American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Thorium sputtering targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Thorium as rods, powder and plates. Other shapes are available by request.
Thorium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Thorium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Rn] 6d2 7s2. In its elemental form thorium's CAS number is 7440-29-1. The thorium atom has a radius of 179.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Thorium is radioactive and can collect in bones which may cause bone cancer several years after exposure. Breathing in substantial amounts of thorium may be lethal. Thorium is a lanthanide (rare earth) material with potential nuclear power applications. Thorium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is presently used as a tungsten coating in electronic parts due to its high emission factor. Thorium in the form of its fluoride and oxide is used in advanced optic applications for its high refractive index. It is also used in several other high temperature glass applications, such as in the mantle of lamps and to produce crystal growth crucibles and ampules. Thorium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1828. The name Thorium originates from the Scandinavian god, Thor, the Norse god of war and thunder. See Thorium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
The Th[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bond: an experimental and computational study of thorium poly-carbene complexes.
Ren W, Deng X, Zi G, Fang DC.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21814698
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis and Characterization of Thorium(IV) Sulfates.
Knope KE, Wilson RE, Skanthakumar S, Soderholm L.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21812466
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Thorium Oxo and Sulfido Metallocenes: Synthesis, Structure, Reactivity, and Computational Studies.
Ren W, Zi G, Fang DC, Walter MD.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21793520
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The discoveries of uranium 237 and symmetric fission - From the archival papers of Nishina and Kimura.
Ikeda N.
Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2011;87(7):371-6.
PMID:
21785255
[PubMed - in process]
Matrix infrared spectroscopic and density functional theoretical investigations on thorium and uranium atom reactions with dimethyl ether.
Gong Y, Andrews L.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Jul 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21769368
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tris(tetra-butyl-ammonium) tris-(nitrato-?O,O')tetra-kis-(thio-cyanato-?N)thorium(IV).
Lozano-Rodriguez MJ, Thuéry P, Petit S, Copping R, Mustre de Leon J, Den Auwer C.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Apr 1;67(Pt 4):m487. Epub 2011 Mar 26.
PMID:
21753998
[PubMed]
Interaction of thorium(iv) with nitrate in aqueous solution: medium effect or weak complexation?
Di Bernardo P, Zanonato P, Rao L, Bismondo A, Endrizzi F.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Jul 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21738949
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Should we consider using liquid fluoride thorium reactors for power generation?
Cooper N, Minakata D, Begovic M, Crittenden J.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Aug 1;45(15):6237-8. Epub 2011 Jul 6. No abstract available.
PMID:
21732635
[PubMed - in process]
Electron correlation and relativistic effects in atomic structure calculations of the thorium atom.
Roy SK, Prasad R, Chandra P.
J Chem Phys. 2011 Jun 21;134(23):234302.
PMID:
21702551
[PubMed - in process]
[Dust concentration analysis in non-coal mining. Exposure evaluation based on measurements performed by occupational hygiene laboratories in the years 2001-2005 in Poland].
Bujak-Pietrek S, Mikolajczyk U, Szadkowska-Stanczyk I.
Med Pr. 2011;62(2):113-25. Polish.
PMID:
21698871
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
A cryogenic beam of refractory, chemically reactive molecules with expansion cooling.
Hutzler NR, Parsons MF, Gurevich YV, Hess PW, Petrik E, Spaun B, Vutha AC, Demille D, Gabrielse G, Doyle JM.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Jun 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21698321
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Proposal for a nuclear gamma-ray laser of optical range.
Tkalya EV.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Apr 22;106(16):162501. Epub 2011 Apr 21.
PMID:
21599361
[PubMed - in process]
Accumulation and soil-to-plant transfer of radionuclides in the Nile Delta coastal black sand habitats.
Hegazy AK, Emam MH.
Int J Phytoremediation. 2011 Feb;13(2):140-55.
PMID:
21598782
[PubMed - in process]
Smart thorium and uranium determination exploiting renewable solid-phase extraction applied to environmental samples in a wide concentration range.
Avivar J, Ferrer L, Casas M, Cerdà V.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Jul;400(10):3585-94. Epub 2011 May 14.
PMID:
21573729
[PubMed - in process]
Gamma-spectrometric analysis of high salinity fluids - how to analyze radionuclides of the thorium decay chain far from radioactive equilibrium?
Degering D, Köhler M.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2011 Apr 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21570856
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Assessment of radionuclide and metal contamination in a thorium rich area in Norway.
Popic JM, Salbu B, Strand T, Skipperud L.
J Environ Monit. 2011 Jun;13(6):1730-8. Epub 2011 May 10.
PMID:
21556423
[PubMed - in process]
Retraction notice to "Immobilization of 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-thiolonto kanemite for thorium (IV) removal: thermodynamic and equilibrium study" [J. Colloid Interface Sci. 338 (2009) 30-39].
[No authors listed]
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 May 15;357(2):558. No abstract available.
PMID:
21553729
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
EPR evidence for the restricted mobility of NO2 in gamma irradiated thorium nitrate pentahydrate Th(NO3)4·5H2O.
Rajeswari B, Kadam RM, Dhawale BA, Babu Y, Natarajan V, Godbole SV.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011 Aug;79(3):405-11. Epub 2011 Mar 24.
PMID:
21524936
[PubMed - in process]
Screening of plant species for phytoremediation of uranium, thorium, barium, nickel, strontium and lead contaminated soils from a uranium mill tailings repository in South China.
Li GY, Hu N, Ding DX, Zheng JF, Liu YL, Wang YD, Nie XQ.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Jun;86(6):646-52. Epub 2011 Apr 27.
PMID:
21523506
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Background radiation and individual dosimetry in the costal area of Tamil Nadu, India.
Matsuda N, Brahmanandhan GM, Yoshida M, Takamura N, Suyama A, Koguchi Y, Juto N, Raj YL, Winsley G, Selvasekarapandian S.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2011;146(1-3):314-7. Epub 2011 Apr 18.
PMID:
21502300
[PubMed - in process]
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Thorium as rods, powder and plates. Other shapes are available by request.
Thorium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Thorium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Rn] 6d2 7s2. In its elemental form thorium's CAS number is 7440-29-1. The thorium atom has a radius of 179.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Thorium is radioactive and can collect in bones which may cause bone cancer several years after exposure. Breathing in substantial amounts of thorium may be lethal. Thorium is a lanthanide (rare earth) material with potential nuclear power applications. Thorium 
is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is 
presently used as a tungsten coating in electronic parts due to its high emission factor. Thorium in the form of its fluoride and oxide is used in advanced optic applications for its high refractive index. It is also used in several other high temperature glass applications, such as in the mantle of lamps and to produce crystal growth crucibles and ampules. Thorium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1828. The name Thorium originates from the Scandinavian god, Thor, the Norse god of war and thunder. See Thorium research below.
