American Elements: Yttria Stabilized Bismuth Oxide (YBO) Supplier & Tech Info

Yttria Stabilized Bismuth Oxide (8 Mol. %)
YbO

Bismuth Oxide stabilized with Yttrium Oxide
Fuel Cell Electrolyte
BiO/Y2O3

Product	Product Code	Order or Specifications
Yttria Stabilized Bismuth Oxide (8 mol. %) Powder	YBO8-P
Yttria Stabilized Bismuth Oxide (8 mol. %) Ink	YBO8-I

American Elements specializes in producing yttria stabilized bismuth oxide (YBO), bismuth oxide stabilized by various doping solid oxide fuel cell cathode and electrolyte cross section by SEM

solid oxide fuel cell cathode and electrolyte cross section by SEM

levels of yttrium oxide, a material that upon firing forms a dense highly ionically conductive thin film electrolyte layer for use in solid oxide fuel cell electrochemistry structures. Yttria doped Bismuth Oxide belongs to a class of doped oxide compounds with ionic conductivity exceeding yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes. These include samarium doped ceria (SDC) and yttria doped ceria (YDC). Even high conductivity can be achieved with American Elements Scandia doped Zirconia (SCZ). Yttrium Oxide doped Bismuth Oxide is available in a powder for tape casting, air spray, extrusion and sputtering fuel cell applications and as an ink for screen printing. Yttria doping levels are available at 10% and 20% and as specified by customer. American Elements provides guidance on firing parameters, doping levels, and thermal expansion matching with American Elements' cathode and anode cell layers.

Yttrium is a Block D, Group 3, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Yttrium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d¹ 5s². In its elemental form Yttrium's CAS number is 7440-65-5. The yttrium atom has a radius of 177.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Insoluble compounds of Yttrium are non-toxic, although water soluble compounds are somewhat toxic. Yttrium has the highest thermo-dynamic affinity for oxygen of any element. This characteristic is the basis for many of its applications. While not part of the rare earth series, it resembles the heavy rare earths which are sometimes referred to as the “yttrics” for this reason. Another unique characteristic derives from its ability to form crystals with useful properties. Yttrium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Some of the many applications of yttrium include in ceramics for crucibles for molten reactive metals, in florescent lighting phosphors, computer displays and automotive fuel consumption sensors.Yttria stabilized zirconium oxide are used in high temperature applications, such as in thermal plasma sprays to protect aerospace high temperature surfaces and as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells. The name Yttrium originated from a Swedish village near Vaxholm called Yttbery where Yttrium was discovered. Crystals of the yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) variety are essential to microwave communication equipment. The phosphor Eu:Y2O2S creates the red color in televisions. Crystals of the yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) variety are utilized with neodymium in a number of laser applications. Yttria can also increase the strength of metallic alloys. Yttrium was first discovered by Johann Gadolin in 1794. See Yttrium research below.

Bismuth is a Block P, Group 15, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Bismuth's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³. In its elemental form bismuth's CAS number is 7440-69-9. The bismuth atom has a radius of 154.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. Bismuth is not toxic. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall Effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field). Bismuth expands on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium , etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocoupling material, and has found application as a carrier for 235 U or 233 U fuel in nuclear reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming unsoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth was first discovered by Early Man. The name Bismuth originates from the German word 'wissmuth' meaning white mass. See Bismuth research below.

Submicron & Nanopowder

Rod, Plate, Powder, etc.

Fuel Cell

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Production Catalog Available in 36 Countries & Languages

PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES

Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.

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Recent Research & Development for Yttrium

Low-Fluence Q-Switched 1,064-nm Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser for the Treatment of Facial Partial Unilateral Lentiginosis in Koreans. Lee Y, Choi EH, Lee SW. Dermatol Surg. 2011 Sep 7. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02147.x. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22093176 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Successful Treatment of Cosmetic Mucosal Tattoos Via Q-Switched Laser. Kirby W, Chen C, Desai A, Desai T. Dermatol Surg. 2011 Aug 23. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02135.x. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22093036 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Letter: successful treatment of multiple miliary osteomas of the face using an erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Ortiz AE, Ross EV. Dermatol Surg. 2011 Oct;37(10):1548-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02112.x. PMID: 22092945 [PubMed - in process]
Commentary on Treatment of Acne Scars in Asian Patients using a 2,790-nm Fractional Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet Laser. Perez M. Dermatol Surg. 2011 Oct;37(10):1470-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02116.x. No abstract available. PMID: 22092942 [PubMed - in process]
Fractional Thermoablation Using an Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Fractionated Laser for the Treatment of Pulsed Dye Laser-Resistant Port Wine Stain Birthmarks. Toren KL, Marquart JD. Dermatol Surg. 2011 Sep 14. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02160.x. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 22092921 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The effect of erbium-doped: yttrium, aluminium and garnet laser irradiation on the surface microstructure and roughness of double acid-etched implants. Kim JH, Herr Y, Chung JH, Shin SI, Kwon YH. J Periodontal Implant Sci. 2011 Oct;41(5):234-41. Epub 2011 Oct 31. PMID: 22087414 [PubMed - in process]
120-W 2-?m THULIUM:YTTRIUM-ALUMINIUM-GARNET VAPOENUCLEATION OF THE PROSTATE: 12-MONTH FOLLOW-UP. Muir G. BJU Int. 2011 Nov 15. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10816.x. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 22085314 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
120-W 2-µm thulium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet vapoenucleation of the prostate: 12-month follow-up. Netsch C, Pohlmann L, Herrmann TR, Gross AJ, Bach T. BJU Int. 2011 Nov 15. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10767.x. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22085294 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
An Unusual Organoyttrium Alkyl Complex Containing a [C(5) HMe(3) (?(3) -CH(2) )-C(5) H(4) N-?](-) Ligand and an Elusive Cyclopentadienide-Based Scandium Tuck-Over Zwitterion Obtained by C?H Bond Activation. Jian Z, Cui D. Chemistry. 2011 Nov 14. doi: 10.1002/chem.201102378. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22083978 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Radioembolization versus Standard Care of Hepatic Metastases: Comparative Retrospective Cohort Study of Survival Outcomes and Adverse Events in Salvage Patients. Bester L, Meteling B, Pocock N, Pavlakis N, Chua TC, Saxena A, Morris DL. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011 Nov 11. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22079516 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Quantitative evaluation of scintillation camera imaging characteristics of isotopes used in liver radioembolization. Elschot M, Nijsen JF, Dam AJ, de Jong HW. PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e26174. Epub 2011 Nov 3. PMID: 22073149 [PubMed - in process]
Lasers or light sources for treating port-wine stains. Faurschou A, Olesen AB, Leonardi-Bee J, Haedersdal M. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Nov 9;11:CD007152. PMID: 22071834 [PubMed - in process]
Treating and Downstaging Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Caudate Lobe with Yttrium-90 Radioembolization. Ibrahim SM, Kulik L, Baker T, Ryu RK, Mulcahy MF, Abecassis M, Salem R, Lewandowski RJ. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22069121 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
catena-Poly[[tetra-kis-(hexa-methyl-phospho-ramide-?O)bis-(nitrato-?O,O')yttrium(III)] [silver(I)-di-?-sulfido-molybdenum(VI)-di-?-sulfido]]. Zhang J. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):m1206-7. Epub 2011 Aug 6. PMID: 22065643 [PubMed]
Yttrium-90 Time-of-Flight PET/CT Is Superior to Bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT for Postradioembolization Imaging of Microsphere Biodistribution. Kao YH, Tan EH, Ng CE, Goh SW. Clin Nucl Med. 2011 Dec;36(12):e186-7. PMID: 22064104 [PubMed - in process]
End-functionalized Polymerization of 2-Vinylpyridine through Initial C-H Bond Activation of N-Heteroaromatics and Internal Alkynes by Yttrium Ene-diamido Complexes. Kaneko H, Nagae H, Tsurugi H, Mashima K. J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22059504 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Catalytic, Enantioselective Intramolecular Hydroamination of Primary Amines Tethered to Di- and Tri-substituted Alkenes. Chapurina Y, Ibrahim H, Guillot R, Kolodziej E, Collin J, Trifonov A, Schulz E, Hannedouche J. J Org Chem. 2011 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22059438 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Size effect of endohedral cluster on fullerene cage: Preparation and structural studies of Y(3)N@C(78)-C(2). Ma Y, Wang T, Wu J, Feng Y, Xu W, Jiang L, Zheng J, Shu C, Wang C. Nanoscale. 2011 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22057827 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
MDCT Necrosis Quantification in the Assessment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Response to Yttrium 90 Radioembolization Therapy: Comparison of Two-dimensional and Volumetric Techniques. Galizia MS, Töre HG, Chalian H, McCarthy R, Salem R, Yaghmai V. Acad Radiol. 2011 Nov 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22054801 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Q-switched laser treatment of amiodarone pigmentation. Bernstein EF. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011 Nov 1;10(11):1316-9. PMID: 22052315 [PubMed - in process]

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Recent Research & Development for Bismuth

Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in Brazil: clarithromycin is still a good option. Jaime Natan E, Silva FM, Barbuti RC, Navarro-Rodriguez T, Moraes-Filho JP, Pedrazzoli J Jr. Arq Gastroenterol. 2011 Dec;48(4):261-4. PMID: 22147131 [PubMed - in process]
Towards better photocatalysts: first-principles studies of the alloying effects on the photocatalytic activities of bismuth oxyhalides under visible light. Zhang H, Liu L, Zhou Z. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Dec 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22146949 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A stannum-bismuth composite film electrode for simultaneous determination of zinc(ii) and cadmium(ii) using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Li NB, Zhu WW, Luo JH, Luo HQ. Analyst. 2011 Dec 6. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22145153 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Conductive scanning probe microscopy of nanostructured Bi(2)Te(3). Souier T, Li G, Santos S, Stefancich M, Chiesa M. Nanoscale. 2011 Dec 6. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22143255 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Near-infrared ultrabroadband luminescence spectra properties of subvalent bismuth in CsI halide crystals. Su L, Zhao H, Li H, Zheng L, Ren G, Xu J, Ryba-Romanowski W, Lisiecki R, Solarz P. Opt Lett. 2011 Dec 1;36(23):4551-3. doi: 10.1364/OL.36.004551. PMID: 22139239 [PubMed - in process]
Bismuth Shields for CT Dose Reduction: Do They Help or Hurt? McCollough CH, Wang J, Berland LL. J Am Coll Radiol. 2011 Dec;8(12):878-9. No abstract available. PMID: 22137008 [PubMed - in process]
Treatment and diagnostic accuracy of neurosyphilis at Boston City Hospital's Neurological Unit, 1930-1979. Patterson D, Vilensky JA, Robertson WM, Berger J. J Neurol Sci. 2011 Nov 29. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22129939 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Three novel Bi(iii) complexes with in situ generated anilate ligands: unusual oxidation of cyclohexanedione to dihydroxy benzoquinone. Gao H, Zhang XM. Dalton Trans. 2011 Nov 29. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22124341 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Microfabricated disposable lab-on-a-chip sensors with integrated bismuth microelectrode arrays for voltammetric determination of trace metals. Kokkinos C, Economou A, Raptis I. Anal Chim Acta. 2012 Jan 13;710:1-8. Epub 2011 Nov 3. PMID: 22123106 [PubMed - in process]
Novel in situ N-Doped (BiO)2CO3 Hierarchical Microspheres Self-Assembled by Nanosheets as Efficient and Durable Visible Light Driven Photocatalyst. Dong F, Sun Y, Fu M, Ho WK, Lee SC, Wu Z. Langmuir. 2011 Nov 28. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22122119 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
From {Bi(22) O(26) } to Chiral Ligand-Protected {Bi(38) O(45) }-Based Bismuth Oxido Clusters. Mansfeld D, Miersch L, Rüffer T, Schaarschmidt D, Lang H, Böhle T, Troff RW, Schalley CA, Müller J, Mehring M. Chemistry. 2011 Nov 25. doi: 10.1002/chem.201102437. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22120957 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Status of development of gamma-ray detector response function code or GAMDRF. Li F, Han X. Appl Radiat Isot. 2011 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22118837 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metronidazole-based quadruple versus standard triple therapy: which is better as first-line therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication? Suzuki H, Matsuzaki J, Hibi T. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Sep;4(5):579-82. PMID: 22114887 [PubMed - in process]
Characteristics of rational harmonic mode-locked short-cavity fiber ring laser using a bismuth-oxide-based erbium-doped fiber and a bismuth-oxide-based highly nonlinear fiber. Fukuchi Y, Maeda J. Opt Express. 2011 Nov 7;19(23):22502-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.022502. PMID: 22109128 [PubMed - in process]
Fabrication and supercontinuum generation in dispersion flattened bismuth microstructured optical fiber. Zhang WQ, Ebendorff-Heidepriem H, Monro TM, Afshar V S. Opt Express. 2011 Oct 24;19(22):21135-44. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.021135. PMID: 22108964 [PubMed - in process]
Structural motifs in phenylbismuth heterocyclic carboxylates - secondary interactions leading to oligomers. Anjaneyulu O, Maddileti D, Kumara Swamy KC. Dalton Trans. 2011 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22105914 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Influences of Oxygen Pressure on Optical Properties and Interband Electronic Transitions in Multiferroic Bismuth Ferrite Nanocrystalline Films Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition. Jiang K, Zhu J, Wu J, Sun J, Hu Z, Chu J. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22103473 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hydride generation in-atomizer collection atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of antimony in acetic acid leachates from pewter cups. Dessuy MB, Kratzer J, Vale MG, Welz B, Dedina J. Talanta. 2011 Dec 15;87:255-61. Epub 2011 Oct 17. PMID: 22099676 [PubMed - in process]
Preparation and characterization of bismuth oxide nanoparticles-multiwalled carbon nanotube composite for the development of horseradish peroxidase based H(2)O(2) biosensor. Periasamy AP, Yang S, Chen SM. Talanta. 2011 Dec 15;87:15-23. Epub 2011 Oct 5. PMID: 22099642 [PubMed - in process]
Etiopathogenetic principles and peptic ulcer disease classification. Tytgat GN. Dig Dis. 2011;29(5):454-8. Epub 2011 Nov 16. PMID: 22095009 [PubMed - in process]

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