Tm:GDVO4 is a crystalline solid used as a semiconductor and in photo optic applications.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Thulium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Thulium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe]4f136s2. In its elemental form thulium's CAS number is 7440-30-4. The thulium atom has a radius of 172.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Thulium is not toxic. Thulium is representative of the other lanthanides (rare earths) similar in chemistry to Yttrium. Thulium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Thulium emits blue upon excitation. Flat panel screens depend critically on bright blue emitters. Also, under X-ray bombardment emissions are in both the 375 nm (ultra violet) and 465 (visible blue) wave lengths. This gives the material useful applications in low radiation detection for detection badges and similar uses. It is also used in other luminescence applications, such as halide discharge lamps. Thulium was first discovered by Theodore Cleve in 1879. Thulium is named after "Thule", which is the ancient name of Scandinavia. See Thulium research below.
Gadolinium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Gadolinium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2. In its elemental form gadolinium's CAS number is 7440-54-2. The gadolinium atom has a radius of 178.7.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Gadolinium is very toxic. Gadolinium is utilized for both its high magnetic moment (7.94µB) and in phosphors and scintillator material. When complexed with EDTA ligands, it is used as an injectable contrast agent for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. With its high magnetic moment, gadolinium can reduce relaxation times and thereby enhance signal intensity. The extra stable half-full 4f electron shell with no low lying energy levels creates applications as an inert phosphor host. Gadolinium can therefore act as hosts for x-ray cassettes and in scintillator materials for computer tomography. Gadolinium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Gadolinium was first discovered by Jean de Marignac in 1880. The element is named after the Finnish chemist and geologist Johan Gadolin. See Gadolinium research below.
Vanadium is a Block D, Group 5, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Vanadium's shells is 2, 8, 11, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d3 4s2. In its elemental form vanadium's CAS number is 7440-62-2. The vanadium atom has a radius of 131.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Several vanadium compounds are toxic to some creatures despite the fact that it is an essential trace element. Vanadium is highly resistant to corrosion, so it is commonly used to alloy stainless steel grades. Vanadium compounds are used in advanced ceramics. Vanadium is a petrochemical cracking catalyst. Vanadium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Vanadium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties , research , applications and other useful facts are discussed here . Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy , abundance on Earth , conductivity and thermal properties are included. Vanadium was first discovered in Mexico City by Andres Manuel del Rio, a Spanish born and European educated Mexican mineralogist, in 1801. In honor of its beautiful multi-colored compounds, Vanadium was named after the word "Vanadis" meaning goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology. See Vanadium research below.
American Elements semi conducting materials are crystal structures produced from ultra high purity starting materials synthesized by our high purity production facility which includes several large electric muffle furnaces, a tube furnace for hydrogen reduction, 50 gallon glass-lined Pfaudler reactors supported by our analytical laboratory containing X-ray diffraction, SEM, AA, BET surface area, and ICP Spectrometry for trace metals analysis. See a discussion of American Elements Ultra High Purity and Analytical capabilities. See Crystal Growth for processes used to fabricate semiconductor materials, which include:
Crystal "pulling" by the Czochaiski method for production of semiconductor materials
Flux growth and gradient freeze
Directional solidification of fluorites using both the Bridgman-Stockbarger and float zoning techniques
Comparison of holmium:YAG and thulium fiber laser lithotripsy: ablation thresholds, ablation rates, and retropulsion effects.
Blackmon RL, Irby PB, Fried NM.
J Biomed Opt. 2011 Jul;16(7):071403.
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Poly[[triaqua-(µ(3)-4-oxidopyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ato)thulium(III)] monohydrate].
Gao ZQ, Lv DY, Gu JZ, Li HJ.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Apr 1;67(Pt 4):m409. Epub 2011 Mar 9.
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Natural orifice (NOTES) transurethral sutureless radical prostatectomy with thulium laser support: first patient report.
Nagele U, Anastasiadis AG, Walcher U, Nicklas AP, Merseburger AS, Herrmann TR.
World J Urol. 2011 Jul 8. [Epub ahead of print]
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21739124
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A highly selective fluorescent probe for pyrophosphate detection in aqueous solutions.
Ganjali MR, Hosseini M, Aboufazeli F, Faridbod F, Goldooz H, Badiei AR.
Luminescence. 2011 Jul 7. doi: 10.1002/bio.1316. [Epub ahead of print]
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Novel technique for mode selection in a multimode fiber laser.
Daniel JM, Chan JS, Kim JW, Sahu JK, Ibsen M, Clarkson WA.
Opt Express. 2011 Jun 20;19(13):12434-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.012434.
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13.1 W, high-beam-quality, narrow-linewidth continuous-wave fiber-based source at 970 nm.
Devi K, Kumar SC, Ebrahim-Zadeh M.
Opt Express. 2011 Jun 6;19(12):11631-7. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.011631.
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Plasmonic enhanced emissions from cubic NaYF(4):Yb: Er/Tm nanophosphors.
Sudheendra L, Ortalan V, Dey S, Browning ND, Kennedy IM.
Chem Mater. 2011 Jun 14;23(11):2987-2993.
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Theoretical Treatment of Redox Processes Involving Lanthanide(II) Compounds: Reactivity of Organosamarium(II) and Organothulium(II) Complexes with CO(2) and Pyridine.
Labouille S, Nief F, Maron L.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Jul 28;115(29):8295-8301. Epub 2011 Jul 6.
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[170Tm]-Labeled ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid.
Chopra A.
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Determination of rare earth elements and other trace elements (Y, Mn, Co, Cr) in seawater using Tm addition and Mg(OH)2 co-precipitation.
Freslon N, Bayon G, Birot D, Bollinger C, Barrat JA.
Talanta. 2011 Jul 15;85(1):582-7. Epub 2011 May 5.
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21645745
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Tm:YAG laser en bloc mucosectomy for accurate staging of primary bladder cancer: early experience.
Wolters M, Kramer MW, Becker JU, Christgen M, Nagele U, Imkamp F, Burchardt M, Merseburger AS, Kuczyk MA, Bach T, Gross AJ, Herrmann TR.
World J Urol. 2011 Aug;29(4):429-32. Epub 2011 May 8.
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21553277
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Current evidence for transurethral laser therapy of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
Kramer MW, Bach T, Wolters M, Imkamp F, Gross AJ, Kuczyk MA, Merseburger AS, Herrmann TR.
World J Urol. 2011 Aug;29(4):433-42. Epub 2011 May 5.
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Development of a thulium (Tm:YAP) laser system for brain tissue ablation.
Bilici T, Mutlu S, Kalaycioglu H, Kurt A, Sennaroglu A, Gulsoy M.
Lasers Med Sci. 2011 Sep;26(5):699-706. Epub 2011 Apr 12.
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Delayed presentation of a detached resectoscope beak and treatment with thulium laser.
Davis NF, McGuire BB, Flood HD.
Can Urol Assoc J. 2011 Apr;5(2):E17-8. doi: 10.5489/cuaj.10048.
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21470544
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High-pressure phase transitions in rare earth metal thulium to 195 GPa.
Montgomery JM, Samudrala GK, Tsoi GM, Vohra YK.
J Phys Condens Matter. 2011 Apr 20;23(15):155701. Epub 2011 Apr 1.
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21460429
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Superbroadband near-infrared emission in Tm-Bi codoped sodium-germanium-gallate glasses.
Zhou B, Lin H, Chen B, Pun EY.
Opt Express. 2011 Mar 28;19(7):6514-23. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.006514.
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Critical review of lasers in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Gravas S, Bachmann A, Reich O, Roehrborn CG, Gilling PJ, De La Rosette J.
BJU Int. 2011 Apr;107(7):1030-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09954.x. Review.
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Determination of some heavy metals in food and environmental samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after coprecipitation.
Soylak M, Aydin A.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2011 Jun;49(6):1242-8. Epub 2011 Mar 22.
PMID:
21419188
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Efficient diode-pumped laser operation of Tm:Lu2O3 around 2?µm.
Koopmann P, Lamrini S, Scholle K, Fuhrberg P, Petermann K, Huber G.
Opt Lett. 2011 Mar 15;36(6):948-50. doi: 10.1364/OL.36.000948.
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21403738
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Comparison of high-dose rate prostate brachytherapy dose distributions with iridium-192, ytterbium-169, and thulium-170 sources.
Krishnamurthy D, Weinberg V, Cunha JA, Hsu IC, Pouliot J.
Brachytherapy. 2011 Mar 10. [Epub ahead of print]
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21397569
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T(1) assessment of hip joint cartilage following intra-articular
gadolinium injection: A pilot study. Bittersohl B, Hosalkar HS, Kim YJ, Werlen S, Trattnig S, Siebenrock KA,
Mamisch TC. Magn Reson Med. 2010 Oct;64(4):1200-7.
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The
time window of MRI of murine atherosclerotic plaques after administration of CB2
receptor targeted micelles: inter-scan variability and relation between plaque
signal intensity increase and gadolinium content of inversion recovery prepared
versus non-prepared fast spin echo. Te Boekhorst BC, Bovens SM, van de Kolk CW, Cramer MJ, Doevendans PA, Ten Hove
M, van der Weerd L, Poelmann R, Strijkers GJ, Pasterkamp G, van Echteld CJ. NMR Biomed. 2010 Oct;23(8):939-51. PubMed
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Coordination chemistry of amide-functionalised
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Gadolinium released from MR contrast
agents is deposited in brain tumors: in situ demonstration using scanning
electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Xia D, Davis RL, Crawford JA, Abraham JL. Acta Radiol. 2010
Sep 26. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20868305.
Midregional
pro-atrial natriuretic peptide: a novel marker of myocardial fibrosis in patients
with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Elmas E, Doesch C, Fluechter S, Freundt M, Weiss C, Lang S, Kälsch T, Haghi D,
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Translocator Protein PET
Imaging for Glial Activation in Multiple Sclerosis. Oh U, Fujita M, Ikonomidou VN, Evangelou IE, Matsuura E, Harberts E, Ohayon J,
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Influence of small caliber coronary arteries on the diagnostic accuracy of
adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Pilz G, Heer T, Graw M, Ali E, Klos M, Scheck R, Zeymer U, Höfling B. Clin Res Cardiol. 2010 Sep
24. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20862587.
Reference region-based pharmacokinetic modeling in quantitative dynamic
contract-enhanced MRI allows robust treatment monitoring in a rat liver tumor
model despite cardiovascular changes. Steingoetter A, Svensson J, Kosanke Y, Botnar RM, Schwaiger M, Rummeny E,
Braren R. Magn Reson Med. 2010 Sep 24. [Epub ahead of
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Comparison of half-dose and full-dose
gadolinium MR contrast on the enhancement of bone and soft tissue tumors.
Costelloe CM, Murphy WA Jr, Haygood TM, Kumar R, McEnery KW, Stafford RJ, Roy
A, Bassett RL Jr, Harrell RK, Madewell JE. Skeletal Radiol. 2010 Sep 24. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20862469.
Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MR
imaging: Evaluation of biliary and renal excretion in normal and cirrhotic
livers. Tamada T, Ito K, Sone T, Kanki A, Sato T, Higashi H. Eur J Radiol. 2010 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20869827.
Increases
in the number of brain metastases detected at frame-fixed, thin-slice MRI for
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BOLD
cardiovascular magnetic resonance at 3.0 tesla in myocardial ischemia. Manka R, Paetsch I, Schnackenburg B, Gebker R, Fleck E, Jahnke C. J
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Revisiting an old friend: manganese-based MRI contrast agents. Pan D, Caruthers SD, Senpan A, Schmieder AH, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Wiley Interdiscip
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Childhood cholesteatoma. Nevoux J, Lenoir M, Roger G, Denoyelle F, Ducou Le Pointe H, Garabédian EN.Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2010
Sep;127(4):143-50. Epub 2010 Aug 11. PubMed PMID: 20860924.
Comparison of portal venous and delayed phases of
gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging study of cirrhotic liver for the
detection of contrast washout of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma. Cereser L, Furlan A, Bagatto D, Girometti R, Como G, Avellini C, Orsaria M,
Zuiani C, Bazzocchi M. J Comput
Assist Tomogr. 2010 Sep-Oct;34(5):706-11. PubMed PMID: 20861773.
Three-dimensional multiphase time-resolved low-dose
contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography using TWIST on a 32-channel coil
at 3 T: a quantitative and qualitative comparison of a conventional gadolinium
chelate with a high-relaxivity agent. Giesel FL, Runge V, Kirchin M, Mehndiratta A, Gerigk L, Corell B, von Gall C,
Kauczor HU, Essig M. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2010
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[Accessory nerve schwannoma
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Sep;38(9):831-7. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 20864772.
Use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate cardiac
structure, function and fibrosis in children with infantile Pompe disease on
enzyme replacement therapy. Barker PC, Pasquali SK, Darty S, Ing RJ, Li JS, Kim RJ, Dearmey S, Kishnani
PS, Campbell MJ. Mol Genet Metab. 2010 Jul 23. [Epub ahead of print]
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Differential diagnosis and
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Distorted cubic tetranuclear vanadium(iv) phosphonate cages: double-four-ring (D4R) containing transition metal ion phosphonate cages.
Chandrasekhar V, Dey A, Senapati T, Sañudo EC.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Nov 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22071886
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Bioavailability, tissue distribution and hypoglycaemic effect of vanadium in magnesium-deficient rats.
Sánchez C, Torres M, Bermúdez-Peña MC, Aranda P, Montes-Bayón M, Sanz-Medel A, Llopis J.
Magnes Res. 2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print]
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An alternative path for the evolution of biological nitrogen fixation.
Boyd ES, Hamilton TL, Peters JW.
Front Microbiol. 2011;2:205. Epub 2011 Oct 5.
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(4-Bromo-2-{[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl-imino]-meth-yl}phenolato)dioxido-vanadium(V).
Wang CY, Wu X, Cao F, Yuan CJ.
Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Oct 1;67(Pt 10):m1330. Epub 2011 Sep 14.
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22065600
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A new mixed group 5 metal selenide, Nb(1.41)V(0.59)Se(9).
Lee E, Yun H.
Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):i50. Epub 2011 Aug 27.
PMID:
22064790
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Catalytic dehydration of xylose to furfural: vanadyl pyrophosphate as source of active soluble species.
Sádaba I, Lima S, Valente AA, López Granados M.
Carbohydr Res. 2011 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22055820
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Chemical speciation of vanadium in particulate matter emitted from diesel vehicles and urban atmospheric aerosols.
Shafer MM, Toner B, Overdier J, Schauer JJ, Fakra SC, Herner J, Hu S, Ayala A.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Nov 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
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Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis of Tunable Unsubstituted Polythiophene.
Nejati S, Lau KK.
Langmuir. 2011 Nov 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22047472
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
VCl(3) catalyzed imine-based multicomponent reactions for the facile access of functionalized tetrahydropyridines and ß-amino carbonyls.
Pal S, Choudhury LH, Parvin T.
Mol Divers. 2011 Nov 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22042610
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Interplay between the structural and magnetic probes in the elucidation of the structure of a novel 2D layered [V(4)O(4)(OH)(2)(O(2)CC(6)H(4)CO(2))(4)]·DMF.
Djerdj I, Skapin SD, Ceh M, Jaglicic Z, Pajic D, Kozlevcar B, Orel B, Orel ZC.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Oct 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
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Interdigitating Organic Bilayers Direct the Short Interlayer Spacing in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Layered Vanadium Oxide Nanostructures.
Gannon GT, O'Dwyer CP, Larsson JA, Thompson D.
J Phys Chem B. 2011 Oct 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22040010
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Hepatic megalocytosis due to vanadium inhalation: participation of oxidative stress.
Cano-Gutiérrez G, Acevedo-Nava S, Santamaría A, Altamirano-Lozano M, Cano-Rodríguez MC, Fortoul TI.
Toxicol Ind Health. 2011 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print]
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Recent perspectives into biochemistry of decavanadate.
Aureliano M, Fct, Algarve UO, Gambelas, Faro 8, Portugal.
World J Biol Chem. 2011 Oct 26;2(10):215-225.
PMID:
22031844
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Association between plate location and plate removal following facial fracture repair.
Kubota Y, Kuroki T, Akita S, Koizumi T, Hasegawa M, Rikihisa N, Mitsukawa N, Satoh K.
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
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Vanadium Oxide Nanotube Spherical Clusters Prepared on Carbon Fabrics for Energy Storage Applications.
Perera SD, Patel B, Bonso J, Grunewald M, Ferraris JP, Balkus KJ.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22029527
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Exchange Interactions Through p-p Stacking in the Lamellar Compound [{Cu(bipy)(en)}{Cu(bipy)(H(2)O)}{VO(3)}(4)](n).
Venegas-Yazigi D, Brown KA, Vega A, Calvo R, Aliaga C, Santana RC, Cardoso-Gil R, Kniep R, Schnelle W, Spodine E.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22026723
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MCM-41 supported oxo-vanadium(IV) complex: A highly selective heterogeneous catalyst for bromination of hydroxy aromatic compounds in water.
Bhunia S, Saha D, Koner S.
Langmuir. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22026477
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Electronic Properties of Vanadium-Doped TiO(2).
Islam MM, Bredow T, Gerson A.
Chemphyschem. 2011 Oct 24. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201100557. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22025455
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Design and Redox Function of Conjugated Complexes with Polyanilines or Quinonediimines.
Moriuchi T, Hirao T.
Acc Chem Res. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22023138
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Tetrahydrometalate Species VH2(H2), NbH4, and TaH4: Matrix Infrared Spectra and Quantum Chemical Calculations.
Wang X, Andrews L.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22017260
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