Tungsten Bromide is a highly water soluble crystalline Tungsten source for uses compatible with Bromides and lower (acidic) pH. Metallic Bromides are marketed under the trade name AE Bromides™. Most metal bromide compounds are water soluble for uses in water treatment, chemical analysis and in ultra high purity for certain crystal growth applications. Bromide in an aqueous solution can be detected by adding carbon disulfide (CS2) and chlorine. Tungsten Bromide is generally immediately available in most volumes. Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards. Nanoscale (See also Nanotechnology Information and Quantum Dots) elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Tungsten is a Block D, Group 6, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Tungsten's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2. In its elemental form tungsten's CAS number is 7440-33-7. The tungsten atom has a radius of 137.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Tungsten is considered to be only mildly toxic. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all the metallic elements and because of this has its first significant commercial application as the filament in incandescent light bulbs and fluorescent light bulbs. Tungsten is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Later it was used in the first television tubes. The first imaging equipment involved X-ray bombardment of a tungsten target. Tungsten expands at nearly the same rate as borosilicate glass and is used to make metal to glass seals. It is the primary metal in heating elements for electric furnaces and in any components where high pressure/temperature environments are expected, such as aerospace and engine systems. Tungsten was first discovered by Fausto and Juan Jose de Elhuyar in 1783. In reference to its density, Tungsten gets its name from the swedish words tung and sten meaning heavy stone. See Tungsten research below.
Gas nanosensor design packages based on tungsten oxide: mesocages, hollow spheres, and nanowires.
Hoa ND, El-Safty SA.
Nanotechnology. 2011 Dec 2;22(48):485503. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
PMID:
22071572
[PubMed - in process]
Experimental hypothyroidism delays fEPSPs and disrupts hippocampal long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation and Y-maze performance in adult rats.
Seda Artis A, Bitiktas S, Taskin E, Dolu N, Liman N, Suer C.
J Neuroendocrinol. 2011 Nov 9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02253.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22070634
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Glycolaldehyde as a Probe Molecule for Biomass-derivatives: Reaction of C-OH and C=O Functional Groups on Monolayer Ni Surfaces.
Yu W, Barteau MA, Chen JG.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22066750
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Carbon nanotube composite coating of neural microelectrodes preferentially improves the multiunit signal-to-noise ratio.
Baranauskas G, Maggiolini E, Castagnola E, Ansaldo A, Mazzoni A, Angotzi GN, Vato A, Ricci D, Panzeri S, Fadiga L.
J Neural Eng. 2011 Nov 8;8(6):066013. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22064890
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Use of carbon nanotubes and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the speciation of very low amounts of arsenic and antimony in waters.
López-García I, Rivas RE, Hernández-Córdoba M.
Talanta. 2011 Oct 30;86:52-7. Epub 2011 Aug 27.
PMID:
22063510
[PubMed - in process]
Mechanism of W(CO)(6) sonolysis in diphenylmethane.
Cau C, Nikitenko SI.
Ultrason Sonochem. 2011 Oct 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22054911
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis of macrocyclic natural products by catalyst-controlled stereoselective ring-closing metathesis.
Yu M, Wang C, Kyle AF, Jakubec P, Dixon DJ, Schrock RR, Hoveyda AH.
Nature. 2011 Nov 2;479(7371):88-93. doi: 10.1038/nature10563.
PMID:
22051677
[PubMed - in process]
Combinatorial atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposi-tion (cAPCVD); a route to functional property optimization.
Kafizas A, Parkin IP.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22050427
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Comparative evaluation of marginal adaptation between nanocomposites and microhybrid composites exposed to two light cure units.
Sharma RD, Sharma J, Rani A.
Indian J Dent Res. 2011 May;22(3):495.
PMID:
22048600
[PubMed - in process]
Comparison of secondary neutron dose in proton therapy resulting from the use of a tungsten alloy MLC or a brass collimator system.
Diffenderfer ES, Ainsley CG, Kirk ML, McDonough JE, Maughan RL.
Med Phys. 2011 Nov;38(11):6248.
PMID:
22047390
[PubMed - in process]
Vector potential photoelectron microscopy.
Browning R.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 Oct;82(10):103703.
PMID:
22047299
[PubMed - in process]
Structural Effects Behind the Low Temperature Nonconventional Relaxor Behavior of the Sr(2)NaNb(5)O(15) Bronze.
Torres-Pardo A, Jiménez R, González-Calbet JM, García-González E.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22035503
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Accelerated electron beam induced breakdown of commercial WO(3) into nanorods in the presence of triethylamine.
Dawson G, Zhou W, Blackley R.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22030615
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Multilayer chitosan-based open tubular capillary anion exchange column with integrated monolithic capillary suppressor.
Huang X, Foss FW Jr, Dasgupta PK.
Anal Chim Acta. 2011 Nov 30;707(1-2):210-7. Epub 2011 Sep 24.
PMID:
22027141
[PubMed - in process]
Multispectral near-IR reflectance and transillumination imaging of teeth.
Chung S, Fried D, Staninec M, Darling CL.
Biomed Opt Express. 2011 Oct 1;2(10):2804-14. Epub 2011 Sep 15.
PMID:
22025986
[PubMed]
Efficient Heterogeneous Epoxidation of Alkenes by a Supported Tungsten Oxide Catalyst.
Kamata K, Yonehara K, Sumida Y, Hirata K, Nojima S, Mizuno N.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Oct 25. doi: 10.1002/anie.201106064. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
22025368
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Structural transformation of tungsten oxide nanourchins into IF-WS(2) nanoparticles: an aberration corrected STEM study.
Leonard-Deepak F, Castro-Guerrero CF, Mejía-Rosales S, José-Yacamán M.
Nanoscale. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22025289
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Academic aspects of lunar water resources and their relevance to lunar protolife.
Green J.
Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(9):6051-76. Epub 2011 Sep 19.
PMID:
22016644
[PubMed - in process]
Evaluation of ocular hazards from 4 types of curing lights.
Labrie D, Moe J, Price RB, Young ME, Felix CM.
J Can Dent Assoc. 2011 Oct;77:b116.
PMID:
22014874
[PubMed - in process]
Synthesis of Enol Lactones via Cu(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular O-Vinylation of Carboxylic Acids.
Sun C, Fang Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Li C.
Org Lett. 2010 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19689116 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Formation of ArF from LPdAr(F): Catalytic Conversion of Aryl Triflates to Aryl Fluorides.
Watson DA, Su M, Teverovskiy G, Zhang Y, García-Fortanet J, Kinzel T, Buchwald SL.
Science. 2009 Aug 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19679769 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
(2-Pyridyl)acetone-Promoted Cu-Catalyzed O-Arylation of Phenols with Aryl Iodides, Bromides, and Chlorides.
Zhang Q, Wang D, Wang X, Ding K.
J Org Chem. 2009 Aug 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19673481 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ni-Catalyzed Sonogashira Coupling of Nonactivated Alkyl Halides: Orthogonal Functionalization of Alkyl Iodides, Bromides, and Chlorides.
Vechorkin O, Barmaz D, Proust V, Hu X.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Aug 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19670863 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Zn-mediated electrochemical allylation of aldehydes in aqueous ammonia.
Huang JM, Dong Y.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Jul 14;(26):3943-5. Epub 2009 May 28.
PMID: 19662260 [PubMed - in process]
Practical Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Diaryl-, Aryl Heteroaryl-, and Diheteroarylmethanols.
Salvi L, Kim JG, Walsh PJ.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19653691 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Direct Palladium-Catalyzed Arylations of Aryl Bromides with 2/9-Substituted Pyrimido[5,4-b]indolizines.
Jiang M, Li T, Meng L, Yang C, Xie Y, Ding J.
J Comb Chem. 2009 Jul 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19645499 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Versatile chemoselectivity in Ni-catalyzed multiple bond carbonylations and cyclocarbonylations in CO(2)-expanded liquids.
del Moral D, Banet Osuna AM, Córdoba A, Moretó JM, Veciana J, Ricart S, Ventosa N.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Aug 21;(31):4723-5. Epub 2009 Jun 29.
PMID: 19641822 [PubMed - in process]
Highly Selective Biaryl Cross-Coupling Reactions between Aryl Halides and Aryl Grignard Reagents: A New Catalyst Combination of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel Fluorides.
Hatakeyama T, Hashimoto S, Ishizuka K, Nakamura M.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19639999 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hexacationic Dendriphos Ligands in the Pd-Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction: Scope and Mechanistic Studies.
Snelders DJ, van Koten G, Klein Gebbink RJ.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19639941 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Can One Predict Changes from S(N)1 to S(N)2 Mechanisms?
Phan TB, Nolte C, Kobayashi S, Ofial AR, Mayr H.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19634906 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A General Copper-Catalyzed Coupling of Azoles with Vinyl Bromides.
Liao Q, Wang Y, Zhang L, Xi C.
J Org Chem. 2009 Jul 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19603753 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Kinetics of Bromine-Magnesium Exchange Reactions in Heteroaryl Bromides.
Shi L, Chu Y, Knochel P, Mayr H.
Org Lett. 2009 Jul 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19601592 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
C5-Modified nucleosides exhibiting anticancer activity.
Lee YS, Park SM, Kim HM, Park SK, Lee K, Lee CW, Kim BH.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Aug 15;19(16):4688-91. Epub 2009 Jun 21.
PMID: 19596579 [PubMed - in process]
Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Ammonia with Aryl Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides, and Sulfonates: A General Method for the Preparation of Primary Arylamines.
Vo GD, Hartwig JF.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19591470 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
New One-Pot Synthesis of (E)-beta-Aryl Vinyl Halides from Styrenes.
Pawluc´ P, Hreczycho G, Szudkowska J, Kubicki M, Marciniec B.
Org Lett. 2009 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19572730 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Scope and Limitation of Nickel-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation of Aryl Bromides from Formamide Derivatives.
Jo Y, Ju J, Choe J, Song KH, Lee S.
J Org Chem. 2009 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19572571 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electroencephalographic and behavioral convulsant effects of hydrobromide and hydrochloride salts of bupropion in conscious rodents.
Henshall DC, Dürmüller N, White HS, Williams R, Moser P, Dunleavy M, Silverstone PH.
Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2009;5:189-206. Epub 2009 Apr 8.
PMID: 19557114 [PubMed - in process]
A facile route to C2-substituted imidazolium ionic liquids.
Ennis E, Handy ST.
Molecules. 2009 Jun 19;14(6):2235-45.
PMID: 19553895 [PubMed - in process]
Synthesis of 1,3-amino alcohol derivatives via a silicon-mediated ring-opening of substituted piperidines.
McCall WS, Comins DL.
Org Lett. 2009 Jul 2;11(13):2940-2.
PMID: 19552467 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Tungsten Bromide is a highly water soluble crystalline Tungsten source for uses compatible with Bromides and lower (acidic) pH. Metallic Bromides are marketed under the trade name AE Bromides™. Most metal bromide compounds are water soluble for uses in water treatment, chemical analysis and in ultra high purity for certain crystal growth applications. Bromide in an aqueous solution can be detected by adding carbon disulfide (CS2) and chlorine. Tungsten Bromide is generally immediately available in most volumes. Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards. Nanoscale (See also Nanotechnology Information and Quantum Dots) elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Tungsten is a Block D, Group 6, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Tungsten's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2. In its elemental form tungsten's CAS number is 7440-33-7. The tungsten atom has a radius of 137.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Tungsten is considered to be only mildly toxic. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all the metallic elements and because of this has its first significant commercial application as the filament in incandescent light bulbs and fluorescent light bulbs. Tungsten is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and 
compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Later it was used in the first television tubes. The first imaging equipment involved X-ray bombardment of a 
tungsten target. Tungsten expands at nearly the same rate as borosilicate glass and is used to make metal to glass seals. It is the primary metal in heating elements for electric furnaces and in any components where high pressure/temperature environments are expected, such as aerospace and engine systems. Tungsten was first discovered by Fausto and Juan Jose de Elhuyar in 1783. In reference to its density, Tungsten gets its name from the swedish words tung and sten meaning heavy stone. See Tungsten research below.
