American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Thorium Selenide Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Thorium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Thorium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Thorium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Rn] 6d2 7s2. In its elemental form thorium's CAS number is 7440-29-1. The thorium atom has a radius of 179.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Thorium is radioactive and can collect in bones which may cause bone cancer several years after exposure. Breathing in substantial amounts of thorium may be lethal. Thorium is a lanthanide (rare earth) material with potential nuclear power applications. Thorium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is presently used as a tungsten coating in electronic parts due to its high emission factor. Thorium in the form of its fluoride and oxide is used in advanced optic applications for its high refractive index. It is also used in several other high temperature glass applications, such as in the mantle of lamps and to produce crystal growth crucibles and ampules. Thorium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1828. The name Thorium originates from the Scandinavian god, Thor, the Norse god of war and thunder. See Thorium research below.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below.
Separation and measurement of thorium, plutonium, americium, uranium and strontium in environmental matrices. Harrison JJ, Zawadzki A, Chisari R, Wong HK. J Environ Radioact. 2010 Jul 6. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20609501 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
Influence of plant activity and phosphates on thorium bioavailability in soils from Baotou area, Inner Mongolia. Guo P, Jia X, Duan T, Xu J, Chen H. J Environ Radioact. 2010 Sep;101(9):767-772. PMID: 20537448 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY (226Ra, 232Th AND 40K) AND ASSESSMENT OF RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS IN THE KESTANBOL GRANITOID, TURKEY. Canbaz B, Cam NF, Yaprak G, Candan O. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010 Jun 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20529959 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
Actinide tetracyanoplatinates: synthesis and structural characterization with uncharacteristic Th-NC coordination and thorium fluorescence. Maynard BA, Sykora RE, Mague JT, Gorden AE. Chem Commun (Camb). 2010 Jul 21;46(27):4944-6. Epub 2010 Jun 1. PMID: 20514370 [PubMed - in process] Related citations
222Rn AND 212Pb EXPOSURES AT A BRAZILIAN SPA. Campos MP, Pecequilo BR, Mazzilli BP. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010 May 31. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20513732 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
[Ionizing radiation: how great is the body burden?] Weiss J. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2010 May;135(20):p19. Epub 2010 May 20. German. No abstract available. PMID: 20491007 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations
Evaluation of heat generation by radioactive decay of sedimentary rocks in Eastern Desert and Nile Valley, Egypt. Abbady AG. Appl Radiat Isot. 2010 May 14. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20472452 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
Comparison of thorium(IV) and uranium(VI) carboxyphosphonates. Adelani PO, Albrecht-Schmitt TE. Inorg Chem. 2010 Jun 21;49(12):5701-5. PMID: 20465248 [PubMed - in process] Related citations
Infrared spectra and density functional calculations of triplet pnictinidene N divided by ThF3, PvThF3 and As divided by ThF3 molecules. Wang X, Andrews L. Dalton Trans. 2009 Nov 14;(42):9260-5. Epub 2009 Sep 2. PMID: 20449204 [PubMed - in process] Related citations
Metal-metal bonds in f-element chemistry. Liddle ST, Mills DP. Dalton Trans. 2009 Aug 7;(29):5592-605. Epub 2009 May 6. PMID: 20449071 [PubMed - in process] Related citations
Thorium 2-pyridylamidinates: synthesis, structure and catalytic activity towards the cyclo-oligomerization of epsilon-caprolactone. Rabinovich E, Aharonovich S, Botoshansky M, Eisen MS. Dalton Trans. 2010 Apr 27. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20424785 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
Assessment of atmospheric pollution in the vicinity of a tin and lead industry using lichen species Canoparmelia texana. Leonardo L, Mazzilli BP, Damatto SR, Saiki M, Barros de Oliveira SM. J Environ Radioact. 2010 Apr 24. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20421141 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
RADIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF SYNTHETIC RUTILE USING HPGe GAMMA SPECTROMETRY. Chinnaesakki S, Bara SV, Sartandel SJ, Tripathi RM, Puranik VD. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010 Apr 22. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20413419 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
Determination of the natural and anthropogenic radioactivity in the soil of Gilgit--a town in the foothills of Hindukush range. Ali M, Wasim M, Arif M, Zaidi JH, Anwar Y, Saif F. Health Phys. 2010 May;98 Suppl 2:S69-75. PMID: 20386195 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations
Role of membrane sialic acid and glycophorin protein in thorium induced aggregation and hemolysis of human erythrocytes. Kumar A, Ali M, Pandey BN, Hassan PA, Mishra KP. Biochimie. 2010 Jul;92(7):869-79. Epub 2010 Apr 1. PMID: 20362640 [PubMed - in process] Related citations
Toxicity of monazite particulates and its attenuation with a complex of bio-protectors. Katsnelson BA, Yeremenko OS, Privalova LI, Makeyev OH, Degtyareva TD, Beresneva OY, Valamina IE, Minihaliyeva IA, Sutunkova MP, Kireyeva EP, Bukhantsev VA, Dovzenko EI, Minin VV, Kulikov ES, Kostykova SV, Nazukin AS. Med Lav. 2009 Nov-Dec;100(6):455-70. PMID: 20359138 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Related citations
Comparative investigation of the solution species [U(CO3)5]6- and the crystal structure of Na6[U(CO3)5].12H2O. Hennig C, Ikeda-Ohno A, Emmerling F, Kraus W, Bernhard G. Dalton Trans. 2010 Apr 21;39(15):3744-50. Epub 2010 Mar 9. PMID: 20354627 [PubMed - in process] Related citations
Biomonitoring of environmental pollution by thorium and uranium in selected regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Zoriy P, Ostapczuk P, Dederichs H, Höbig J, Lennartz R, Zoriy M. J Environ Radioact. 2010 May;101(5):414-20. Epub 2010 Mar 25. PMID: 20346550 [PubMed - in process] Related citations
Synthesis and properties of a fifteen-coordinate complex: the thorium aminodiboranate [Th(H3BNMe2BH3)4]. Daly SR, Piccoli PM, Schultz AJ, Todorova TK, Gagliardi L, Girolami GS. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2010 Apr 26;49(19):3379-81. No abstract available. PMID: 20301151 [PubMed - in process] Related citations
Elemental bio-imaging of thorium, uranium, and plutonium in tissues from occupationally exposed former nuclear workers. Hare D, Tolmachev S, James A, Bishop D, Austin C, Fryer F, Doble P. Anal Chem. 2010 Apr 15;82(8):3176-82. PMID: 20218581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Recent Research & Development for Selenium
Toenail selenium status and the risk of Barrett's esophagus: the Netherlands Cohort Study.
Steevens J, Schouten LJ, Driessen AL, Huysentruyt CJ, Keulemans YC, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA.
Cancer Causes Control. 2010 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936529 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Promotion of Growth in Mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) by Selenium is Associated with Stimulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism.
Malik JA, Kumar S, Thakur P, Sharma S, Kaur N, Kaur R, Pathania D, Bhandhari K, Kaushal N, Singh K, Srivastava A, Nayyar H.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Oct 9. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936436 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Transition metal chemistry of cyclodiphosphanes containing phosphine and amide-phosphine functionalities: Formation of a stable dipalladium(II) complex containing a Pd-P s-bond.
Balakrishna MS, Venkateswaran R, Mague JT.
Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936211 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Associations between blood metals and fecundity among women residing in New York State.
Bloom MS, Louis GM, Sundaram R, Kostyniak PJ, Jain J.
Reprod Toxicol. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933593 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
The protective role of selenium in recalcitrant Acer saccharium L. seeds subjected to desiccation.
Pukacka S, Ratajczak E, Kalemba E.
J Plant Physiol. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933296 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Trace element concentrations in nesting flatback turtles (Natator depressus) from Curtis Island, Queensland, Australia.
Ikonomopoulou MP, Olszowy H, Limpus C, Francis R, Whittier J.
Mar Environ Res. 2010 Sep 25. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933265 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Correlation between serum selenium level and febrile seizures.
Mahyar A, Ayazi P, Fallahi M, Javadi A.
Pediatr Neurol. 2010 Nov;43(5):331-4.PMID: 20933176 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Anti-Tumor Activity of Aloe vera Against DMBA/Croton Oil-Induced Skin Papillomagenesis in Swiss Albino Mice.
Saini M, Goyal PK, Chaudhary G.
J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2010;29(2):127-35.PMID: 20932247 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Aluminosilicate Relatives: Chalcogenoaluminogermanates Rb(3)(AlQ(2))(3)(GeQ(2))(7) (Q = S, Se).
Rothenberger A, Shafaei-Fallah M, Kanatzidis MG.
Inorg Chem. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20932019 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
A Nutrient Approach to Prostate Cancer Prevention: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT).
Dunn BK, Richmond ES, Minasian LM, Ryan AM, Ford LG.
Nutr Cancer. 2010 Oct;62(7):896-918.PMID: 20924966 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Serum levels of selenium in patients with breast cancer before and after treatment of external beam radiotherapy.
Franca CA, Nogueira CR, Ramalho A, Carvalho AC, Vieira SL, Penna AB.
Ann Oncol. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20924074 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Kenji Soda--researching enzymes with the spirit of an alpinist.
Yoshimura T, Mihara H, Ohshima T, Tanizawa K.
J Biochem. 2010 Oct;148(4):371-9.PMID: 20924059 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Inhibitory effect of arsenic on aerobic gut flora in rat.
Choudhry ZK, Misbahuddin M, Hosain AK, Saleh AA.
Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2009 Dec;35(3):79-83.PMID: 20922909 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
[Endemic and biogeochemical features of the territory of Chuvash Republic]
[No authors listed]
Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. 2010;(8):40-6. Russian. PMID: 20922843 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Interaction of uranyl with Se(IV) and Se(VI) in aqueous acid solutions by means of capillary electrophoresis.
Sladkov V.
Electrophoresis. 2010 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20922762 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Ensemble Modeling Coupled with Six Element Concentrations in Human Blood for Cancer Diagnosis.
Chen H, Tan C, Wu T.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20922500 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Use of dietary vitamin E and selenium (Se) to increase the shelf life of modified atmosphere packaged light lamb meat.
Ripoll G, Joy M, Muñoz F.
Meat Sci. 2010 Sep 18. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20920835 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Impacts of maternal selenium and nutritional level on growth, adiposity, and glucose tolerance in female offspring in sheep.
Vonnahme KA, Luther JS, Reynolds LP, Hammer CJ, Carlson DB, Redmer DA, Caton JS.
Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2010 Nov;39(4):240-8. Epub 2010 Jul 25.PMID: 20920781 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Mutations disrupting selenocysteine formation cause progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy.
Agamy O, Ben Zeev B, Lev D, Marcus B, Fine D, Su D, Narkis G, Ofir R, Hoffmann C, Leshinsky-Silver E, Flusser H, Sivan S, Söll D, Lerman-Sagie T, Birk OS.
Am J Hum Genet. 2010 Oct 8;87(4):538-44.PMID: 20920667 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Developmental toxicity of selenium to Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma).
McDonald BG, Debruyn AM, Elphick JR, Davies M, Bustard D, Chapman PM.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2010 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20891017 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Proud sponsors of Aeromat 2012. Please join us and our customers & co-sponsors Boeing and ATI on
June 18-20, 2012
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and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Thorium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request. 
Thorium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Thorium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Rn] 6d2 7s2. In its elemental form thorium's CAS number is 7440-29-1. The thorium atom has a radius of 179.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Thorium is radioactive and can collect in bones which may cause bone cancer several years after exposure. Breathing in substantial amounts of thorium may be lethal. Thorium is a lanthanide (rare earth) material with potential nuclear power applications. Thorium 
is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is 
presently used as a tungsten coating in electronic parts due to its high emission factor. Thorium in the form of its fluoride and oxide is used in advanced optic applications for its high refractive index. It is also used in several other high temperature glass applications, such as in the mantle of lamps and to produce crystal growth crucibles and ampules. Thorium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1828. The name Thorium originates from the Scandinavian god, Thor, the Norse god of war and thunder. See Thorium research below.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide 
is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as 
well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below. 
