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Thallium
Thallium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Thallium is primarily used for its electrical conductivity as thallium sulfide which changes with exposure to infrared light. This ability makes the compound useful in photocells. Thallium bromide-iodide crystals have been used as infrared optical materials. Thallium has been used, with sulfur or selenium and arsenic, to produce low melting glasses which becomes fluid between 125 and 150 C. These glasses have properties at room temperatures similar to ordinary glasses and are said to be durable and insoluble in water. Thallium oxide has been used to produce glasses with a high index of refraction, and is also used in the manufacture of photo cells. Thallium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.

Thallium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Thallium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Thallium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 6 element. The electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1. In its elemental form thallium's CAS number is 7440-28-0. The thallium atom has a radius of 170.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 196.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Thallium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Thallium was first discovered by Sir William Crookes in 1861.

French Thallium German Thallium Italian tallio Portuguese Tálio Spanish talio Swedish Thallium

Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of thallium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Tl-203
202.972329
29.524
Tl-205
204.974412
70.476

Safety Data. The safety data for thallium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for thallium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
589.36 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1971.02 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
2878.18 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to thallium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 şC is 18 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.8. The thermal conductivity of thallium is 46.1 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for thallium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
4.31 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
166.1 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
182.845 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Tl 81 204.383 g.mol -1 1.8 11.71 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 1800 °C 4200 °C 196.pm 0.099 nm (+3) 589.36 kJ.mol-1

PRODUCT CATALOG U.S. Operations Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Foil
 
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Recent Research & Development for Thallium

  • Myocardial infarction caused by coronary artery injury after a blunt chest trauma. Lima MS, Tsutsui JM, Issa VS. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009 Jul;93(1):e1-4. English, Portuguese, Spanish. PMID: 19838457 [PubMed - in process]

  • Connectivity of radiotracers to vasodilators is thallium the missing link? Dilsizian V. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009 Oct;2(10):1209-12. No abstract available. PMID: 19833311 [PubMed - in process]

  • Effects of adenosine and a selective A2A adenosine receptor agonist on hemodynamic and thallium-201 and technetium-99m-sestaMIBI biodistribution and kinetics. Mekkaoui C, Jadbabaie F, Dione DP, Meoli DF, Purushothaman K, Belardinelli L, Sinusas AJ. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009 Oct;2(10):1198-208. PMID: 19833310 [PubMed - in process]

  • Examination of energy spectrum acquisition method using shielded radiopharmaceutical syringes. Uto T. Nippon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi. 2009 Sep 20;65(9):1334-42. PMID: 19828931 [PubMed - in process]

  • [New and revised reference values for antimony, arsenic and metals (lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury, thallium and uranium) in blood of children in Germany. Position of the "Human Biomonitoring" Council of the Environmental Office] [No authors listed] Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2009 Oct;52(10):977-82. German. No abstract available. PMID: 19802622 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Thallium dynamics in contrasting light sandy soils-Soil vulnerability assessment to anthropogenic contamination. Vanek A, Chrastný V, Komárek M, Galusková I, Drahota P, Grygar T, Tejnecký V, Drábek O. J Hazard Mater. 2009 Sep 4. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19781852 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Incremental value of combining 64-slice computed tomography angiography with stress nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging to improve noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease. Sato A, Nozato T, Hikita H, Miyazaki S, Takahashi Y, Kuwahara T, Takahashi A, Hiroe M, Aonuma K. J Nucl Cardiol. 2009 Sep 24. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19777317 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • [Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery for the ischemic cardiomyopathy patient with moderate mitral regurgitation and stenosis of bilateral vertebral arteries] Yanase Y, Nakamura M, Uehara M, Tabuchi M, Baba T, Kanki K, Hashimoto A, Higami T. Kyobu Geka. 2009 Sep;62(10):875-9. Japanese. PMID: 19764492 [PubMed - in process]

  • Thallium-201 chloride scintigraphy in soft tissue tumors. Otsuka H, Terazawa K, Morita N, Otomi Y, Takao S, Iwamoto S, Osaki K, Harada M, Nishitani H. J Med Invest. 2009 Aug;56(3-4):136-41. PMID: 19763026 [PubMed - in process]

  • Two-year follow-up of two patients after severe thallium intoxication. Pelclová D, Urban P, Ridzon P, Senholdová Z, Lukás E, Diblík P, Lacina L. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2009 May;28(5):263-72. PMID: 19755458 [PubMed - in process]

  • The equivalent of a thallium binding residue from an archeal homolog controls cation interactions in brain glutamate transporters. Teichman S, Qu S, Kanner BI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 25;106(34):14297-302. Epub 2009 Aug 11. PMID: 19706515 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Radiation therapy in the treatment of desmoid tumours reduces surgical indications. Rüdiger HA, Ngan SY, Ng M, Powell GJ, Choong PF. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2009 Aug 12. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19682833 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • High-resolution mapping of neuronal activity using the lipophilic thallium chelate complex TlDDC: Protocol and validation of the method. Goldschmidt J, Wanger T, Engelhorn A, Friedrich H, Happel M, Ilango A, Engelmann M, Stuermer IW, Ohl FW, Scheich H. Neuroimage. 2010 Jan 1;49(1):303-15. Epub 2009 Aug 12. PMID: 19682585 [PubMed - in process]

  • [Dosimetry in scintimammography by (99m)Tc-MIBI, (99m)Tc-Tetrofosmin, (99m)Tc-(V)DMSA and 201TlCl compared with X-rays mammography] Lyra M, Vamvakas I. Hell J Nucl Med. 2009 May-Aug;12(2):184-8. Greek, Modern. PMID: 19675881 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Incidental detection of a lung tumor on Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging. Meristoudis G, Ilias I, Christakopoulou J. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2009 Aug 10;9(4):E12-3. No abstract available. PMID: 19666423 [PubMed - in process]

  • Detecting occult coronary artery disease followed by early coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with diabetic retinopathy: Report from a diabetic retinocoronary clinic. Ohno T, Kinoshita O, Fujita H, Kato S, Hirose A, Sigeeda T, Otomo K, Ando J, Kadowaki T, Araie M, Nagai R, Takamoto S. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009 Jun 16. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19660392 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Evaluation of myocardial viability with thallium-201 infusion MPSPECT after oral glucose application in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. Hasbek Z, Turgut B, Erselcan T, Yalta K, Tandogan I, Ozer G, Ozdemir U, Turgut NH. Nucl Med Commun. 2009 Oct;30(10):779-88. PMID: 19654563 [PubMed - in process]

  • Predictors of coronary artery disease in patients with left bundle branch block who undergo myocardial perfusion imaging. Jeevanantham V, Manne K, Sengodan M, Haley JM, Hsi DH. Cardiol J. 2009;16(4):321-6. PMID: 19653174 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Improvement of cardiac function and neurological remodeling in a patient with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy after catheter ablation. Omichi C, Tanaka T, Kakizawa Y, Yamada A, Ishii Y, Nagashima H, Kanmatsuse K, Endo M. J Cardiol. 2009 Aug;54(1):134-8. Epub 2008 Nov 21. PMID: 19632533 [PubMed - in process]

  • Bond activation, substrate addition and catalysis by an isolable two-coordinate Pd(0) bis-isocyanide monomer. Labios LA, Millard MD, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Aug 19;131(32):11318-9. PMID: 19630396 [PubMed - in process]

 

 

 

 

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