Recent research has confirmed that Bismuth Telluride may significantly increase the speed of microchips and be the basis for the emerging next generation technology know as "Spintronics". Technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Bismuth is a Block P, Group 15, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Bismuth's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3. In its elemental form bismuth's CAS number is 7440-69-9. The bismuth atom has a radius of 154.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. Bismuth is not toxic. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall Effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field). Bismuth expands on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium , etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocoupling material, and has found application as a carrier for 235 U or 233 U fuel in nuclear reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming unsoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth was first discovered by Early Man. The name Bismuth originates from the German word 'wissmuth' meaning white mass. See Bismuth research below.
Tellurium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Tellurium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4. In its elemental form tellurium's CAS number is 13494-80-9. The tellurium atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 206.pm. Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms. It is grown in crystalline form with other elements such as indium telluride. Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light which makes many tellurides candidates for solar energyapplications. Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium is used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices. Iron is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Tellurium was first discovered by Franz Muller von Reichenstein in 1782. The name Tellurium originates from the Greek word 'Tellus' meaning Earth. See Tellurium research below..
American Elements semi conducting materials are crystal structures produced from ultra high purity starting materials synthesized by our high purity production facility which includes several large electric muffle furnaces, a tube furnace for hydrogen reduction, 50 gallon glass-lined Pfaudler reactors supported by our analytical laboratory containing X-ray diffraction, SEM, AA, BET surface area, and ICP Spectrometry for trace metals analysis. See a discussion of American Elements Ultra High Purity and Analytical capabilities. See Crystal Growth for processes used to fabricate semiconductor materials, which include:
Crystal "pulling" by the Czochaiski method for production of semiconductor materials
Flux growth and gradient freeze
Directional solidification of fluorites using both the Bridgman-Stockbarger and float zoning techniques
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Dichloromethane as solvent for the synthesis
of polycationic clusters at room temperature - a link to standard organometallic
chemistry. Akerstedt J, Zaffaroni R, Kloo L. Dalton Trans. 2010 Sep 21;39(35):8132-4. Epub 2010 Aug 3. PubMed PMID:
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Validation of measures of satisfaction with and impact of continuous and
conventional glucose monitoring. Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study
Group. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2010 Sep;12(9):679-84.
PubMed PMID: 20799388.
Degradation and Mineralization of Bisphenol A by
Mesoporous Bi(2)WO(6) under Simulated Solar Light Irradiation. Wang C, Zhang H, Li F, Zhu L. Environ Sci
Technol. 2010 Sep 1;44(17):6843-8. PubMed PMID: 20704289.
Prospective
Evaluation of a Newly Designed T-configured Stent Graft System for Palliative
Treatment of Advanced Hilar Malignant Biliary Obstructions. Gwon DI, Ko GY, Yoon HK, Kim JH, Lee JM, Ohm JY, Sung KB. J Vasc Interv Radiol.
2010 Sep;21(9):1410-1418. PubMed PMID: 20800780.
The initialization and manipulation of quantum information stored in silicon by
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Novel synthesis of bismuth tungstate hollow
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X-ray Crystal
Structures of [XeF][MF(6)] (M = As, Sb, Bi), [XeF][M(2)F(11)] (M = Sb, Bi) and
Estimated Thermochemical Data and Predicted Stabilities for Noble-Gas
Fluorocation Salts using Volume-Based Thermodynamics. Elliott HS, Lehmann JF, Mercier HP, Jenkins HD, Schrobilgen GJ. Inorg Chem. 2010 Aug 24.
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Bismuth shielding in CT: support for use in
children. Kim S, Frush DP, Yoshizumi TT. Pediatr Radiol. 2010 Aug 24. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
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First-line eradication of Helicobacter pylori: are the standard
triple therapies obsolete? A different perspective. Buzás GM. World J Gastroenterol. 2010
Aug 21;16(31):3865-70. PubMed PMID: 20712046.
Efficient conversion of triacylglycerols and fatty acids
to biodiesel in a microwave reactor using metal triflate catalysts. Socha AM, Sello JK. Org Biomol
Chem. 2010 Aug 17. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20714659.
Ex vivo assessment of
genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in murine fibroblasts exposed to white MTA or white
Portland cement with 15% bismuth oxide. Zeferino EG, Bueno CE, Oyama LM, Ribeiro DA. Int Endod J. 2010 Aug 16. [Epub ahead of
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2-Pyridyl selenolates of antimony and bismuth: Synthesis,
characterization, structures and their use as single source molecular precursor
for the preparation of metal selenide nanostructures and thin films. Sharma RK, Kedarnath G, Jain VK, Wadawale A, Nalliath M, Pillai CG,
Vishwanadh B. Dalton
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Conventional
and pretargeted radioimmunotherapy using bismuth-213 to target and treat
non-Hodgkin lymphomas expressing CD20: a preclinical model toward optimal
consolidation therapy to eradicate minimal residual disease. Park SI, Shenoi J, Pagel JM, Hamlin DK, Wilbur DS, Orgun N, Kenoyer AL, Frayo
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Ultrathin topological insulator Bi2Se3 nanoribbons exfoliated by
atomic force microscopy. Hong SS, Kundhikanjana W, Cha JJ, Lai K, Kong D, Meister S, Kelly MA, Shen
ZX, Cui Y. Nano Lett. 2010 Aug 11;10(8):3118-22. PubMed PMID:
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Bismuth paste injection
for empyema thoracis: a 100-year-old method revisited. Reda Mahmoud TA, Ismail NI, Muda AS, Abdul Rahman MR. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010
Aug;90(2):654-5. PubMed PMID: 20667375.
Management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Costa F, D'Elios MM. Expert Rev
Anti Infect Ther. 2010 Aug;8(8):887-92. PubMed PMID: 20695744.
Spontaneous regression of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in an
immunocompromised patient. Bellows PH, Anaya-Ayala JE, Younes HK, Charlton-Ouw KM, Bismuth J, Davies MG,
Peden EK. Vasc Med. 2010 Aug;15(4):315-9. PubMed PMID: 20724377.
I{kappa}B kinase overcomes PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK to control FOXO3a
activity in acute myeloid leukemia. Chapuis N, Park S, Leotoing L, Tamburini J, Verdier F, Bardet V, Green AS,
Willems L, Agou F, Ifrah N, Dreyfus F, Bismuth G, Baud V, Lacombe C, Mayeux P,
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Incorporating simulation in vascular surgery education. Bismuth J, Donovan MA, O'Malley MK, El Sayed HF, Naoum JJ, Peden EK, Davies
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Biomimetic calcium-silicate cements aged in simulated body solutions. Osteoblast
response and analyses of apatite coating. Gandolfi MG, Ciapetti G, Perut F, Taddei P, Modena E, Rossi PL, Prati C. J Appl Biomater Biomech. 2009
Sep-Dec;7(3):160-70. PubMed PMID: 20740425.
Multi-metal(loid) methylation in methanoarchaea is linked to central intermediates of methanogenesis.
Thomas F, Diaz-Bone RA, Wuerfel O, Huber B, Weidenbach K, Schmitz RA, Hensel R.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22003009
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis, structure, and bonding of orthorhombic r(5)au(2)te(2) (R = lu, ho, dy, y). Electronic structure of the binary parent valence compound eu(5)as(4).
Chai P, Corbett JD.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Nov 7;50(21):10949-55. Epub 2011 Oct 12.
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[PubMed - in process]
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Protects Escherichia coli from Tellurite-Mediated Oxidative Stress.
Sandoval JM, Arenas FA, Vásquez CC.
PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e25573. Epub 2011 Sep 30.
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Microbial processing of tellurium as a tool in biotechnology.
Turner RJ, Borghese R, Zannoni D.
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21907273
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Measurement of the ?? Decay Half-Life of ^{130}Te with the NEMO-3 Detector.
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Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Aug 5;107(6):062504. Epub 2011 Aug 4.
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Synthesis and characterization of wurtzite ZnTe nanorods with controllable aspect ratios.
Zhang J, Jin S, Fry HC, Peng S, Shevchenko E, Wiederrecht GP, Rajh T.
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A homometallic tricapped cubane cluster: [(Cp*Mo)4B4H4(?4-BH)3] (Cp* = ?5-C5Me5).
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Selective antimicrobial activity associated with sulfur nanoparticles.
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Bioactivity of the conjugation of green-emitting CdTe quantum dots with a carborane complex.
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Isolation and characterization of an environmental cadmium- and tellurite-resistant Pseudomonas strain.
Chien CC, Jiang MH, Tsai MR, Chien CC.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2011 Oct;30(10):2202-7. doi: 10.1002/etc.620. Epub 2011 Aug 10.
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An ultrasensitive hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on electrocatalytic synergy of graphene-gold nanocomposite, CdTe-CdS core-shell quantum dots and gold nanoparticles.
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Procedure-Controlled Selective Synthesis of 5-Acyl-2-iminothiazolines and their Selenium and Tellurium Derivatives by Convergent Tandem Annulation.
Wang Y, Zhang WX, Wang Z, Xi Z.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Jul 14. doi: 10.1002/anie.201101948. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
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Synthesis, structures and ab initio studies of selenium and tellurium bis(carbodithioates and carbothioates).
Kato S, Tani K, Ishida M, Nonogaki J, Ebihara M, Hayashi S, Nakanishi W, Niyomura O, Ando F, Koketsu J.
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Recent research has confirmed that Bismuth Telluride may significantly increase the speed of microchips and be the basis for the emerging next generation technology know as "Spintronics". Technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Bismuth is a Block P, Group 15, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Bismuth's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3. In its elemental form bismuth's CAS number is 7440-69-9. The bismuth atom has a radius of 154.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. Bismuth is not toxic. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall Effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field). Bismuth expands on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals
such as tin, cadmium , etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which 
are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocoupling material, and has found application as a carrier for 235 U or 233 U fuel in nuclear reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming unsoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth was first discovered by Early Man. The name Bismuth originates from the German word 'wissmuth' meaning white mass. See Bismuth research below. 
Tellurium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Tellurium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4. In its elemental form tellurium's CAS number is 13494-80-9. The tellurium atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 206.pm. Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms. It is grown in crystalline form with other elements such as indium telluride. Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light which makes many tellurides candidates for solar energyapplications. Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. 
Tellurium is used as 
a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices. Iron is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Tellurium was first discovered by Franz Muller von Reichenstein in 1782. The name Tellurium originates from the Greek word 'Tellus' meaning Earth. See Tellurium research below..
