American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Titanium Silicon Sputtering targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Titanium as rods, powder and plates. Other shapes are available by request.
Titanium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Titanium's shells is 2, 8, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d2 4s2. In its elemental form titanium's CAS number is 7440-32-6. The titanium atom has a radius of 144.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Titanium metal is not considered to be toxic although titanium as metal shavings or powder is considered a fire hazard. In its metallic form it is not only very strong and light weight, but also highly resistant to corrosion. Thus it can be found in numerous aerospace and military applications. In its oxide form it used in low grades to produce a white pigment. Titanium is the bases for numerous commercially essential compound groups, such as titanium titanates in electronic and di-electric formulations and in crystal growth for ruby and sapphire lasers. Titanium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy , abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Titanium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. Titanium was named after the word Titanos which is Greek for Titans. See Titanium research below.
Silicon is a Block P, Group 14, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Silicon's shells is 2, 8, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p2. In its elemental form silicon's CAS number is 7440-21-3. The silicon atom has a radius of 117.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 210.pm. Silicon is not toxic but can cause chronic respiratory problems if inhaled as a fine silica or silicate dust. Asbestos silicates are carcinogenic. Silicon is one of man's most useful elements. It makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Silicon is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ultra high purity silicon can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus , or arsenic to produce silicon for use in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silcones are important products of silicon. They range from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Silicon was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1823. The name Silicon originates from the Latin word "silex" which means flint or hard stone. See Silicon research below.
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PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES |
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
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Recent Research & Development for Titanium
- Anticancer efficacy enhancement and attenuation of side effects of doxorubicin with titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Chen Y, Wan Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Jiao Z.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:2321-6. Epub 2011 Oct 18.
PMID:
22072869
[PubMed - in process]
- Keyhole Cochlear Implantation: Current Status.
Black B.
Otol Neurotol. 2011 Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22072266
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Characterization of a hydroxyapatite sputtered film subject to hydrothermal treatment using FE-SEM and STEM.
Ozeki K, Aoki H, Masuzawa T.
Biomed Mater Eng. 2011 Jan 1;21(3):179-89.
PMID:
22072082
[PubMed - in process]
- In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity of permanent prosthetic materials.
Sabaliauskas V, Juciute R, Bukelskiene V, Rutkunas V, Trumpaite-Vanagiene R, Puriene A.
Stomatologija. 2011;13(3):75-80.
PMID:
22071414
[PubMed - in process]
- Effect of ionic products of dicalcium silicate coating on osteoblast differentiation and collagen production via TGF-ß1 pathway.
Li J, Wei L, Sun J, Guan G.
J Biomater Appl. 2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22071351
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Reconstruction of defects of maxillary sinus wall after removal of a huge odontogenic lesion using prebended 3D titanium-mesh and CAD/CAM technique - Methodology article -
Stoetzer M, Rana M, Von See C, Eckardt AM, Gellrich NC.
Head Face Med. 2011 Nov 9;7(1):21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22070833
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Total Synthesis of (-)-Virginiamycin M2: Application of Crotylsilanes Accessed by Enantioselective Rh(II) or Cu(I) Promoted Carbenoid Si-H Insertion.
Wu J, Panek JS.
J Org Chem. 2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22070230
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Reduced stress shielding with limited micromotions using a carbon fibre composite biomimetic hip stem: a finite element model.
Caouette C, Yahia LH, Bureau MN.
Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2011 Sep;225(9):907-19.
PMID:
22070028
[PubMed - in process]
- Numerical simulation of bone remodelling around dental implants.
Ojeda J, Martínez-Reina J, García-Aznar JM, Domínguez J, Doblaré M.
Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2011 Sep;225(9):897-906.
PMID:
22070027
[PubMed - in process]
- [Application of titanium plate and Teflon patch in chest wall reconstruction after sternal. tumor resection].
Wu X, Chen M, Yu F.
Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2011 Oct;25(10):1224-6. Chinese.
PMID:
22069979
[PubMed - in process]
- Pediatric bony craniovertebral junction abnormalities: Institutional experience of 10 years.
Kale SS, Ailawadhi P, Yerramneni VK, Chandra PS, Kumar R, Sharma BS, Mahapatra AK.
J Pediatr Neurosci. 2011 Oct;6(Suppl 1):S91-5.
PMID:
22069436
[PubMed]
- Dietary Exposure Estimates of 14 Trace Elements in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, Two High Lung Cancer Incidence Areas in China.
Zhang L, Lv J, Liao C.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22068732
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Comparative approach to capture bacterial diversity of coastal waters.
Na H, Kim OS, Yoon SH, Kim Y, Chun J.
J Microbiol. 2011 Oct;49(5):729-40. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
PMID:
22068488
[PubMed - in process]
- Combined Use of Titanium Mesh and Resorbable PLLA-PGA Implant in the Treatment of Large Orbital Floor Fractures.
Magana FG, Arzac RM, De Hilario Aviles L.
J Craniofac Surg. 2011 Nov 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22067850
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- No improvement in long-term wear and revision rates with the second-generation Biomet cup (RingLoc) in young patients.
Boesenach B, van der Heide HJ, Nelissen RG.
Acta Orthop. 2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22066563
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Clinical outcomes of TS-1 chemotherapy for advanced and recurrent gastric cancer.
Lee SR, Kim HO, Yoo CH.
J Korean Surg Soc. 2011 Sep;81(3):163-8. Epub 2011 Sep 26.
PMID:
22066117
[PubMed]
- Melanosis ilei induced by prolonged charcoal ingestion.
Kim GM, Jun EJ, Kim YC, Park JM, Hong SI, Cheung DY, Kim JI, Lee YS.
J Korean Surg Soc. 2011 Jul;81(1):66-9. Epub 2011 Jul 11.
PMID:
22066103
[PubMed]
- The mixed-valent titanium phosphate, Li(2)Ti(2)(PO(4))(3), dilithium dititanium(III/IV) tris-(orthophosphate).
Kee Y, Lee SS, Yun H.
Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):i49. Epub 2011 Aug 17.
PMID:
22065701
[PubMed]
- Transition from Anodic Titania Nanotubes to Nanowires: Arising from Nanotube Growth to Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.
Sun L, Zhang S, Wang X, Sun XW, Ong DY, Wang X, Zhao D.
Chemphyschem. 2011 Nov 7. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201100450. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22065460
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Influence of metal ions on human lymphocytes and the generation of titanium-specific T-lymphocytes.
Chan E, Cadosch D, Gautschi OP, Sprengel K, Filgueira L.
J Appl Biomater Biomech. 2011 May-Aug;9(2):137-43. doi: 10.5301/JABB.2011.8567.
PMID:
22065391
[PubMed - in process]
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Recent Research & Development for Silicon
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The effect of one-step and multi-step polishing systems on surface texture of two different resin composites. Bashetty K, Joshi S. J Conserv Dent. 2010 Jan;13(1):34-8. PMID: 20582217 [PubMed - in process] Related citations
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Effect of Flow Aids on Mucoadhesive Properties of Polymeric Discs of Polyoxyethylene and Carbopol 971P. Bele MH, Gholap VV, Joshi OU. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010 Jan;72(1):128-9. PMID: 20582205 [PubMed - in process] Related citations
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Boron toxicity tolerance in barley through reduced expression of the multifunctional aquaporin HvNIP2;1. Schnurbusch T, Hayes J, Hrmova M, Baumann U, Ramesh SA, Tyerman SD, Langridge P, Sutton T. Plant Physiol. 2010 Jun 25. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20581256 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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Wetting properties of silicon films from alkyl-passivated particles produced by mechanochemical synthesis. Hallmann S, Fink MJ, Mitchell BS. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2010 May 6. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20580764 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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Rapid synthesis of a versatile organic/inorganic hybrid material based on pyrogenic silica. Becuwe M, Cazier F, Woisel P, Landy D, Delattre F. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2010 Jun 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20580377 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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Importance of dynamic culture for evaluating osteoblast activity on dense silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite. da Silva HM, Mateescu M, Damia C, Champion E, Soares G, Anselme K. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2010 Jun 1. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20579858 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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Actions of the anti-cancer drug suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) on human breast cancer cytoarchitecture in silicon microstructures. Strobl JS, Nikkhah M, Agah M. Biomaterials. 2010 Jun 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20579727 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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Characterization of the wettability of thin nanostructured films in the presence of evaporation. Rogacs A, Steinbrenner JE, Rowlette JA, Weisse JM, Zheng XL, Goodson KE. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2010 May 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20579656 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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Clustering and nearest neighbour distances in atom probe tomography: the influence of the interfaces. Philippe T, Cojocaru-Mirédin O, Duguay S, Blavette D. J Microsc. 2010 Jul 1;239(1):72-7. PMID: 20579271 [PubMed - in process] Related citations
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A laboratory evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of selected root canal sealers. Mokeem-Saleh A, Hammad M, Silikas N, Qualtrough A, Watts DC. Int Endod J. 2010 Jun 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20579133 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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Evolution of Various Porphyrin Nanostructures via an Oil/Aqueous Medium: Controlled Self-Assembly, Further Organization, and Supramolecular Chirality. Qiu Y, Chen P, Liu M. J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Jun 28. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20578772 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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The Aromatic 8-Electron Cubic Silicon Clusters Be@Si(8), B@Si(8)(+), and C@Si(8)(2+). Ngan VT, Nguyen MT. J Phys Chem A. 2010 Jun 28. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20578767 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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Electrical Sensor Array for Polymerase Chain Reaction-Free Messenger RNA Expression Profiling. Chen X, Roy S, Peng Y, Gao Z. Anal Chem. 2010 Jun 25. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20578701 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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Efficient energy conversion of nanotube/nanowire-based solar cells. Shu Q, Wei J, Wang K, Song S, Guo N, Jia Y, Li Z, Xu Y, Cao A, Zhu H, Wu D. Chem Commun (Camb). 2010 Jun 24. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20577694 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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Identification of local silicon cluster nanostructures inside Si(x)Ge(1-x) alloy nanocrystals by Raman spectroscopy. Liu LZ, Wu XL, Shen JC, Li TH, Gao F, Chu PK. Chem Commun (Camb). 2010 Jun 24. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20577672 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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Coherent control of Rydberg states in silicon. Greenland PT, Lynch SA, van der Meer AF, Murdin BN, Pidgeon CR, Redlich B, Vinh NQ, Aeppli G. Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):1057-61. PMID: 20577211 [PubMed - in process] Related citations
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Glass transition dynamics and surface layer mobility in unentangled polystyrene films. Yang Z, Fujii Y, Lee FK, Lam CH, Tsui OK. Science. 2010 Jun 25;328(5986):1676-9. PMID: 20576887 [PubMed - in process] Related citations
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The effect of temperature changes on electrical performance of the betavoltaic cell. Wang G, Hu R, Wei H, Zhang H, Yang Y, Xiong X, Liu G, Luo S. Appl Radiat Isot. 2010 Jun 15. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20576441 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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Method for Characterizing Nanoscale Wear of Atomic Force Microscope Tips. Liu J, Notbohm JK, Carpick RW, Turner KT. ACS Nano. 2010 Jun 24. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20575565 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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Evaluation of human osteoblastic cell response to plasma-sprayed silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite coatings over titanium substrates. Gomes PS, Botelho C, Lopes MA, Santos JD, Fernandes MH. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2010 Jun 22. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20574971 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations
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