American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Thorium Phosphide Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Thorium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Thorium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Thorium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Rn] 6d2 7s2. In its elemental form thorium's CAS number is 7440-29-1. The thorium atom has a radius of 179.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Thorium is radioactive and can collect in bones which may cause bone cancer several years after exposure. Breathing in substantial amounts of thorium may be lethal. Thorium is a lanthanide (rare earth) material with potential nuclear power applications. Thorium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is presently used as a tungsten coating in electronic parts due to its high emission factor. Thorium in the form of its fluoride and oxide is used in advanced optic applications for its high refractive index. It is also used in several other high temperature glass applications, such as in the mantle of lamps and to produce crystal growth crucibles and ampules. Thorium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1828. The name Thorium originates from the Scandinavian god, Thor, the Norse god of war and thunder. See Thorium research below.
Phosphorus is a Block P, Group 15, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Phosphorus's shells is 2, 8, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. In its elemental form Phosphorus's CAS number is 7723-14-0. The Phosphorus atom has a radius of 110.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180.pm. Although white phosphorus is very toxic, red phosphorus is not considered toxic. Phosphorus information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
[The assessment of no adverse effect doses for plant populations under chronic exposure of radionuclides of uranium and thorium decay series].
[No authors listed]
Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2010 Jul-Aug;50(4):383-90. Russian. PMID: 20968049 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Thoron and decay products, beyond UNSCEAR 2006 Annex E.
Chambers DB.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010;141(4):351-6.PMID: 20966204 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
catena-Poly[thorium(IV)-tetrakis(µ(2)-3-carboxyadamantane-1-carboxylato)]: a quadruple helical strand driven by a synergy of coordination and hydrogen bonding.
Nazarenko OM, Rusanova JA, Krautscheid H, Domasevitch KV.
Acta Crystallogr C. 2010 Oct;66(Pt 10):m276-9. Epub 2010 Sep 4.PMID: 20921602 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Nuclear energy.
Grandin K, Jagers P, Kullander S.
Ambio. 2010;39 Suppl 1:26-30.PMID: 20873683 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
An integrated approach for the assessment of the thoron progeny exposures using direct thoron progeny sensors.
Mishra R, Prajith R, Sapra BK, Mayya YS.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010;141(4):363-6. Epub 2010 Sep 23.PMID: 20870667 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
A comparative study of thorium activity in NORM and high background radiation area.
Sahoo SK, Ishikawa T, Tokonami S, Sorimachi A, Kranrod C, Janik M, Hosoda M, Hassan NM, Chanyotha S, Parami VK, Yonehara H, Ramola RC.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010;141(4):416-9. Epub 2010 Sep 16.PMID: 20846972 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Solubility of uranium and thorium from a healing earth in synthetic gut fluids: A case study for use in dose assessments.
Höllriegl V, Li WB, Leopold K, Gerstmann U, Oeh U.
Sci Total Environ. 2010 Nov 1;408(23):5794-800. Epub 2010 Sep 15.PMID: 20832099 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Solid thoron source preparation in a porous mineral matrix.
Jobbágy V, Bety-Denissa B.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010;141(4):440-3. Epub 2010 Sep 8.PMID: 20829206 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Thoron ((220)Rn) decay products removal in poorly ventilated environments using unipolar ionizers: Dosimetric implications.
Joshi M, Sapra BK, Khan A, Kothalkar P, Mayya YS.
Sci Total Environ. 2010 Nov 1;408(23):5701-6. Epub 2010 Sep 6.PMID: 20817221 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Discrepancies in thorium oxide solubility values: study of attachment/detachment processes at the solid/solution interface.
Vandenborre J, Grambow B, Abdelouas A.
Inorg Chem. 2010 Oct 4;49(19):8736-48.PMID: 20804204 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Synthesis, structure, and solid-state transformation studies of phosphonoacetate based hybrid compounds of uranium and thorium.
Ramaswamy P, Prabhu R, Natarajan S.
Inorg Chem. 2010 Sep 6;49(17):7927-34.PMID: 20799739 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Observations and modelling of thoron and its progeny in the soil-atmosphere-plant system.
Baldacci AE, Gattavecchia E, Kirchner G.
J Environ Radioact. 2010 Nov;101(11):992-1001. Epub 2010 Aug 19.PMID: 20727629 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Functional sorbents for selective capture of plutonium, americium, uranium, and thorium in blood.
Yantasee W, Sangvanich T, Creim JA, Pattamakomsan K, Wiacek RJ, Fryxell GE, Addleman RS, Timchalk C.
Health Phys. 2010 Sep;99(3):413-9.PMID: 20699706 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
The uneven irradiation of a target cell and its dynamic movement can mathematically explain incubation period for the induction of cancer by internally deposited radionuclides.
Yamamoto Y, Usuda N, Oghiso Y, Kuwahara Y, Fukumoto M.
Health Phys. 2010 Sep;99(3):388-93.PMID: 20699702 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Communication: Electric properties of the ThO(X (1)Sigma(+)) molecule.
Buchachenko AA.
J Chem Phys. 2010 Jul 28;133(4):041102.PMID: 20687626 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Determination of activity concentration levels of (238)U, (232)Th, and (40)K in drinking water in a gold mine in Ghana.
Awudu AR, Darko EO, Schandorf C, Hayford EK, Abekoe MK, Ofori-Danson PK.
Health Phys. 2010 Aug;99 Suppl 2:S149-53.PMID: 20622563 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
The particulate 7Be/210Pbxs and 234Th/210Pbxs activity ratios as tracers for tidal-to-seasonal particle dynamics in the Gironde estuary (France): implications for the budget of particle-associated contaminants.
Saari HK, Schmidt S, Castaing P, Blanc G, Sautour B, Masson O, Cochran JK.
Sci Total Environ. 2010 Sep 15;408(20):4784-94. Epub 2010 Jul 24.PMID: 20659759 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
A complimentary tool in the determination of activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides.
Olise FS, Owoade OK, Olaniyi HB, Obiajunwa EI.
J Environ Radioact. 2010 Nov;101(11):910-4. Epub 2010 Jul 16.PMID: 20637532 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
A thermally robust di-n-butyl thorium complex with an unstable dimethyl analogue.
Cruz CA, Emslie DJ, Jenkins HA, Britten JF.
Dalton Trans. 2010 Aug 7;39(29):6626-8. Epub 2010 Mar 16.PMID: 20631945 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Rapid evolution of ritual architecture in central Polynesia indicated by precise 230Th/U coral dating.
Sharp WD, Kahn JG, Polito CM, Kirch PV.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jul 27;107(30):13234-9. Epub 2010 Jul 7.PMID: 20616079 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Recent Research & Development for Phosphorus
Consumption of whole
grains is associated with improved diet quality and nutrient intake in children
and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004.
O'Neil CE, Nicklas TA, Zanovec M, Cho SS, Kleinman R. Public Health Nutr. 2010 Oct 6:1-9. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20923597.
Chemical and microbiological changes during
vermicomposting of coffee pulp using exotic (Eudrilus eugeniae) and native
earthworm (Perionyx ceylanesis) species. Raphael K, Velmourougane K. Biodegradation. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead
of print] PubMed PMID: 20922463.
Synthesis, structure,
and reductive elimination in the series Tp'Rh(PR(3))(Ar(F))H; Determination of
rhodium-carbon bond energies of fluoroaryl substituents. Tanabe T, Brennessel WW, Clot E, Eisenstein O, Jones WD. Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct
5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20924525.
Nutrient concentrations in Maryland non-tidal
streams. Morgan RP 2nd, Kline KM. Environ Monit Assess. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20890788.
Hereditary disorders of renal
phosphate wasting. Alizadeh Naderi AS, Reilly RF; Medscape. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 20924400.
New Synthesis of 3-Trifluoromethylpyrroles by
Condensation of Mesoionic 4-Trifluoroacetyl-1,3-oxazolium-5-olates with
Phosphorus Ylides. Saijo R, Hagimoto Y, Kawase M. Org Lett. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20923166.
Structural and electronic properties of
luminescent copper(i) halide complexes of bis[2-(diphenylphosphano)phenyl] ether
(DPEphos). Crystal structure of [CuCl(DPEphos)(dmpymtH]. Aslanidis P, Cox PJ, Tsipis AC. Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct
4. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20922239.
Changes in
Microbial Community Structure and Function of Drinking Water Treatment
Bioreactors Upon Phosphorus Addition. Li X, Upadhyaya G, Yuen W, Brown J, Morgenroth E, Raskin L. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Oct 1. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20889793.
Determination of a set
of surrogate parameters to assess urban stormwater quality. Miguntanna NS, Egodawatta P, Kokot S, Goonetilleke A. Sci Total Environ.
2010 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20888615.
A review on the effects of environmental conditions on growth and toxin
production of Ostreopsis ovata. Pistocchi R, Pezzolesi L, Guerrini F, Vanucci S, Dell'aversano C, Fattorusso
E. Toxicon. 2010 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 20920514.
Tenofovir-associated severe bone pain: I cannot walk! Jhaveri MA, Mawad HW, Thornton AC, Mullen NW, Greenberg RN. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS
Care (Chic Ill). 2010 Sep-Oct;9(5):328-34. PubMed PMID: 20923957.
Characteristics of contaminants in water and
sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent. Lee S, Maniquiz MC, Kim LH. J Environ
Sci (China). 2010;22(6):940-5. PubMed PMID: 20923110.
Effect of a seasonal diffuse pollution migration on
natural organic matter behavior in a stratified dam reservoir. Yu SJ, Lee JY, Ha SR. J Environ Sci
(China). 2010;22(6):908-14. PubMed PMID: 20923105.
Water-saving
irrigation of paddy field to reduce nutrient runoff. Hitomi T, Iwamoto Y, Miura A, Hamada K, Takaki K, Shiratani E. J Environ Sci (China).
2010;22(6):885-91. PubMed PMID: 20923101.
Scenario
analysis for reduction of pollutant load discharged from a watershed by recycling
of treated water for irrigation. Shiratani E, Munakata Y, Yoshinaga I, Kubota T, Hamada K, Hitomi T. J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):878-84. PubMed
PMID: 20923100.
Modeling the effects of constructed wetland
on nonpoint source pollution control and reservoir water quality improvement. Ham J, Yoon CG, Kim HJ, Kim HC. J
Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):834-9. PubMed PMID: 20923093.
Evaluation of non-point source
pollution reduction by applying best management practices using a SWAT model and
QuickBird high resolution satellite imagery. Lee M, Park G, Park M, Park J, Lee J, Kim S. J Environ Sci (China).
2010;22(6):826-33. PubMed PMID: 20923092.
Understanding nutrient
build-up on urban road surfaces. Miguntanna NP, Goonetilleke A, Egodowatta P, Kokot S. J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):806-12. PubMed
PMID: 20923089.
Monitoring of non-point source pollutants
load from a mixed forest land use. Yoon SW, Chung SW, Oh DG, Lee JW. J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):801-5.
PubMed PMID: 20923088.
American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Thorium Phosphide Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density 
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Thorium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request. 
Thorium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Thorium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Rn] 6d2 7s2. In its elemental form thorium's CAS number is 7440-29-1. The thorium atom has a radius of 179.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Thorium is radioactive and can collect in bones which may cause bone cancer several years after exposure. Breathing in substantial amounts of thorium may be lethal. Thorium is a lanthanide (rare earth) material with potential nuclear power applications. Thorium 
is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is 
presently used as a tungsten coating in electronic parts due to its high emission factor. Thorium in the form of its fluoride and oxide is used in advanced optic applications for its high refractive index. It is also used in several other high temperature glass applications, such as in the mantle of lamps and to produce crystal growth crucibles and ampules. Thorium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1828. The name Thorium originates from the Scandinavian god, Thor, the Norse god of war and thunder. See Thorium research below.
Phosphorus is a Block P, Group 15, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Phosphorus's shells is 2, 8, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. In its elemental form Phosphorus's CAS number is 7723-14-0. The Phosphorus atom has a radius of 110.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180.pm. Although white phosphorus is very toxic, red phosphorus is not considered toxic. Phosphorus information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
