American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Thallium Phosphide Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Thallium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Thallium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Thallium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1. In its elemental form thallium's CAS number is 7440-28-0. The thallium atom has a radius of 170.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 196.pm. Thallium and its compounds are highly toxic. Thallium is primarily used for its electrical conductivity as thallium sulfide which changes with exposure to infrared light. This ability makes the compound useful in photocells. Thallium bromide-iodide crystals have been used as infrared optical materials. Thallium has been used, with sulfur or selenium and arsenic, to produce low melting glasses which becomes fluid between 125 and 150 C. These glasses have properties at room temperatures similar to ordinary glasses and are said to be durable and insoluble in water. Thallium oxide has been used to produce glasses with a high index of refraction, and is also used in the manufacture of photo cells. Thallium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Thallium was first discovered by Sir William Crookes in 1861. Thallium get its name from the Greek word "thallos" which means twig or green shoot. See Thallium research below.
Phosphorus is a Block P, Group 15, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Phosphorus's shells is 2, 8, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. In its elemental form Phosphorus's CAS number is 7723-14-0. The Phosphorus atom has a radius of 110.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180.pm. Although white phosphorus is very toxic, red phosphorus is not considered toxic. Phosphorus information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
American Elements semi conducting materials are crystal structures produced from ultra high purity starting materials synthesized by our high purity production facility which includes several large electric muffle furnaces, a tube furnace for hydrogen reduction, 50 gallon glass-lined Pfaudler reactors supported by our analytical laboratory containing X-ray diffraction, SEM, AA, BET surface area, and ICP Spectrometry for trace metals analysis. See a discussion of American Elements Ultra High Purity and Analytical capabilities. See Crystal Growth for processes used to fabricate semiconductor materials, which include:
Crystal "pulling" by the Czochaiski method for production of semiconductor materials
Flux growth and gradient freeze
Directional solidification of fluorites using both the Bridgman-Stockbarger and float zoning techniques
Search by Material, Product Name, Product Code, CAS Number, Formula, Element, Anion, Form, EC Number, MDL Number or PubChem ID.
Optimal positioning in the detection of inferior wall infarct size with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: prone vs. supine.
Dogan I, Sönmez B, Karaman K, Celik S, Türker O.
Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2010 Oct 15. doi: 10.5152/akd.2010.161. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20952355 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Free ArticleRelated citations
An examination of the association of selected toxic metals with total and central obesity indices: NHANES 99-02.
Padilla MA, Elobeid M, Ruden DM, Allison DB.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010 Sep;7(9):3332-47. Epub 2010 Aug 26.PMID: 20948927 [PubMed - in process]Free PMC ArticleFree textRelated citations
Silver and thallium historical trends in the Seine River basin.
Ayrault S, Priadi CR, Evrard O, Lefèvre I, Bonté P.
J Environ Monit. 2010 Oct 11. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20938543 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
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Solovyev ND, Ivanenko NB, Ivanenko AA.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20922499 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
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Gourlaouen C, Parisel O, Piquemal JP.
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Methylated Metal(loid) Species in Humans.
Hirner AV, Rettenmeier AW.
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Trace Element Concentrations in Feathers of Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) from Across Their Breeding Range.
Bond AL, Lavers JL.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010 Sep 24. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20865254 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Laser ablation single-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for lead isotopic analysis to investigate evolution of the Bilbilis mint.
Resano M, Marzo MP, Alloza R, Saénz C, Vanhaecke F, Yang L, Willie S, Sturgeon RE.
Anal Chim Acta. 2010 Sep 10;677(1):55-63. Epub 2010 Aug 10.PMID: 20850590 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Bocca B, Mattei D, Pino A, Alimonti A.
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Tu CM, Chu KM, Cheng CC, Cheng SM, Lin WS.
Tex Heart Inst J. 2010;37(4):483-5.PMID: 20844629 [PubMed - in process]Free PMC ArticleFree textRelated citations
Nodular fasciitis of the hand in a young athlete. A case report.
Hara H, Fujita I, Fujimoto T, Hanioka K, Akisue T, Kurosaka M.
Ups J Med Sci. 2010 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20843275 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Clinical significance of thallium-201 SPECT after postoperative radiotherapy in patients with glioblastoma multiforme.
Iida G, Ogawa K, Ishiuchi S, Chiba I, Watanabe T, Katsuyama N, Yoshii Y, Murayama S.
J Neurooncol. 2010 Sep 2. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20811927 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
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Yamaguchi R, Yoshida T, Nakazato Y, Yoshimoto Y.
Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2010;50(8):683-6.PMID: 20805655 [PubMed - in process]Free ArticleRelated citations
Oil sands development contributes elements toxic at low concentrations to the Athabasca River and its tributaries.
Kelly EN, Schindler DW, Hodson PV, Short JW, Radmanovich R, Nielsen CC.
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Coronary Artery Phenotypes in Subjects With Negative Myocardial Perfusion Imaging and Typical Angina Pectoris.
Jang SJ, Chu CM, Yang TY, Lin YS, Tsai MF, Chang ST.
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Nomoto T, Kikuchi T, Kusunoki Y, Akesaka K, Yano K, Fujii Y, Makino H.
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Probing the rate of hole transfer in oxidized porphyrin dyads using thallium hyperfine clocks.
Diers JR, Taniguchi M, Holten D, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF.
J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Sep 1;132(34):12121-32.PMID: 20690677 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Saljooghi AS, Fatemi SJ.
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Thermal and structural study of the crystal phases and mesophases in the lithium and thallium(i) propanoates and pentanoates binary systems: formation of mixed salts and stabilization of the ionic liquid crystal phase.
Martínez Casado FJ, Ramos Riesco M, da Silva I, Labrador A, Redondo MI, García Pérez MV, López-Andrés S, Rodríguez Cheda JA.
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Recent Research & Development for Phosphorus
Consumption of whole
grains is associated with improved diet quality and nutrient intake in children
and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004.
O'Neil CE, Nicklas TA, Zanovec M, Cho SS, Kleinman R. Public Health Nutr. 2010 Oct 6:1-9. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20923597.
Chemical and microbiological changes during
vermicomposting of coffee pulp using exotic (Eudrilus eugeniae) and native
earthworm (Perionyx ceylanesis) species. Raphael K, Velmourougane K. Biodegradation. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead
of print] PubMed PMID: 20922463.
Synthesis, structure,
and reductive elimination in the series Tp'Rh(PR(3))(Ar(F))H; Determination of
rhodium-carbon bond energies of fluoroaryl substituents. Tanabe T, Brennessel WW, Clot E, Eisenstein O, Jones WD. Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct
5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20924525.
Nutrient concentrations in Maryland non-tidal
streams. Morgan RP 2nd, Kline KM. Environ Monit Assess. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20890788.
Hereditary disorders of renal
phosphate wasting. Alizadeh Naderi AS, Reilly RF; Medscape. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 20924400.
New Synthesis of 3-Trifluoromethylpyrroles by
Condensation of Mesoionic 4-Trifluoroacetyl-1,3-oxazolium-5-olates with
Phosphorus Ylides. Saijo R, Hagimoto Y, Kawase M. Org Lett. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20923166.
Structural and electronic properties of
luminescent copper(i) halide complexes of bis[2-(diphenylphosphano)phenyl] ether
(DPEphos). Crystal structure of [CuCl(DPEphos)(dmpymtH]. Aslanidis P, Cox PJ, Tsipis AC. Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct
4. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20922239.
Changes in
Microbial Community Structure and Function of Drinking Water Treatment
Bioreactors Upon Phosphorus Addition. Li X, Upadhyaya G, Yuen W, Brown J, Morgenroth E, Raskin L. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Oct 1. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20889793.
Determination of a set
of surrogate parameters to assess urban stormwater quality. Miguntanna NS, Egodawatta P, Kokot S, Goonetilleke A. Sci Total Environ.
2010 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20888615.
A review on the effects of environmental conditions on growth and toxin
production of Ostreopsis ovata. Pistocchi R, Pezzolesi L, Guerrini F, Vanucci S, Dell'aversano C, Fattorusso
E. Toxicon. 2010 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 20920514.
Tenofovir-associated severe bone pain: I cannot walk! Jhaveri MA, Mawad HW, Thornton AC, Mullen NW, Greenberg RN. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS
Care (Chic Ill). 2010 Sep-Oct;9(5):328-34. PubMed PMID: 20923957.
Characteristics of contaminants in water and
sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent. Lee S, Maniquiz MC, Kim LH. J Environ
Sci (China). 2010;22(6):940-5. PubMed PMID: 20923110.
Effect of a seasonal diffuse pollution migration on
natural organic matter behavior in a stratified dam reservoir. Yu SJ, Lee JY, Ha SR. J Environ Sci
(China). 2010;22(6):908-14. PubMed PMID: 20923105.
Water-saving
irrigation of paddy field to reduce nutrient runoff. Hitomi T, Iwamoto Y, Miura A, Hamada K, Takaki K, Shiratani E. J Environ Sci (China).
2010;22(6):885-91. PubMed PMID: 20923101.
Scenario
analysis for reduction of pollutant load discharged from a watershed by recycling
of treated water for irrigation. Shiratani E, Munakata Y, Yoshinaga I, Kubota T, Hamada K, Hitomi T. J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):878-84. PubMed
PMID: 20923100.
Modeling the effects of constructed wetland
on nonpoint source pollution control and reservoir water quality improvement. Ham J, Yoon CG, Kim HJ, Kim HC. J
Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):834-9. PubMed PMID: 20923093.
Evaluation of non-point source
pollution reduction by applying best management practices using a SWAT model and
QuickBird high resolution satellite imagery. Lee M, Park G, Park M, Park J, Lee J, Kim S. J Environ Sci (China).
2010;22(6):826-33. PubMed PMID: 20923092.
Understanding nutrient
build-up on urban road surfaces. Miguntanna NP, Goonetilleke A, Egodowatta P, Kokot S. J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):806-12. PubMed
PMID: 20923089.
Monitoring of non-point source pollutants
load from a mixed forest land use. Yoon SW, Chung SW, Oh DG, Lee JW. J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):801-5.
PubMed PMID: 20923088.
American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Thallium Phosphide Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density 
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Thallium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Thallium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Thallium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1. In its elemental form thallium's CAS number is 7440-28-0. The thallium atom has a radius of 170.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 196.pm. Thallium and its compounds are highly toxic. Thallium is primarily used for its electrical conductivity as thallium sulfide which changes with exposure to infrared light. This ability makes the compound useful in photocells. Thallium bromide-iodide crystals have been used as infrared optical materials. Thallium has been used,
with sulfur or selenium and arsenic, to produce low melting glasses which becomes fluid between 125 and 150 C. These glasses have 
properties at room temperatures similar to ordinary glasses and are said to be durable and insoluble in water. Thallium oxide has been used to produce glasses with a high index of refraction, and is also used in the manufacture of photo cells. Thallium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Thallium was first discovered by Sir William Crookes in 1861. Thallium get its name from the Greek word "thallos" which means twig or green shoot. See Thallium research below.
Phosphorus is a Block P, Group 15, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Phosphorus's shells is 2, 8, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. In its elemental form Phosphorus's CAS number is 7723-14-0. The Phosphorus atom has a radius of 110.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180.pm. Although white phosphorus is very toxic, red phosphorus is not considered toxic. Phosphorus information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
