Thorium Selenide (ThSe) is a crystal grown product generally immediately available in most volumes. Technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Thorium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Thorium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Rn] 6d2 7s2. In its elemental form thorium's CAS number is 7440-29-1. The thorium atom has a radius of 179.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Thorium is radioactive and can collect in bones which may cause bone cancer several years after exposure. Breathing in substantial amounts of thorium may be lethal. Thorium is a lanthanide (rare earth) material with potential nuclear power applications. Thorium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is presently used as a tungsten coating in electronic parts due to its high emission factor. Thorium in the form of its fluoride and oxide is used in advanced optic applications for its high refractive index. It is also used in several other high temperature glass applications, such as in the mantle of lamps and to produce crystal growth crucibles and ampules. Thorium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1828. The name Thorium originates from the Scandinavian god, Thor, the Norse god of war and thunder. See Thorium research below.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below.
American Elements semi conducting materials are crystal structures produced from ultra high purity starting materials synthesized by our high purity production facility which includes several large electric muffle furnaces, a tube furnace for hydrogen reduction, 50 gallon glass-lined Pfaudler reactors supported by our analytical laboratory containing X-ray diffraction, SEM, AA, BET surface area, and ICP Spectrometry for trace metals analysis. See a discussion of American Elements Ultra High Purity and Analytical capabilities. See Crystal Growth for processes used to fabricate semiconductor materials, which include:
Crystal "pulling" by the Czochaiski method for production of semiconductor materials
Flux growth and gradient freeze
Directional solidification of fluorites using both the Bridgman-Stockbarger and float zoning techniques
[The assessment of no adverse effect doses for plant populations under chronic exposure of radionuclides of uranium and thorium decay series].
[No authors listed]
Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2010 Jul-Aug;50(4):383-90. Russian. PMID: 20968049 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Thoron and decay products, beyond UNSCEAR 2006 Annex E.
Chambers DB.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010;141(4):351-6.PMID: 20966204 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
catena-Poly[thorium(IV)-tetrakis(µ(2)-3-carboxyadamantane-1-carboxylato)]: a quadruple helical strand driven by a synergy of coordination and hydrogen bonding.
Nazarenko OM, Rusanova JA, Krautscheid H, Domasevitch KV.
Acta Crystallogr C. 2010 Oct;66(Pt 10):m276-9. Epub 2010 Sep 4.PMID: 20921602 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Nuclear energy.
Grandin K, Jagers P, Kullander S.
Ambio. 2010;39 Suppl 1:26-30.PMID: 20873683 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
An integrated approach for the assessment of the thoron progeny exposures using direct thoron progeny sensors.
Mishra R, Prajith R, Sapra BK, Mayya YS.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010;141(4):363-6. Epub 2010 Sep 23.PMID: 20870667 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
A comparative study of thorium activity in NORM and high background radiation area.
Sahoo SK, Ishikawa T, Tokonami S, Sorimachi A, Kranrod C, Janik M, Hosoda M, Hassan NM, Chanyotha S, Parami VK, Yonehara H, Ramola RC.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010;141(4):416-9. Epub 2010 Sep 16.PMID: 20846972 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Solubility of uranium and thorium from a healing earth in synthetic gut fluids: A case study for use in dose assessments.
Höllriegl V, Li WB, Leopold K, Gerstmann U, Oeh U.
Sci Total Environ. 2010 Nov 1;408(23):5794-800. Epub 2010 Sep 15.PMID: 20832099 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Solid thoron source preparation in a porous mineral matrix.
Jobbágy V, Bety-Denissa B.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010;141(4):440-3. Epub 2010 Sep 8.PMID: 20829206 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Thoron ((220)Rn) decay products removal in poorly ventilated environments using unipolar ionizers: Dosimetric implications.
Joshi M, Sapra BK, Khan A, Kothalkar P, Mayya YS.
Sci Total Environ. 2010 Nov 1;408(23):5701-6. Epub 2010 Sep 6.PMID: 20817221 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Discrepancies in thorium oxide solubility values: study of attachment/detachment processes at the solid/solution interface.
Vandenborre J, Grambow B, Abdelouas A.
Inorg Chem. 2010 Oct 4;49(19):8736-48.PMID: 20804204 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Synthesis, structure, and solid-state transformation studies of phosphonoacetate based hybrid compounds of uranium and thorium.
Ramaswamy P, Prabhu R, Natarajan S.
Inorg Chem. 2010 Sep 6;49(17):7927-34.PMID: 20799739 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Observations and modelling of thoron and its progeny in the soil-atmosphere-plant system.
Baldacci AE, Gattavecchia E, Kirchner G.
J Environ Radioact. 2010 Nov;101(11):992-1001. Epub 2010 Aug 19.PMID: 20727629 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Functional sorbents for selective capture of plutonium, americium, uranium, and thorium in blood.
Yantasee W, Sangvanich T, Creim JA, Pattamakomsan K, Wiacek RJ, Fryxell GE, Addleman RS, Timchalk C.
Health Phys. 2010 Sep;99(3):413-9.PMID: 20699706 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
The uneven irradiation of a target cell and its dynamic movement can mathematically explain incubation period for the induction of cancer by internally deposited radionuclides.
Yamamoto Y, Usuda N, Oghiso Y, Kuwahara Y, Fukumoto M.
Health Phys. 2010 Sep;99(3):388-93.PMID: 20699702 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Communication: Electric properties of the ThO(X (1)Sigma(+)) molecule.
Buchachenko AA.
J Chem Phys. 2010 Jul 28;133(4):041102.PMID: 20687626 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Determination of activity concentration levels of (238)U, (232)Th, and (40)K in drinking water in a gold mine in Ghana.
Awudu AR, Darko EO, Schandorf C, Hayford EK, Abekoe MK, Ofori-Danson PK.
Health Phys. 2010 Aug;99 Suppl 2:S149-53.PMID: 20622563 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
The particulate 7Be/210Pbxs and 234Th/210Pbxs activity ratios as tracers for tidal-to-seasonal particle dynamics in the Gironde estuary (France): implications for the budget of particle-associated contaminants.
Saari HK, Schmidt S, Castaing P, Blanc G, Sautour B, Masson O, Cochran JK.
Sci Total Environ. 2010 Sep 15;408(20):4784-94. Epub 2010 Jul 24.PMID: 20659759 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
A complimentary tool in the determination of activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides.
Olise FS, Owoade OK, Olaniyi HB, Obiajunwa EI.
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A thermally robust di-n-butyl thorium complex with an unstable dimethyl analogue.
Cruz CA, Emslie DJ, Jenkins HA, Britten JF.
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Rapid evolution of ritual architecture in central Polynesia indicated by precise 230Th/U coral dating.
Sharp WD, Kahn JG, Polito CM, Kirch PV.
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Toenail selenium status and the risk of Barrett's esophagus: the Netherlands Cohort Study.
Steevens J, Schouten LJ, Driessen AL, Huysentruyt CJ, Keulemans YC, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA.
Cancer Causes Control. 2010 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936529 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Promotion of Growth in Mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) by Selenium is Associated with Stimulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism.
Malik JA, Kumar S, Thakur P, Sharma S, Kaur N, Kaur R, Pathania D, Bhandhari K, Kaushal N, Singh K, Srivastava A, Nayyar H.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Oct 9. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936436 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Transition metal chemistry of cyclodiphosphanes containing phosphine and amide-phosphine functionalities: Formation of a stable dipalladium(II) complex containing a Pd-P s-bond.
Balakrishna MS, Venkateswaran R, Mague JT.
Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936211 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Associations between blood metals and fecundity among women residing in New York State.
Bloom MS, Louis GM, Sundaram R, Kostyniak PJ, Jain J.
Reprod Toxicol. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933593 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
The protective role of selenium in recalcitrant Acer saccharium L. seeds subjected to desiccation.
Pukacka S, Ratajczak E, Kalemba E.
J Plant Physiol. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933296 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Trace element concentrations in nesting flatback turtles (Natator depressus) from Curtis Island, Queensland, Australia.
Ikonomopoulou MP, Olszowy H, Limpus C, Francis R, Whittier J.
Mar Environ Res. 2010 Sep 25. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933265 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Correlation between serum selenium level and febrile seizures.
Mahyar A, Ayazi P, Fallahi M, Javadi A.
Pediatr Neurol. 2010 Nov;43(5):331-4.PMID: 20933176 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Anti-Tumor Activity of Aloe vera Against DMBA/Croton Oil-Induced Skin Papillomagenesis in Swiss Albino Mice.
Saini M, Goyal PK, Chaudhary G.
J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2010;29(2):127-35.PMID: 20932247 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Aluminosilicate Relatives: Chalcogenoaluminogermanates Rb(3)(AlQ(2))(3)(GeQ(2))(7) (Q = S, Se).
Rothenberger A, Shafaei-Fallah M, Kanatzidis MG.
Inorg Chem. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20932019 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
A Nutrient Approach to Prostate Cancer Prevention: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT).
Dunn BK, Richmond ES, Minasian LM, Ryan AM, Ford LG.
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Serum levels of selenium in patients with breast cancer before and after treatment of external beam radiotherapy.
Franca CA, Nogueira CR, Ramalho A, Carvalho AC, Vieira SL, Penna AB.
Ann Oncol. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20924074 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Kenji Soda--researching enzymes with the spirit of an alpinist.
Yoshimura T, Mihara H, Ohshima T, Tanizawa K.
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Inhibitory effect of arsenic on aerobic gut flora in rat.
Choudhry ZK, Misbahuddin M, Hosain AK, Saleh AA.
Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2009 Dec;35(3):79-83.PMID: 20922909 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
[Endemic and biogeochemical features of the territory of Chuvash Republic]
[No authors listed]
Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. 2010;(8):40-6. Russian. PMID: 20922843 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Interaction of uranyl with Se(IV) and Se(VI) in aqueous acid solutions by means of capillary electrophoresis.
Sladkov V.
Electrophoresis. 2010 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20922762 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Ensemble Modeling Coupled with Six Element Concentrations in Human Blood for Cancer Diagnosis.
Chen H, Tan C, Wu T.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20922500 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Use of dietary vitamin E and selenium (Se) to increase the shelf life of modified atmosphere packaged light lamb meat.
Ripoll G, Joy M, Muñoz F.
Meat Sci. 2010 Sep 18. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20920835 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Impacts of maternal selenium and nutritional level on growth, adiposity, and glucose tolerance in female offspring in sheep.
Vonnahme KA, Luther JS, Reynolds LP, Hammer CJ, Carlson DB, Redmer DA, Caton JS.
Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2010 Nov;39(4):240-8. Epub 2010 Jul 25.PMID: 20920781 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Mutations disrupting selenocysteine formation cause progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy.
Agamy O, Ben Zeev B, Lev D, Marcus B, Fine D, Su D, Narkis G, Ofir R, Hoffmann C, Leshinsky-Silver E, Flusser H, Sivan S, Söll D, Lerman-Sagie T, Birk OS.
Am J Hum Genet. 2010 Oct 8;87(4):538-44.PMID: 20920667 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Developmental toxicity of selenium to Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma).
McDonald BG, Debruyn AM, Elphick JR, Davies M, Bustard D, Chapman PM.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2010 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20891017 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Thorium Selenide (ThSe) is a crystal grown product generally immediately available in most volumes. Technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement. 
Thorium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Thorium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Rn] 6d2 7s2. In its elemental form thorium's CAS number is 7440-29-1. The thorium atom has a radius of 179.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Thorium is radioactive and can collect in bones which may cause bone cancer several years after exposure. Breathing in substantial amounts of thorium may be lethal. Thorium is a lanthanide (rare earth) material with potential nuclear power applications. Thorium 
is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is 
presently used as a tungsten coating in electronic parts due to its high emission factor. Thorium in the form of its fluoride and oxide is used in advanced optic applications for its high refractive index. It is also used in several other high temperature glass applications, such as in the mantle of lamps and to produce crystal growth crucibles and ampules. Thorium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1828. The name Thorium originates from the Scandinavian god, Thor, the Norse god of war and thunder. See Thorium research below.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide 
is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as 
well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below.
