 Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate is a water insoluble Sodium source that can easily be converted to other Sodium compounds, such as the oxide by heating (calcination). Carbonate compounds also give off carbon dioxide when treated with dilute acids. Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
 Sodium is a Block S, Group 1, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Sodium's shells is 2, 8, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s1. In its elemental form sodium's CAS number is 7440-23-5. The sodium atom has a radius of 185.8.pm and it's Van der Waalsradius is 227.pm. Sodium is not toxic but skin contact may cause irritation and burns. Sodium is primarily used in its metallic form in the production of  chemical esters and in the manufacturing of various other organic compounds. The metal is used in the alloy of tin, nickel and copper for its structural characteristics. Sodium is availableas metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. High purity sodium compounds are used as reducing agents. Sodium compounds are used in low tech applications throughout industry. Sodium was first discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807. The name Sodium comes from the Latin word "natrium" which means sodium carbonate. See Sodium research below.
A carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid containing the carbonate ion, CO32−. Metal carbonates may be ionic or may contain covalent metal-carbonate bonds via one or two oxygen atoms. Many minerals, including calcite, dolomite, and aragonite, consist of or contain carbonates. Sodium carbonate is one of the world's most important basic chemical commodities. Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, and potassium carbonate, K2CO3, are widely used. Calcium carbonate is found in shells of animals and in Iceland spar, limestone, and marble; it is used in the production of lime (calcium oxide). Barium carbonate occurs as the mineral witherite. Magnesium carbonate occurs as magnesite and in dolomite (with calcium carbonate). Iron carbonate is a ferrous compound that occurs in nature as siderite. White lead used as a pigment in paints is basic lead carbonate. Potassium and sodium carbonates are readily soluble in water, alkali metal carbonates are stable when heated, but other carbonates decompose, releasing carbon dioxide. Carbonates also give off carbon dioxide when treated with dilute acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid.
Purities include 99%, 99.9%, 99.99%, 99.999% and 99.9999% which are sometimes referred to as 2N, 3N, 4N, 5N and 6N.
Physical properties may include nanopowder, nano particle, submicron, - 325 mesh, rod, foil, and high surface area carbonate with particle distribution and particle size controlled and certified. We produce larger - 40 mesh, - 100 mesh, -200 mesh range sizes and < 0.5 mm, 2 mm, 5 mm and other mm size shot, granules, lump, flake and pieces, too. |
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Recent Research & Development for Sodium
- Evaluation of analgesic efficacy of bromfenac sodium ophthalmic solution 0.09% versus ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution 0.5% following LASEK or Epi-LASIK.
Wang XJ, Wong SH, Givergis R, Chynn EW.
Clin Ophthalmol. 2011;5:1451-7. Epub 2011 Oct 7.
PMID:
22034570
[PubMed - in process]
- Risk of Poor Outcomes with Novel and Traditional Biomarkers at Clinical AKI Diagnosis.
Hall IE, Coca SG, Perazella MA, Eko UU, Luciano RL, Peter PR, Han WK, Parikh CR.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22034509
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Chemoenzymatic synthesis of homogeneous ultralow molecular weight heparins.
Xu Y, Masuko S, Takieddin M, Xu H, Liu R, Jing J, Mousa SA, Linhardt RJ, Liu J.
Science. 2011 Oct 28;334(6055):498-501.
PMID:
22034431
[PubMed - in process]
- Association between the lack of teeth and the expression of myosins in masticatory muscles of microphthalmic mouse.
Nariyama M, Kota Y, Kaneko S, Asada Y, Yamane A.
Cell Biochem Funct. 2011 Oct 27. doi: 10.1002/cbf.1821. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22034127
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Serum Calcium Concentration Affects Signal Changes on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Hypoglycemic Encephalopathy.
Koh E, Tsai LK, Hong CT.
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22033722
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Severe case and literature review of primary erythromelalgia: Novel SCN9A gene mutation.
Skeik N, Rooke TW, Davis MD, Davis DM, Kalsi H, Kurth I, Richardson RC.
Vasc Med. 2011 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22033523
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Selenium homeostasis and induction of thioredoxin reductase during long term selenite supplementation in the rat.
Erkhembayar S, Mollbrink A, Eriksson M, Larsen EH, Eriksson LC.
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22033016
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- The effect of hydroxyapatite presence on the degree of conversion and polymerization rate in a model self-etching adhesive.
Zhang Y, Wang Y.
Dent Mater. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22032933
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Relationship between sodium intake and sleep apnea in patients with heart failure.
Kasai T, Arcand J, Allard JP, Mak S, Azevedo ER, Newton GE, Bradley TD.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Nov 1;58(19):1970-4.
PMID:
22032708
[PubMed - in process]
- Transcription of detoxification genes after permethrin selection in the mosquito Aedes aegypti.
Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Suarez AF, Salas IF, Strode C, Ranson H, Hemingway J, Black Iv WC.
Insect Mol Biol. 2011 Oct 27. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01113.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22032702
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Reactive Aldehyde Metabolites from the Anti-HIV Drug Abacavir: Amino Acid Adducts as Possible Factors in Abacavir Toxicity.
Charneira C, Godinho AL, Oliveira MC, Pereira SA, Monteiro EC, Marques MM, Antunes AM.
Chem Res Toxicol. 2011 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22032494
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- The effectiveness of intensive nursing care on seasonal variation of blood pressure in patients on peritoneal dialysis.
Quan L, Dong J, Li Y, Zuo L.
J Adv Nurs. 2011 Oct 27. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05833.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22032423
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Short communication: Addition of varying amounts of sodium bicarbonate to colostrum replacer: Effects on immunoglobulin G absorption and serum bicarbonate in neonatal calves.
Cabral RG, Chapman CE, Haines DM, Brito AF, Erickson PS.
J Dairy Sci. 2011 Nov;94(11):5656-60.
PMID:
22032388
[PubMed - in process]
- Plasma potassium-lowering effect of oral glucose, sodium bicarbonate, and the combination thereof in healthy neonatal dairy calves.
Grünberg W, Hartmann H, Burfeind O, Heuwieser W, Staufenbiel R.
J Dairy Sci. 2011 Nov;94(11):5646-55.
PMID:
22032387
[PubMed - in process]
- Effect of method of delivery of sodium butyrate on rumen development in newborn calves.
Górka P, Kowalski ZM, Pietrzak P, Kotunia A, Jagusiak W, Holst JJ, Guilloteau P, Zabielski R.
J Dairy Sci. 2011 Nov;94(11):5578-88.
PMID:
22032381
[PubMed - in process]
- Effects of partially replacing skimmed milk powder with dairy ingredients on rheology, sensory profiling, and microstructure of probiotic stirred-type yogurt during cold storage.
Marafon AP, Sumi A, Granato D, Alcântara MR, Tamime AY, Nogueira de Oliveira M.
J Dairy Sci. 2011 Nov;94(11):5330-40.
PMID:
22032355
[PubMed - in process]
- Bio-based nanocomposite coating to preserve quality of Fior di latte cheese.
Gammariello D, Conte A, Buonocore GG, Del Nobile MA.
J Dairy Sci. 2011 Nov;94(11):5298-304.
PMID:
22032352
[PubMed - in process]
- Sodium alginate as an ideal submucosal injection material for endoscopic submucosal resection: preliminary experimental and clinical study.
Akagi T, Yasuda K, Tajima M, Suzuki K, Inomata M, Shiraishi N, Sato Y, Kitano S.
Gastrointest Endosc. 2011 Nov;74(5):1026-32.
PMID:
22032316
[PubMed - in process]
- An Observational Prospective Study of Topical Acidified Nitrite for Killing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Contaminated Wounds.
Ormerod AD, Shah AA, Li H, Benjamin NB, Ferguson GP, Leifert C.
BMC Res Notes. 2011 Oct 27;4(1):458. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22032298
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- [Determination of three sweeteners in vinegars by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry].
Yin F, Ding Z, Cao X, Gao J, Jiang D, Kuang D, Gu Y, He G.
Se Pu. 2011 Jun;29(6):554-7. Chinese.
PMID:
22032168
[PubMed - in process]
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Recent Research & Development for Carbonate
- Environmental impact of historical harbour city Zadar (Croatia) on the composition of marine sediments and soils.
Sager M, Kralik M.
Environ Geochem Health. 2011 Aug 10. [Epub ahead of print]
- Biomimetic mineralisation of polymeric scaffolds using a combined soaking approach: adaptation with various mineral salts.
Munro NH, McGrath KM.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Aug 10. [Epub ahead of print]
- Biomimetic mineralisation of polymeric scaffolds using a combined soaking and Kitano approach.
Munro NH, Green DW, Dangerfield A, McGrath KM.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Aug 10. [Epub ahead of print]
- The pathophysiology of early stage chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) and response to phosphate binders in the rat.
Moe SM, Radcliffe JS, White KE, Gattone VH 2nd, Seifert MF, Chen X, Aldridge B, Chen NX.
J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Aug 8. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.485. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 21826734 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Silicate-Mediated Alleviation of Pb Toxicity in Banana Grown in Pb-Contaminated Soil.
Li L, Zheng C, Fu Y, Wu D, Yang X, Shen H.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Aug 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 21826608 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Biologically induced initiation of Neoproterozoic snowball-Earth events.
Tziperman E, Halevy I, Johnston DT, Knoll AH, Schrag DP.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Aug 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 21825156 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Influence of the pore structure on the effectiveness of a biogenic carbonate surface treatment for limestone conservation.
De Muynck W, Leuridan S, Van Loo D, Verbeken K, Cnudde V, De Belie N, Verstraete W.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 21821746 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Characterization of hollow hydroxyapatite/copper microspheres prepared from the reduction of copper-modified hydroxyapatite by glucose.
Li C, Liang J, Niu J, Liu S, Li G, Bai J, Zhang A, Ding R.
J Electron Microsc (Tokyo). 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 21821600 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Trichloroethylene decomposition and in-situ dry sorption of Cl-products by calcium oxides prepared from hydrated limes.
Gotoh Y, Iwata G, Choh K, Kubota M, Matsuda H.
Chemosphere. 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 21821273 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Mineralogy and geochemistry of Zn-rich mine-drainage precipitates from an MgO passive treatment system by synchrotron-based X-ray analysis.
Perez-Lopez R, Macías F, Caraballo MA, Nieto Linan JM, Román-Ross G, Tucoulou R, Ayora C.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 21819094 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- a-Sulfonyl Succinimides: Versatile Sulfinate Donors in Fe-Catalyzed, Salt-Free, Neutral Allylic Substitution.
Jegelka M, Plietker B.
Chemistry. 2011 Aug 4. doi: 10.1002/chem.201101047. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 21818793 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Stability of Self-Assembled Polymeric Micelles in Serum.
Lu J, Owen SC, Shoichet MS.
Macromolecules. 2011 Aug 9;44(15):6002-6008. Epub 2011 Jul 8.
PMID: 21818161 [PubMed] Free PMC Article
- Ion reactivity of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite in standard cell culture media.
Gustavsson J, Ginebra MP, Engel E, Planell J.
Acta Biomater. 2011 Jul 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 21816238 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- A Useful Synthetic Equivalent of a Hydroxyacetone Enolate.
Bigovic M, Maslak V, Tokic-Vujosevic Z, Divjakovic V, Saicic RN.
Org Lett. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 21815664 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Tertiary Amine-Catalyzed Chemoselective and Asymmetric [3 + 2] Annulation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman Carbonates of Isatins with Propargyl Sulfones.
Peng J, Huang X, Jiang L, Cui HL, Chen YC.
Org Lett. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 21815615 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Sensitivity of coccolithophores to carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification.
Beaufort L, Probert I, de Garidel-Thoron T, Bendif EM, Ruiz-Pino D, Metzl N, Goyet C, Buchet N, Coupel P, Grelaud M, Rost B, Rickaby RE, de Vargas C.
Nature. 2011 Aug 3;476(7358):80-3. doi: 10.1038/nature10295.
PMID: 21814280 [PubMed - in process]
- Phase II screening trial of lithium carbonate in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Examining a more efficient trial design.
Miller RG, Moore DH, Forshew DA, Katz JS, Barohn RJ, Valan M, Bromberg MB, Goslin KL, Graves MC, McCluskey LF, McVey AL, Mozaffar T, Florence JM, Pestronk A, Ross M, Simpson EP, Appel SH; On behalf of the WALS Study Group.
Neurology. 2011 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 21813790 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Asymmetric Organocatalytic Allylic Substitution of Morita-Baylis-Hillman Carbonates with Allylamines for the Synthesis of 2,5-Dihydropyrroles.
Sun W, Ma X, Hong L, Wang R.
J Org Chem. 2011 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 21812473 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Unexpected Alkyl Group Migration in Palladium(II) Benzocarbaporphyrins (†).
Lash TD.
Org Lett. 2011 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 21812402 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- [The influence of short-term magnesium carbonate treatment on calcium-phosphorus balance in dialysis patients].
Zwiech R, Dryja P, Lacina D, Króliczak V, Chrul S, Kacprzyk F.
Wiad Lek. 2011;64(1):9-14. Polish.
PMID: 21812357 [PubMed - in process]
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