Thulium Bromide is a highly water soluble crystalline Thulium source for uses compatible with Bromides and lower (acidic) pH. Metallic Bromides are marketed under the trade name AE Bromides™. Most metal bromide compounds are water soluble for uses in water treatment, chemical analysis and in ultra high purity for certain crystal growth applications. Bromide in an aqueous solution can be detected by adding Thulium disulfide (CS2) and chlorine. Thulium Bromide is generally immediately available in most volumes. Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards. Nanoscale (See also Nanotechnology Information and Quantum Dots) elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Thulium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Thulium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe]4f136s2. In its elemental form thulium's CAS number is 7440-30-4. The thulium atom has a radius of 172.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Thulium is not toxic. Thulium is representative of the other lanthanides (rare earths) similar in chemistry to Yttrium. Thulium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Thulium emits blue upon excitation. Flat panel screens depend critically on bright blue emitters. Also, under X-ray bombardment emissions are in both the 375 nm (ultra violet) and 465 (visible blue) wave lengths. This gives the material useful applications in low radiation detection for detection badges and similar uses. It is also used in other luminescence applications, such as halide discharge lamps. Thulium was first discovered by Theodore Cleve in 1879. Thulium is named after "Thule", which is the ancient name of Scandinavia. See Thulium research below.
How do traces of thulium explain photodarkening in Yb doped fibers?
Peretti R, Jurdyc AM, Jacquier B, Gonnet C, Pastouret A, Burov E, Cavani O.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 13;18(19):20455-60. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.020455.PMID: 20940938 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Pulse characteristics of a passively mode-locked thulium fiber laser with positive and negative cavity dispersion.
Haxsen F, Wandt D, Morgner U, Neumann J, Kracht D.
Opt Express. 2010 Aug 30;18(18):18981-8. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.018981.PMID: 20940792 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Tm3+-doped tellurite glasses for fiber amplifiers in broadband optical communication at 1.20 µm wavelength region.
Zhou B, Lin H, Pun EY.
Opt Express. 2010 Aug 30;18(18):18805-10. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.018805.PMID: 20940773 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Pulse energy of 151 nJ from ultrafast thulium-doped chirped-pulse fiber amplifier.
Haxsen F, Wandt D, Morgner U, Neumann J, Kracht D.
Opt Lett. 2010 Sep 1;35(17):2991-3. doi: 10.1364/OL.35.002991.PMID: 20808393 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Thulium laser urethrotomy for urethral stricture: a preliminary report.
Wang L, Wang Z, Yang B, Yang Q, Sun Y.
Lasers Surg Med. 2010 Sep;42(7):620-3.PMID: 20806387 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
A 2-microm continuous-wave laser system for safe and high-precision dissection during NOTES procedures.
Dray X, Donatelli G, Krishnamurty DM, Dubcenco E, Wroblewski RJ, Assumpcao L, Giday SA, Buscaglia JM, Shin EJ, Magno P, Pipitone LJ, Marohn MR, Kantsevoy SV, Kalloo AN.
Dig Dis Sci. 2010 Sep;55(9):2463-70.PMID: 20704034 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Non-classical divalent lanthanide complexes.
Nief F.
Dalton Trans. 2010 Aug 7;39(29):6589-98. Epub 2010 Mar 25.PMID: 20631944 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Modulated and continuous-wave operations of low-power thulium (Tm:YAP) laser in tissue welding.
Bilici T, Tabakoglu HO, Topaloglu N, Kalaycioglu H, Kurt A, Sennaroglu A, Gülsoy M.
J Biomed Opt. 2010 May-Jun;15(3):038001.PMID: 20615047 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Passively Q-switched erbium all-fiber lasers by use of thulium-doped saturable-absorber fibers.
Tsai TY, Fang YC, Hung SH.
Opt Express. 2010 May 10;18(10):10049-54. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.010049.PMID: 20588858 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of copper with a 2 microm thulium fiber laser.
Baudelet M, Willis CC, Shah L, Richardson M.
Opt Express. 2010 Apr 12;18(8):7905-10. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.007905.PMID: 20588632 [PubMed]Related citations
The impact of minimally invasive surgeries for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia on male sexual function: a systematic review.
Frieben RW, Lin HC, Hinh PP, Berardinelli F, Canfield SE, Wang R.
Asian J Androl. 2010 Jul;12(4):500-8. Epub 2010 May 17. Review.PMID: 20473318 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Study of encapsulated 170Tm sources for their potential use in brachytherapy.
Ballester F, Granero D, Perez-Calatayud J, Venselaar JL, Rivard MJ.
Med Phys. 2010 Apr;37(4):1629-37.PMID: 20443484 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Heterometallic Na-Y(Ln) trifluoroacetate diglyme complexes as novel single-source precursors for upconverting NaYF4 nanocrystals co-doped with Yb and Er/Tm ions.
Mishra S, Daniele S, Ledoux G, Jeanneau E, Joubert MF.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2010 Jun 7;46(21):3756-8. Epub 2010 Apr 16.PMID: 20401365 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Ytterbium-sensitized Thulium-doped fiber laser in the near-IR with 980 nm pumping.
Pal A, Dhar A, Das S, Chen SY, Sun T, Sen R, Grattan KT.
Opt Express. 2010 Mar 1;18(5):5068-74. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.005068.PMID: 20389519 [PubMed]Related citations
Novel type of bicellar disks from a mixture of DMPC and DMPE-DTPA with complexed lanthanides.
Beck P, Liebi M, Kohlbrecher J, Ishikawa T, Rüegger H, Fischer P, Walde P, Windhab E.
Langmuir. 2010 Apr 20;26(8):5382-7.PMID: 20384368 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
In vivo MRI multicontrast kinetic analysis of the uptake and intracellular trafficking of paramagnetically labeled liposomes.
Delli Castelli D, Dastrù W, Terreno E, Cittadino E, Mainini F, Torres E, Spadaro M, Aime S.
J Control Release. 2010 Jun 15;144(3):271-9. Epub 2010 Mar 15.PMID: 20230865 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Thulium: YAG 2 mum cw laser prostatectomy: where do we stand?
Bach T, Xia SJ, Yang Y, Mattioli S, Watson GM, Gross AJ, Herrmann TR.
World J Urol. 2010 Apr;28(2):163-8. Epub 2010 Mar 5. Review.PMID: 20204378 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Motor cortex dysfunction in complex regional pain syndrome.
Kirveskari E, Vartiainen NV, Gockel M, Forss N.
Clin Neurophysiol. 2010 Jul;121(7):1085-91. Epub 2010 Feb 24.PMID: 20185362 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
High-power linearly-polarized single-frequency thulium-doped fiber Master-Oscillator Power-Amplifier.
Pearson L, Kim JW, Zhang Z, Ibsen M, Sahu JK, Clarkson WA.
Opt Express. 2010 Jan 18;18(2):1607-12. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.001607.PMID: 20173987 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Synthesis of Enol Lactones via Cu(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular O-Vinylation of Carboxylic Acids.
Sun C, Fang Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Li C.
Org Lett. 2010 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19689116 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Formation of ArF from LPdAr(F): Catalytic Conversion of Aryl Triflates to Aryl Fluorides.
Watson DA, Su M, Teverovskiy G, Zhang Y, García-Fortanet J, Kinzel T, Buchwald SL.
Science. 2009 Aug 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19679769 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
(2-Pyridyl)acetone-Promoted Cu-Catalyzed O-Arylation of Phenols with Aryl Iodides, Bromides, and Chlorides.
Zhang Q, Wang D, Wang X, Ding K.
J Org Chem. 2009 Aug 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19673481 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ni-Catalyzed Sonogashira Coupling of Nonactivated Alkyl Halides: Orthogonal Functionalization of Alkyl Iodides, Bromides, and Chlorides.
Vechorkin O, Barmaz D, Proust V, Hu X.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Aug 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19670863 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Zn-mediated electrochemical allylation of aldehydes in aqueous ammonia.
Huang JM, Dong Y.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Jul 14;(26):3943-5. Epub 2009 May 28.
PMID: 19662260 [PubMed - in process]
Practical Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Diaryl-, Aryl Heteroaryl-, and Diheteroarylmethanols.
Salvi L, Kim JG, Walsh PJ.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19653691 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Direct Palladium-Catalyzed Arylations of Aryl Bromides with 2/9-Substituted Pyrimido[5,4-b]indolizines.
Jiang M, Li T, Meng L, Yang C, Xie Y, Ding J.
J Comb Chem. 2009 Jul 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19645499 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Versatile chemoselectivity in Ni-catalyzed multiple bond carbonylations and cyclocarbonylations in CO(2)-expanded liquids.
del Moral D, Banet Osuna AM, Córdoba A, Moretó JM, Veciana J, Ricart S, Ventosa N.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Aug 21;(31):4723-5. Epub 2009 Jun 29.
PMID: 19641822 [PubMed - in process]
Highly Selective Biaryl Cross-Coupling Reactions between Aryl Halides and Aryl Grignard Reagents: A New Catalyst Combination of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel Fluorides.
Hatakeyama T, Hashimoto S, Ishizuka K, Nakamura M.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19639999 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hexacationic Dendriphos Ligands in the Pd-Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction: Scope and Mechanistic Studies.
Snelders DJ, van Koten G, Klein Gebbink RJ.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19639941 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Can One Predict Changes from S(N)1 to S(N)2 Mechanisms?
Phan TB, Nolte C, Kobayashi S, Ofial AR, Mayr H.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19634906 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A General Copper-Catalyzed Coupling of Azoles with Vinyl Bromides.
Liao Q, Wang Y, Zhang L, Xi C.
J Org Chem. 2009 Jul 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19603753 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Kinetics of Bromine-Magnesium Exchange Reactions in Heteroaryl Bromides.
Shi L, Chu Y, Knochel P, Mayr H.
Org Lett. 2009 Jul 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19601592 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
C5-Modified nucleosides exhibiting anticancer activity.
Lee YS, Park SM, Kim HM, Park SK, Lee K, Lee CW, Kim BH.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Aug 15;19(16):4688-91. Epub 2009 Jun 21.
PMID: 19596579 [PubMed - in process]
Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Ammonia with Aryl Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides, and Sulfonates: A General Method for the Preparation of Primary Arylamines.
Vo GD, Hartwig JF.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19591470 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
New One-Pot Synthesis of (E)-beta-Aryl Vinyl Halides from Styrenes.
Pawluc´ P, Hreczycho G, Szudkowska J, Kubicki M, Marciniec B.
Org Lett. 2009 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19572730 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Scope and Limitation of Nickel-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation of Aryl Bromides from Formamide Derivatives.
Jo Y, Ju J, Choe J, Song KH, Lee S.
J Org Chem. 2009 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19572571 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electroencephalographic and behavioral convulsant effects of hydrobromide and hydrochloride salts of bupropion in conscious rodents.
Henshall DC, Dürmüller N, White HS, Williams R, Moser P, Dunleavy M, Silverstone PH.
Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2009;5:189-206. Epub 2009 Apr 8.
PMID: 19557114 [PubMed - in process]
A facile route to C2-substituted imidazolium ionic liquids.
Ennis E, Handy ST.
Molecules. 2009 Jun 19;14(6):2235-45.
PMID: 19553895 [PubMed - in process]
Synthesis of 1,3-amino alcohol derivatives via a silicon-mediated ring-opening of substituted piperidines.
McCall WS, Comins DL.
Org Lett. 2009 Jul 2;11(13):2940-2.
PMID: 19552467 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Thulium Bromide is a highly water soluble crystalline Thulium source for uses compatible with Bromides and lower (acidic) pH. Metallic Bromides are marketed under the trade name AE Bromides™. Most metal bromide compounds are water soluble for uses in water treatment, chemical analysis and in ultra high purity for certain crystal growth applications. Bromide in an aqueous solution can be detected by adding Thulium disulfide (CS2) and chlorine. Thulium Bromide is generally immediately available in most volumes. Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards. Nanoscale (See also Nanotechnology Information and Quantum Dots) elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement. 
Thulium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Thulium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe]4f136s2. In its elemental form thulium's CAS number is 7440-30-4. The thulium atom has a radius of 172.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Thulium is not toxic. Thulium is representative of the other lanthanides (rare earths) similar in chemistry to Yttrium. Thulium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Thulium 
emits blue
upon excitation. Flat panel screens depend critically on bright blue emitters. Also, under X-ray bombardment emissions are in both the 375 nm (ultra violet) and 465 (visible blue) wave lengths. This gives the material useful applications in low radiation detection for detection badges and similar uses. It is also used in other luminescence applications, such as halide discharge lamps. Thulium was first discovered by Theodore Cleve in 1879. Thulium is named after "Thule", which is the ancient name of Scandinavia. See Thulium research below.
