Dent. 2010 Sep-Oct;35(5):530-7.PMID: 20945744 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Mechanism of catalytic cyclohydroamination by zirconium salicyloxazoline complexes.
Allan LE, Clarkson GJ, Fox DJ, Gott AL, Scott P.
J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Nov 3;132(43):15308-20.PMID: 20939579 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Antibacterial properties of nine pure metals: a laboratory study using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Yasuyuki M, Kunihiro K, Kurissery S, Kanavillil N, Sato Y, Kikuchi Y.
Biofouling. 2010 Oct;26(7):851-8.PMID: 20938849 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
One-Pot Preparation and Uranyl Adsorption Properties of Hierarchically Porous Zirconium Titanium Oxide Beads using Phase Separation Processes to Vary Macropore Morphology.
Drisko GL, Chee Kimling M, Scales N, Ide A, Sizgek E, Caruso RA, Luca V.
Langmuir. 2010 Nov 16;26(22):17581-8. Epub 2010 Oct 11.PMID: 20936801 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Renewable high-octane gasoline by aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation of C5 and C6 carbohydrates over Pt/Zirconium phosphate catalysts.
Li N, Tompsett GA, Huber GW.
ChemSusChem. 2010 Oct 25;3(10):1154-7. No abstract available. PMID: 20936668 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Can the method of fixation influence the wear behaviour of ZrN coated unicompartmental mobile knee prostheses?
Affatato S, Spinelli M, Lopomo N, Grupp TM, Marcacci M, Toni A.
Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2010 Oct 7. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20934240 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Measurement of dissolved reactive phosphorus using the diffusive gradients in thin films technique with a high-capacity binding phase.
Ding S, Xu D, Sun Q, Yin H, Zhang C.
Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Nov 1;44(21):8169-74.PMID: 20886846 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Raman microspectroscopy of organic inclusions in spodumenes from Nilaw (Nuristan, Afghanistan).
Weselucha-Birczynska A, Slowakiewicz M, Natkaniec-Nowak L, Proniewicz LM.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2010 Sep 28. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20884283 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Effect of thermocycling on the bond strength between dual-cured resin cements and zirconium-oxide ceramics.
D'Amario M, Campidoglio M, Morresi AL, Luciani L, Marchetti E, Baldi M.
J Oral Sci. 2010;52(3):425-30.PMID: 20881336 [PubMed - in process]Free ArticleRelated citations
Surface damages of zirconia by Nd:YAG dental laser irradiation.
Noda M, Okuda Y, Tsuruki J, Minesaki Y, Takenouchi Y, Ban S.
Dent Mater J. 2010 Oct 14;29(5):536-41. Epub 2010 Sep 18.PMID: 20877130 [PubMed - in process]Free ArticleRelated citations
Conjunctive and compromised data fusion schemes for identification of multiple notches in an aluminium plate using Lamb wave signals.
Lu Y, Ye L, Wang D, Wang X, Su Z.
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2010 Sep;57(9):2005-16.PMID: 20875990 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
A new smile for Judy: a multimaterial approach.
Nash RW.
Dent Today. 2010 Aug;29(8):92, 94. No abstract available. PMID: 20873651 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Matched-pair total knee arthroplasty retrieval analysis: Oxidized zirconium vs. CoCrMo.
Heyse TJ, Chen DX, Kelly N, Boettner F, Wright TM, Haas SB.
Knee. 2010 Sep 22. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20869251 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Surface modification of chromatography adsorbents by low temperature low pressure plasma.
Arpanaei A, Winther-Jensen B, Theodosiou E, Kingshott P, Hobley TJ, Thomas OR.
J Chromatogr A. 2010 Oct 29;1217(44):6905-16. Epub 2010 Sep 23.PMID: 20869062 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
American Elements is a copyrighted U.S. Trademark. All rights reserved.
Silicon is a Block P, Group 14, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Silicon's shells is 2, 8, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p2. In its elemental form silicon's CAS number is 7440-21-3. The silicon atom has a radius of 117.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 210.pm. Silicon is not toxic but can cause chronic respiratory problems if inhaled as a fine silica or silicate dust. Asbestos silicates are carcinogenic. Silicon is
one of man's most useful elements. It makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Silicon is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ultra high purity silicon can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus , or arsenic to produce silicon for use in 
transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silcones are important products of silicon. They range from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Silicon was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1823. The name Silicon originates from the Latin word "silex" which means flint or hard stone. See Silicon research below. 
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium’s principal mineral is zircon (Zirconium Silicate) and is primarily used in its oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change
in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a 
certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below.
