Titanium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Titanium's shells is 2, 8, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d2 4s2. In its elemental form titanium's CAS number is 7440-32-6. The titanium atom has a radius of 144.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Titanium metal is not considered to be toxic although titanium as metal shavings or powder is considered a fire hazard. In its metallic form it is not only very strong and light weight, but also highly resistant to corrosion. Thus it can be found in numerous aerospace and military applications. In its oxide form it used in low grades to produce a white pigment. Titanium is the bases for numerous commercially essential compound groups, such as titanium titanates in electronic and di-electric formulations and in crystal growth for ruby and sapphire lasers. Titanium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy , abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Titanium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. Titanium was named after the word Titanos which is Greek for Titans. See Titanium research below.
Niobium is a Block D, Group 5, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Niobium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d4 5s1. In its elemental form niobium's CAS number is 7440-03-1. The niobium atom has a radius of 142.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Some niobium compounds are considered very toxic. Niobium is the basis for various barium titanate compositions used as dielectric coatings in telecommunications and small advanced electronics, such as cell phones, pagers and laptop computers. Niobium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Niobium has medical research applications. It is alloyed to produce arc-welding rods and in corrosion-resistant steel. Niobium was first discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801. The word Niobium originates from Niobe, daughter of mythical Greek king Tantalus. See Niobium research below.
Tantalum is a Block D, Group 5, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Tantalum's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2. In its elemental form tantalum's CAS number is 7440-25-7. The tantalum atom has a radius of 143.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Tantalum is not toxic. Tantalum has a number of interesting properties that make it particularly useful in electronic applications. Tantalum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It has the third highest melting point, surpassed only by rhenium and tungsten, yet it is highly conductive to heat and electricity. This has made it the material of choice for electronic capacitors for most telecommunications and hand held electronics equipment, such as cell phones, laptop computers and pagers. Tantalum compounds, such as the oxide and chloride, are the basis for di-electric coatings. Tantalum is added to glass for its high refractive index. It has various applications in nuclear energy. Due to the close relation of tantalum to niobium in the periodic table, Tantalum's name originates from the Greek word Tantalos meaning Father of Niobe in Greek mythology. See Tantalum research below. See Tantalum research below.
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Belova V, Borodina T, Möhwald H, Shchukin DG.
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A novel method for lateral callus distraction and its importance for the mechano-biology of bone-formation.
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Adhesion pattern and growth of primary human osteoblastic cells on five commercially available titanium surfaces.
Passeri G, Cacchioli A, Ravanetti F, Galli C, Elezi E, Macaluso GM.
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Apicella D, Veltri M, Chieffi N, Balleri P, Ferrari M.
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Biofunctionalization of titanium implants with a biomimetic active peptide (P-15) promotes early osseointegration.
Lutz R, Srour S, Nonhoff J, Weisel T, Damien CJ, Schlegel KA.
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Bending characteristics of polymethylmethacrylate columns, connecting bars of carbon fiber, titanium, and stainless steel used in external skeletal fixation and an acrylic interface.
Amsellem PM, Egger EL, Wilson DL.
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[Fracture behavior of mandibular premolars with flared root canals restored with different post-and-core systems and root rehabilitation]
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[Detection and monitoring of enamel early caries in vivo using red fluorescence analysis by quantitative light-induced fluorescence method]
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[Effect of fluoride ion on corrosion of two dental titanium alloys]
Cao BW, Chen L.
Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2010 Jun;28(3):261-4. Chinese.
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An evaluation of fracture stabilization comparing kyphoplasty and titanium mesh repair techniques for vertebral compression fractures: is bone cement necessary?
Ghofrani H, Nunn T, Robertson C, Mahar A, Lee Y, Garfin S.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Jul 15;35(16):E768-73.
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Enhanced initial proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on HF/HNO(3) solution treated nanostructural titanium surface.
He F, Zhang F, Yang G, Wang X, Zhao S.
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Comparison of Metal and Metal Oxide Media for Phosphopeptide Enrichment Prior to Mass Spectrometric Analyses.
Gates MB, Tomer KB, Deterding LJ.
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Comparison of action of mixed permanent
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Trapping Unstable Terminal M-O Multiple Bonds of Monocyclopentadienyl Niobium and Tantalum Complexes with Lewis Acids.
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Optical trapping and propulsion of red blood cells on waveguide surfaces.
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A new technique to measure micromotion distribution around a cementless femoral stem.
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Effect of a porous tantalum rod on early and intermediate stages of necrosis of the femoral head.
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Conde A, Fandos R, Hernández C, Otero A, Rodríguez A.
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Cortecchia E, Pacilli A, Pasquinelli G, Scandola M.
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Laheurte P, Prima F, Eberhardt A, Gloriant T, Wary M, Patoor E.
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Geetharani K, Bose SK, Varghese B, Ghosh S.
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Acid generation upon thermal concentration of natural water: The critical water content and the effects of ionic composition.
Pulvirenti AL, Needham KM, Adel-Hadadi MA, Marks CR, Gorman JA, Shettel DL, Barkatt A.
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Ferromagnetic Mesostructured Alloys: Design of Ordered Mesostructured Alloys with Multicomponent Metals from Lyotropic Liquid Crystals.
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Sources, nature, and fate of heavy metal-bearing particles in the sewer system.
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Cobalt toxicity: chemical and radiological combined effects on HaCaT keratinocyte cell line.
Gault N, Sandre C, Poncy JL, Moulin C, Lefaix JL, Bresson C.
Toxicol In Vitro. 2009 Sep 4. [Epub ahead of print]
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Herrera LK, Justo A, Muñoz-Páez A, Sans JA, Martínez-Criado G.
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Schouten C, van den Beucken JJ, de Jonge LT, Bronkhorst EM, Meijer GJ, Spauwen PH, Jansen JA.
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A rapid isotope ratio analysis protocol for nuclear solid materials using nano-second laser-ablation time-of-flight ICP-MS.
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Norepinephrine: Material-Independent, Multifunctional Surface Modification Reagent.
Kang SM, Rho J, Choi IS, Messersmith PB, Lee H.
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Selecting the right temporary cement.
Abrams SH.
Dent Today. 2009 Aug;28(8):108, 110-1. No abstract available.
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Biomimetic Modification of Porous TiNbZr Alloy Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering.
Wang X, Li Y, Hodgson PD, Wen C.
Tissue Eng Part A. 2009 Aug 25. [Epub ahead of print]
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Ionic liquids as advanced lubricant fluids.
Bermúdez MD, Jiménez AE, Sanes J, Carrión FJ.
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Invited commentary.
Rasmussen TE.
J Vasc Surg. 2009 Sep;50(3):548. No abstract available.
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Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of intervertebral test spacers: an experimental comparison of magnesium versus titanium and carbon fiber reinforced polymers as biomaterials.
Ernstberger T, Buchhorn G, Heidrich G.
Ir J Med Sci. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
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Ultrasonic irradiation and its application for improving the corrosion resistance of phosphate coatings on aluminum alloys.
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Ultrason Sonochem. 2010 Jan;17(1):21-5. Epub 2009 Aug 6.
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First-principles studies on alloying and simplified thermodynamic aqueous chemical stability of calcium-, zinc-, aluminum-, yttrium- and iron-doped magnesium alloys.
Velikokhatnyi OI, Kumta PN.
Acta Biomater. 2009 Aug 14. [Epub ahead of print]
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