Titanium Zirconium Oxide is a highly insoluble thermally stable Aluminum source suitable for glass, optic and ceramic applications. Oxide compounds are not conductive to electricity. However, certain perovskite structured oxides are electronically conductive finding application in the cathode of solid oxide fuel cells and oxygen generation systems. They are compounds containing at least one oxygen anion and one metallic cation. They are typically insoluble in aqueous solutions (water) and extremely stable making them useful in ceramic structures as simple as producing clay bowls to advanced electronics and in light weight structural components in aerospace and electrochemical applications such as fuel cells in which they exhibit ionic conductivity. Metal oxide compounds are basic anhydrides and can therefore react with acids and with strong reducing agents in redox reactions. Titanium Zirconium Oxide is also available in pellets, pieces, powder, sputtering targets, tablets, and nanopowder (from American Elements' nanoscale production facilities). See Nanotechnology for more nanotechnology applications information. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available.
Titanium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Titanium's shells is 2, 8, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d2 4s2. In its elemental form titanium's CAS number is 7440-32-6. The titanium atom has a radius of 144.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Titanium metal is not considered to be toxic although titanium as metal shavings or powder is considered a fire hazard. In its metallic form it is not only very strong and light weight, but also highly resistant to corrosion. Thus it can be found in numerous aerospace and military applications. In its oxide form it used in low grades to produce a white pigment. Titanium is the bases for numerous commercially essential compound groups, such as titanium titanates in electronic and di-electric formulations and in crystal growth for ruby and sapphire lasers. Titanium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy , abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Titanium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. Titanium was named after the word Titanos which is Greek for Titans. See Titanium research below.
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium’s principal mineral is zircon (Zirconium Silicate) and is primarily used in its oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Mitral Valve Annuloplasty : A Quantitative Clinical and Mechanical Comparison of Different Annuloplasty Devices.
Rausch MK, Bothe W, Kvitting JP, Swanson JC, Miller DC, Kuhl E.
Ann Biomed Eng. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22037916
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The Tetrahydrometalate Species VH2(H2), NbH4, and TaH4: Matrix Infrared Spectra and Quantum Chemical Calculations.
Wang X, Andrews L.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22017260
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Controlled Synthesis of Tantalum Oxynitride and Nitride Nanoparticles.
Gao Q, Giordano C, Antonietti M.
Small. 2011 Oct 19. doi: 10.1002/smll.201101207. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22009942
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Surgical Technique: Porous Tantalum Reconstruction for Destructive Nonprimary Periacetabular Tumors.
Khan FA, Rose PS, Yanagisawa M, Lewallen DG, Sim FH.
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Oct 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21989784
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Carbon Radical Generation by d(0) Tantalum Complexes with ?-Diimine Ligands through Ligand-Centered Redox Processes.
Tsurugi H, Saito T, Tanahashi H, Arnold J, Mashima K.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Oct 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21981364
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Trabecular metal cup without augments for acetabular revision in case of extensive bone loss and low bone-prosthesis contact.
Pierannunzii L, Mambretti A, D'Imporzano M.
Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2011 Jan-Mar;24(1 Suppl 2):133-7.
PMID:
21669152
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Effects of the [OC6F5] moiety upon structural geometry: crystal structures of half-sandwich tantalum(V) aryloxide complexes from reaction of Cp*Ta(N(t)Bu)(CH2R)2 with pentafluorophenol.
Cole JM, Chan MC, Gibson VC, Howard JA.
Acta Crystallogr B. 2011 Oct;67(Pt 5):416-24. Epub 2011 Aug 31.
PMID:
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Surgical Technique: A Cup-in-Cup Technique to Restore Offset in Severe Protrusio Acetabular Defects.
Blumenfeld TJ, Bargar WL.
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Sep 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21915769
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Tantalum (oxy)nitrides: Preparation, characterisation and enhancement of photo-Fenton-like degradation of atrazine under visible light.
Du Y, Zhao L, Su Y.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Nov 15;195:291-7. Epub 2011 Aug 22.
PMID:
21885191
[PubMed - in process]
Prospective Results of Uncemented Tantalum Monoblock Tibia in Total Knee Arthroplasty Minimum 5-Year Follow-up in Patients Younger Than 55 Years.
Kamath AF, Lee GC, Sheth NP, Nelson CL, Garino JP, Israelite CL.
J Arthroplasty. 2011 Aug 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21872424
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X-ray absorption, photoemission spectroscopy, and Raman scattering analysis of amorphous tantalum oxide with a large extent of oxygen nonstoichiometry.
Tsuchiya T, Imai H, Miyoshi S, Glans PA, Guo J, Yamaguchi S.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Oct 14;13(38):17013-8. Epub 2011 Aug 24.
PMID:
21863188
[PubMed - in process]
Evaluation of gene expression in MG63 human osteoblastlike cells exposed to tantalum powder by microarray technology.
Sollazzo V, Pezzetti F, Massari L, Palmieri A, Brunelli G, Zollino I, Lucchese A, Caruso G, Carinci F.
Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2011 Jul-Aug;31(4):e17-28.
PMID:
21837296
[PubMed - in process]
Hemocompatibility investigation of the NiTi alloy implanted with tantalum.
Zhao T, Li Y, Gao Y, Xiang Y, Chen H, Zhang T.
J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2011 Oct;22(10):2311-8. Epub 2011 Aug 11.
PMID:
21833606
[PubMed - in process]
[Treatment of adult early femur head necrosis with the tantalum screw].
Luo HY, Chen CW.
Zhongguo Gu Shang. 2011 Jun;24(6):482-5. Chinese.
PMID:
21786551
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A comparison of calibration methods for stereo fluoroscopic imaging systems.
Kaptein BL, Shelburne KB, Torry MR, Giphart JE.
J Biomech. 2011 Sep 2;44(13):2511-5. Epub 2011 Jul 23.
PMID:
21783196
[PubMed - in process]
Titanium and tantalum as mesenchymal stem cell scaffolds for spinal fusion: an in vitro comparative study.
Blanco JF, Sánchez-Guijo FM, Carrancio S, Muntion S, García-Briñon J, del Cañizo MC.
Eur Spine J. 2011 Aug;20 Suppl 3:353-60. Epub 2011 Jul 16.
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21779858
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Synthetic and structural studies of monocyclopentadienyl cyclometalated aryl tantalum(V) compounds.
Galajov M, Galindo A, García C, Gómez M, Gómez-Sal P, Parra A.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Sep 7;40(33):8399-406. Epub 2011 Jul 22.
PMID:
21779602
[PubMed - in process]
Designing catalysts for nitrene transfer using early transition metals and redox-active ligands.
Heyduk AF, Zarkesh RA, Nguyen AI.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 17;50(20):9849-63. Epub 2011 Jul 20.
PMID:
21774482
[PubMed - in process]
A randomised study of peri-prosthetic bone density after cemented versus trabecular fixation of a polyethylene acetabular component.
Periasamy K, Watson WS, Mohammed A, Murray H, Walker B, Patil S, Meek RM.
J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011 Aug;93(8):1033-44.
PMID:
21768625
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Bis(?-2-tert-butyl-phenyl-imido-1:2?N:N)chlorido-2?Cl-(diethyl ether-1?O)(2?-penta-methyl-cyclo-penta-dien-yl)lithiumtantalum(V).
Cole JM, Chan MC, Gibson VC, Howard JA.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Jun 1;67(Pt 6):m688-9. Epub 2011 May 7.
PMID:
21754594
[PubMed]
Recent Research & Development for Zirconium
Elution behavior of polyethylene and polypropylene standards on carbon sorbents.
Chitta R, Macko T, Brüll R, Kalies G.
J Chromatogr A. 2010 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21035809 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Effect of Cyclic Impact Load on Shear Bond Strength of Zirconium Dioxide Ceramics.
Kawai N, Shinya A, Yokoyama D, Gomi H, Shinya A.
J Adhes Dent. 2010 Sep 28. doi: 10.3290/j.jad.a19471. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20978648 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Differences in metal ion release following cobalt-chromium and oxidized zirconium total knee arthroplasty.
Garrett S, Jacobs N, Yates P, Smith A, Wood D.
Acta Orthop Belg. 2010 Aug;76(4):513-20.PMID: 20973359 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
DNA binding studies of new valine derived chiral complexes of tin(IV) and zirconium(IV).
Arjmand F, Jamsheera A.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2010 Jun 12. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20965776 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Influence of counter-ions on the self-assembly of ZrO(2) nanodisks.
Ji H, Liu X, Wang X, Yao X.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Jan 15;353(2):356-62. Epub 2010 Oct 16.PMID: 20951993 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
The interaction of osteoblasts with bone-implant materials: 1. the effect of physico-chemical surface properties of implant materials.
Kubies D, Himmlová L, Riedel T, Tresohlavá E, Balík K, Douderová M, Bártová J, Pesáková V.
Physiol Res. 2010 Oct 15. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20945966 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Free ArticleRelated citations
Fracture resistance of endodontically-treated teeth: effect of combination bleaching and an antioxidant.
Khoroushi M, Feiz A, Khodamoradi R.
Oper Dent. 2010 Sep-Oct;35(5):530-7.PMID: 20945744 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Mechanism of catalytic cyclohydroamination by zirconium salicyloxazoline complexes.
Allan LE, Clarkson GJ, Fox DJ, Gott AL, Scott P.
J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Nov 3;132(43):15308-20.PMID: 20939579 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Antibacterial properties of nine pure metals: a laboratory study using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Yasuyuki M, Kunihiro K, Kurissery S, Kanavillil N, Sato Y, Kikuchi Y.
Biofouling. 2010 Oct;26(7):851-8.PMID: 20938849 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
One-Pot Preparation and Uranyl Adsorption Properties of Hierarchically Porous Zirconium Titanium Oxide Beads using Phase Separation Processes to Vary Macropore Morphology.
Drisko GL, Chee Kimling M, Scales N, Ide A, Sizgek E, Caruso RA, Luca V.
Langmuir. 2010 Nov 16;26(22):17581-8. Epub 2010 Oct 11.PMID: 20936801 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Renewable high-octane gasoline by aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation of C5 and C6 carbohydrates over Pt/Zirconium phosphate catalysts.
Li N, Tompsett GA, Huber GW.
ChemSusChem. 2010 Oct 25;3(10):1154-7. No abstract available. PMID: 20936668 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Can the method of fixation influence the wear behaviour of ZrN coated unicompartmental mobile knee prostheses?
Affatato S, Spinelli M, Lopomo N, Grupp TM, Marcacci M, Toni A.
Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2010 Oct 7. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20934240 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Measurement of dissolved reactive phosphorus using the diffusive gradients in thin films technique with a high-capacity binding phase.
Ding S, Xu D, Sun Q, Yin H, Zhang C.
Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Nov 1;44(21):8169-74.PMID: 20886846 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Raman microspectroscopy of organic inclusions in spodumenes from Nilaw (Nuristan, Afghanistan).
Weselucha-Birczynska A, Slowakiewicz M, Natkaniec-Nowak L, Proniewicz LM.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2010 Sep 28. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20884283 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Effect of thermocycling on the bond strength between dual-cured resin cements and zirconium-oxide ceramics.
D'Amario M, Campidoglio M, Morresi AL, Luciani L, Marchetti E, Baldi M.
J Oral Sci. 2010;52(3):425-30.PMID: 20881336 [PubMed - in process]Free ArticleRelated citations
Surface damages of zirconia by Nd:YAG dental laser irradiation.
Noda M, Okuda Y, Tsuruki J, Minesaki Y, Takenouchi Y, Ban S.
Dent Mater J. 2010 Oct 14;29(5):536-41. Epub 2010 Sep 18.PMID: 20877130 [PubMed - in process]Free ArticleRelated citations
Conjunctive and compromised data fusion schemes for identification of multiple notches in an aluminium plate using Lamb wave signals.
Lu Y, Ye L, Wang D, Wang X, Su Z.
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2010 Sep;57(9):2005-16.PMID: 20875990 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
A new smile for Judy: a multimaterial approach.
Nash RW.
Dent Today. 2010 Aug;29(8):92, 94. No abstract available. PMID: 20873651 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Matched-pair total knee arthroplasty retrieval analysis: Oxidized zirconium vs. CoCrMo.
Heyse TJ, Chen DX, Kelly N, Boettner F, Wright TM, Haas SB.
Knee. 2010 Sep 22. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20869251 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Surface modification of chromatography adsorbents by low temperature low pressure plasma.
Arpanaei A, Winther-Jensen B, Theodosiou E, Kingshott P, Hobley TJ, Thomas OR.
J Chromatogr A. 2010 Oct 29;1217(44):6905-16. Epub 2010 Sep 23.PMID: 20869062 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Recent Research & Development for Oxides
Andrographolide Inhibits PI3K/AKT-Dependent NOX2 and iNOS Expression Protecting Mice against Hypoxia/Ischemia-Induced Oxidative Brain Injury.
Chern CM, Liou KT, Wang YH, Liao JF, Yen JC, Shen YC.
Planta Med. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512969
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reexamination of the ORAC assay: effect of metal ions.
Nkhili E, Brat P.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 May;400(5):1451-1458. Epub 2011 Apr 6.
PMID:
21512895
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Muscle intracellular oxygenation during exercise: optimization for oxygen transport, metabolism, and adaptive change.
Wagner PD.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011 Apr 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512800
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
CuCl-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of 2,3-allenols to 1,2-allenic ketones with 1:1 combination of phenanthroline and bipyridine as ligands.
Gao S, Liu Y, Ma S.
Beilstein J Org Chem. 2011 Apr 7;7:396-403.
PMID:
21512599
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Mitochondrial Structure and Function Are Disrupted by Standard Isolation Methods.
Picard M, Taivassalo T, Ritchie D, Wright KJ, Thomas MM, Romestaing C, Hepple RT.
PLoS One. 2011 Mar 28;6(3):e18317.
PMID:
21512578
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in hypertension.
Schulz E, Gori T, Münzel T.
Hypertens Res. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512515
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Salidroside Attenuates Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Cell Damage Through a cAMP-Dependent Pathway.
Guan S, Wang W, Lu J, Qian W, Huang G, Deng X, Wang X.
Molecules. 2011 Apr 19;16(4):3371-3379.
PMID:
21512445
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Factors Predicting Mortality in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Adults in Alberta.
Marrie TJ, Tyrrell GJ, Garg S, Vanderkooi OG.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512414
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Estimation of Oxygen Uptake From Heart Rate and Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Young Soccer Players.
Wong DP, Carling C, Chaouachi A, Dellal A, Castagna C, Chamari K, Behm DG.
J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Apr 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512400
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Mitochondrial pathway leading to programmed cell death induced by aluminum phytotoxicity in Arabidopsis.
Li Z, Xing D.
Plant Signal Behav. 2010 Dec 1;5(12):1660-1662.
PMID:
21512328
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Autophagy in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia.
Watson AS, Mortensen M, Simon AK.
Cell Cycle. 2011 Jun 1;10(11). [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512311
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Direct Assessments of the Antioxidant Effects of the Novel Collagen Peptide on Reactive Oxygen Species Using Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy.
Kobayashi K, Maehata Y, Kawamura Y, Kusubata M, Hattori S, Tanaka K, Miyamoto C, Yoshino F, Yoshida A, Wada-Takahashi S, Komatsu T, Takahashi SS, Lee MC.
J Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512306
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A Strong Protective Action of Guttiferone-A, a Naturally Occurring Prenylated Benzophenone, Against Iron-Induced Neuronal Cell Damage.
Figueredo YN, García-Pupo L, Rubio OC, Hernández RD, Naal Z, Curti C, Andreu GL.
J Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512303
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Effects of Intestinal Microflora on Superoxide Dismutase Activity in the Mouse Cecum.
Dobashi Y, Miyakawa Y, Yamamoto I, Amao H.
Exp Anim. 2011;60(2):133-139.
PMID:
21512268
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??????Conservative Management of Achilles Tendon Wounds: Results of a Retrospective Study.
Kleinman Y, Cahn A.
Ostomy Wound Manage. 2011 Apr;57(4):32-40.
PMID:
21512191
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Laser-based absorption spectroscopy as a technique for rapid in-line analysis of respired gas concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Cummings B, Hamilton ML, Ciaffoni L, Pragnell TR, Peverall R, Ritchie GA, Hancock G, Robbins PA.
J Appl Physiol. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512147
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The hypoxia associated factor (HAF) switches cells from HIF-1{alpha} to HIF-2{alpha} dependent signaling promoting stem cell characteristics, aggressive tumor growth and invasion.
Koh MY, Lemos R Jr, Liu XP, Powis G.
Cancer Res. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512133
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Coactivators necessary for transcriptional output of the hypoxia inducible factor, HIF, are directly recruited by ARNT PAS-B.
Partch CL, Gardner KH.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21512126
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Latitudinal Gradients in Greenhouse Seawater {delta}18O: Evidence from Eocene Sirenian Tooth Enamel.
Clementz MT, Sewall JO.
Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):455-458.
PMID:
21512030
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High-Performance Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Derived from Polyaniline, Iron, and Cobalt.
Wu G, More KL, Johnston CM, Zelenay P.
Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):443-447.
PMID:
21512028
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Titanium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Titanium's shells is 2, 8, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d2 4s2. In its elemental form titanium's CAS number is 7440-32-6. The titanium atom has a radius of 144.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Titanium metal is not considered to be toxic although titanium as metal shavings or powder is considered a fire hazard. In its metallic form it is not only very strong and light weight, but also highly resistant to corrosion. Thus it can be found in 
numerous aerospace and military applications. In its oxide form it used in low grades to produce a white pigment. Titanium is the bases for numerous commercially essential compound groups, such as 
titanium titanates in electronic and di-electric formulations and in crystal growth for ruby and sapphire lasers. Titanium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy , abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Titanium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. Titanium was named after the word Titanos which is Greek for Titans. See Titanium research below. 
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium’s principal mineral is zircon (Zirconium Silicate) and is primarily used in its oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change
in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a 
certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below. 
