American Elements' Nanometal ™, nanofoil manufacturing unit produces ultra thin foil as thin as only 50 nm thick in diameters up to 910 mm. Typically, foils are in thicknesses from 20 nm to 1000 nm, 1 micron, 2 micron, and up to a few microns thick. Nanometal™ ultra thin foil can also be produced on a substrate with a parting agent to permit removal by floating and can then be mounted on frames. Frames may be washers, rings, or more-complicated assemblies. For foils >1 micron thick see our Thorium Foil page. We also produce Thorium as rods, powder and plates. Other shapes are available by request.
Thorium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Thorium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Rn] 6d2 7s2. In its elemental form thorium's CAS number is 7440-29-1. The thorium atom has a radius of 179.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Thorium is radioactive and can collect in bones which may cause bone cancer several years after exposure. Breathing in substantial amounts of thorium may be lethal. Thorium is a lanthanide (rare earth) material with potential nuclear power applications. Thorium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is presently used as a tungsten coating in electronic parts due to its high emission factor. Thorium in the form of its fluoride and oxide is used in advanced optic applications for its high refractive index. It is also used in several other high temperature glass applications, such as in the mantle of lamps and to produce crystal growth crucibles and ampules. Thorium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1828. The name Thorium originates from the Scandinavian god, Thor, the Norse god of war and thunder. See Thorium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY CONCENTRATIONS AND GAMMA DOSE RATE LEVELS IN KAYSERI, TURKEY.
Otansev P, Karahan G, Kam E, Barut I, Taskin H.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2011 Mar 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21406430
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Uranium, thorium and rare earth elements in macrofungi: what are the genuine concentrations?
Borovicka J, Kubrová J, Rohovec J, Randa Z, Dunn CE.
Biometals. 2011 Mar 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21390524
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Floatation-spectrophotometric Determination of Thorium, Using Complex Formation with Eriochrome Cyanine R.
Shiri S, Delpisheh A, Haeri A, Poornajaf A, Khezeli T, Badkiu N.
Anal Chem Insights. 2011 Jan 23;6:1-6.
PMID:
21340019
[PubMed - in process]
Separation behavior of U(VI) and Th(IV) on a cation exchange column using 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid as a complexing agent and its application for the rapid separation and determination of U and Th by ion chromatography.
Jeyakumar S, Mishra VG, Das MK, Raut VV, Sawant RM, Ramakumar KL.
J Sep Sci. 2011 Mar;34(6):609-16. doi: 10.1002/jssc.201000907. Epub 2011 Feb 15.
PMID:
21328536
[PubMed - in process]
The pH-dependence and reversibility of uranium and thorium binding on a modified bauxite refinery residue using isotopic exchange techniques.
Clark MW, Harrison JJ, Payne TE.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Apr 15;356(2):699-705. Epub 2011 Jan 26.
PMID:
21316696
[PubMed - in process]
Communication: The permanent electric dipole moment of thorium monoxide, ThO.
Wang F, Le A, Steimle TC, Heaven MC.
J Chem Phys. 2011 Jan 21;134(3):031102.
PMID:
21261322
[PubMed - in process]
Solid State Structure of Thorium(IV) Complexes with Common Aminopolycarboxylate Ligands.
Thue´ry P.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Jan 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21250685
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Excitation of the isomeric 229mTh nuclear state via an electronic bridge process in 229Th+.
Porsev SG, Flambaum VV, Peik E, Tamm C.
Phys Rev Lett. 2010 Oct 29;105(18):182501. Epub 2010 Oct 25.
PMID:
21231100
[PubMed - in process]
Treatment of HER2-expressing breast cancer and ovarian cancer cells with alpha particle-emitting 227Th-trastuzumab.
Heyerdahl H, Krogh C, Borrebæk J, Larsen Å, Dahle J.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Feb 1;79(2):563-70.
PMID:
21195878
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Spatial distribution of gamma radiation levels in surface soils from Jaduguda uranium mineralization zone, Jharkhand, India, using ?-ray spectrometry, and determination of outdoor dose to the population.
Maharana M, Krishnan N, Sengupta D.
J Med Phys. 2010 Oct;35(4):235-41.
PMID:
21170189
[PubMed - in process]
Rapid isolation of plutonium in environmental solid samples using sequential injection anion exchange chromatography followed by detection with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
Qiao J, Hou X, Roos P, Miró M.
Anal Chim Acta. 2011 Jan 31;685(2):111-9. Epub 2010 Oct 30.
PMID:
21168558
[PubMed - in process]
THE EXTRACTION OF THORIUM BY CALIX[6]ARENE COLUMNS FOR URINE ANALYSIS.
Mekki S, Bouvier-Capely C, Jalouali R, Rebière F.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21159742
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
EVALUATION OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS IN THE IRANIAN CERAMICS INDUSTRY.
Fathabadi N, Farahani MV, Amani S, Moradi M, Haddadi B.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21148590
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Application of radiometric analysis in the study of provenance and transport processes of Brazilian coastal sediments.
Carvalho C, Anjos RM, Veiga R, Macario K.
J Environ Radioact. 2011 Feb;102(2):185-92. Epub 2010 Dec 13.
PMID:
21147506
[PubMed - in process]
Quantum chemical and molecular dynamics study of the coordination of Th(IV) in aqueous solvent.
Réal F, Trumm M, Vallet V, Schimmelpfennig B, Masella M, Flament JP.
J Phys Chem B. 2010 Dec 9;114(48):15913-24. Epub 2010 Nov 11.
PMID:
21070066
[PubMed - in process]
Natural radionuclide emission from coal-fired power plants in the southwestern of Turkey and the population exposure to external radiation in their vicinity.
Gür F, Yaprak G.
J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2010 Dec;45(14):1900-8.
PMID:
20981605
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[The assessment of no adverse effect doses for plant populations chronically exposed to radionuclides of uranium and thorium decay series].
Evseeva TI, Maistrenko TA, Belykh ES, Geras'kin SA.
Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2010 Jul-Aug;50(4):383-90. Russian.
PMID:
20968049
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Thoron and decay products, beyond UNSCEAR 2006 Annex E.
Chambers DB.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010 Nov;141(4):351-6.
PMID:
20966204
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Adsorption characteristics of UO(2)(2+) and Th(4+) ions from simulated radioactive solutions onto chitosan/clinoptilolite sorbents.
Humelnicu D, Dinu MV, Dragan ES.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Jan 15;185(1):447-55. Epub 2010 Sep 22.
PMID:
20943312
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
catena-Poly[thorium(IV)-tetrakis(µ(2)-3-carboxyadamantane-1-carboxylato)]: a quadruple helical strand driven by a synergy of coordination and hydrogen bonding.
Nazarenko OM, Rusanova JA, Krautscheid H, Domasevitch KV.
Acta Crystallogr C. 2010 Oct;66(Pt 10):m276-9. Epub 2010 Sep 4.
PMID:
20921602
[PubMed]
Thorium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Thorium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Rn] 6d2 7s2. In its elemental form thorium's CAS number is 7440-29-1. The thorium atom has a radius of 179.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Thorium is radioactive and can collect in bones which may cause bone cancer several years after exposure. Breathing in substantial amounts of thorium may be lethal. Thorium is a lanthanide (rare earth) material with potential nuclear power applications. Thorium 
is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is 
presently used as a tungsten coating in electronic parts due to its high emission factor. Thorium in the form of its fluoride and oxide is used in advanced optic applications for its high refractive index. It is also used in several other high temperature glass applications, such as in the mantle of lamps and to produce crystal growth crucibles and ampules. Thorium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1828. The name Thorium originates from the Scandinavian god, Thor, the Norse god of war and thunder. See Thorium research below.
