American Elements' Nanometal, nanofoil manufacturing unit produces ultra thin foil as thin as only 50 nm thick in diameters up to
910 mm. Typically, foils are in thicknesses from 20 nm to 1000 nm, 1 micron, 2 micron, and up to a few microns thick. NanometalT ultra thin foil can also be produced on a substrate with a parting agent to permit removal by floating and can then be mounted on frames. Frames may be washers, rings, or more-complicated assemblies. For foils >1 micron thick see our Yttrium Foil page. We also produce Yttrium as rods, powder and plates. Other shapes are available by request.
Yttrium is a Block D, Group 3, Period 5 element. The electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d1 5s2. In its elemental form yttrium's CAS number is 7440-65-5. The yttrium atom has a radius of 177.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Yttrium has the highest thermo-dynamic affinity for oxygen of any element. This characteristic is the basis for many of its applications. While not part of the rare earth series, it resembles the heavy rare earths which are sometimes referred to as the “yttrics” for this reason. Another unique characteristic derives from its ability to form crystals with useful properties. Yttrium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Some of the many applications of yttrium include in ceramics for crucibles for molten reactive metals, in florescent lighting phosphors, computer displays and automotive fuel consumption sensors.Yttria stabilized zirconium oxide are used in high temperature applications, such as in thermal plasma sprays to protect aerospace high temperature surfaces and as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells.
Liver transplantation after radioembolization in a patient with unresectable HCC. Luna LE, Kwo PY, Roberts LR, Mettler TA, Gansen DN, Andrews JC, Wiseman GA, Misra VL. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Nov;6(11):679-83. PMID: 19881519 [PubMed - in process]
Assessment of Neodymium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser fiber wear and tear grade during visual laser ablation of prostatic adenoma. Rózanski W, Klimek L, Jablonowski Z, Sosnowski M. Photomed Laser Surg. 2009 Oct;27(5):799-805. PMID: 19878030 [PubMed - in process]
Yttrium-90 Radiotherapy for Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Preliminary Assessment of This Novel Treatment Option. Saxena A, Bester L, Chua TC, Chu FC, Morris DL. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009 Oct 30. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19876691 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hepatic vein tumor thrombus as a risk factor for excessive pulmonary deposition of microspheres during TheraSphere therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Fleming CJ, Andrews JC, Wiseman GA, Gansen DN, Roberts LR. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009 Nov;20(11):1460-3. PMID: 19875064 [PubMed - in process]
Genotoxic effects of 1064-nm Nd:YAG and 532-nm KTP lasers on fibroblast cell cultures. Senturk N, Bedir A, Bilgici B, Aydin F, Okuyucu A, Ozmen ZC, Turanli AY. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009 Oct 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19874333 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Axillary hair removal with 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser increases sweat production. Aydin F, Pancar GS, Senturk N, Bek Y, Yuksel EP, Canturk T, Turanli AY. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009 Oct 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19874331 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The management of treatment-resistant biliary calculi using percutaneous endourologic techniques. Ray AA, Davies ET, Duvdevani M, Razvi H, Denstedt JD. Can J Surg. 2009 Oct;52(5):407-12. PMID: 19865576 [PubMed - in process]
[Liver chemoembolization: an update.] Roche A. Bull Cancer. 2009 Oct 29. [Epub ahead of print] French. PMID: 19864205 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Results of intraocular lens implantation with capsular tension ring in subluxated crystalline or cataractous lenses in children. Das P, Ram J, Brar GS, Dogra MR. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2009 Nov-Dec;57(6):431-6. PMID: 19861744 [PubMed - in process]
Quantitative PCR Analysis for Bcl-2/IgH in a Phase III Study of Yttrium-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan As Consolidation of First Remission in Patients With Follicular Lymphoma. Goff L, Summers K, Iqbal S, Kuhlmann J, Kunz M, Louton T, Hagenbeek A, Morschhauser F, Putz B, Lister A, Rohatiner A. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Oct 26. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19858392 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Optimization of Radioembolic Effect with Extended-shelf-life Yttrium-90 Microspheres: Results from a Pilot Study. Lewandowski RJ, Riaz A, Ryu RK, Mulcahy MF, Sato KT, Kulik LM, Gates VL, Baker T, Omary R, Salem R. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009 Oct 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19854068 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Role of Tumor Vascularity in Predicting Survival after Yttrium-90 Radioembolization for Liver Metastases. Sato KT, Omary RA, Takehana C, Ibrahim S, Lewandowski RJ, Ryu RK, Salem R. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009 Oct 19. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19846320 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Safety and Efficacy Assessment of Flow Redistribution by Occlusion of Intrahepatic Vessels Prior to Radioembolization in the Treatment of Liver Tumors. Bilbao JI, Garrastachu P, Herráiz MJ, Rodríguez M, Iñarrairaegui M, Rodríguez J, Hernández C, de la Cuesta AM, Arbizu J, Sangro B. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2009 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19841973 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Radioimmunotherapy for stem cell transplantation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: in pursuit of a complete response. Gisselbrecht C, Vose J, Nademanee A, Gianni AM, Nagler A. Oncologist. 2009;14 Suppl 2:41-51. PMID: 19819923 [PubMed - in process]
Rationale for consolidation to improve progression-free survival in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a review of the evidence. Morschhauser F, Dreyling M, Rohatiner A, Hagemeister F, Bischof Delaloye A. Oncologist. 2009;14 Suppl 2:17-29. PMID: 19819921 [PubMed - in process]
Harnessing the energy: development of radioimmunotherapy for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Gregory SA, Hohloch K, Gisselbrecht C, Tobinai K, Dreyling M. Oncologist. 2009;14 Suppl 2:4-16. PMID: 19819920 [PubMed - in process]
Imaging in targeted delivery of therapy to cancer. Dancey G, Begent RH, Meyer T. Target Oncol. 2009 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19838639 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Polymerization of Enantiopure Monomers Using Syndiospecific Catalysts: A New Approach To Sequence Control in Polymer Synthesis. Kramer JW, Treitler DS, Dunn EW, Castro PM, Roisnel T, Thomas CM, Coates GW. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Oct 16. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19835375 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Minimally invasive tumor ablation in the liver] Wybranski C, Mohnike K, Ricke J. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2009 Oct;44(10):670-7; quiz 679. Epub 2009 Oct 15. German. PMID: 19834832 [PubMed - in process]
Intraarticular adalimumab in a patient with pigmented villonodular synovitis. Kobak S. Rheumatol Int. 2009 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19820943 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Material Safety Data Sheet
1 Identification of substance
Product details
Trade name Yttrium ingot
2 Composition/Data on components:
Chemical characterization: Designation: (CAS#)
Yttrium (CAS# 7440-65-5), 100%
Identification number(s):
EINECS Number: 231-174-8
3 Hazards identification
Hazard designation: · void
Information pertaining to particular dangers for man and environment
Not applicable
4 First aid measures
After inhalation
Supply fresh air. If required, provide artificial respiration. Keep patient warm. Consult doctor if symptoms persist.
Seek immediate medical advice.
After skin contact
Instantly wash with water and soap and rinse thoroughly.
Seek immediate medical advice.
After eye contact
Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. Then consult doctor.
After swallowing Seek medical treatment.
5 Fire fighting measures
Suitable extinguishing agents Extinguishing powder. Do not use water.
For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agents
Water.
Halocarbon extinguisher
Protective equipment:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
Wear full protective suit.
Measures for environmental protection:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Measures for cleaning/collecting: Collect mechanically.
Additional information:
See Section 7 for information on safe handling
See section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.
See Section 13 for information on disposal.
7 Handling and storage
Handling
Information for safe handling:
Keep containers tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.
No special precautions necessary if used correctly.
Information about protection against explosions and fires:
Fine powder: highly flammable
Storage
Requirements to be met by storerooms and containers:
No special requirements.
Information about storage in one common storage facility:
Store away from air.
Do not store together with acids.
Store away from oxidizing agents.
Store away from halogens.
Do not store together with alkalis (caustic solutions).
Further information about storage conditions:
Avoid contact with air / oxygen.
Keep container tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
Additional information about design of technical systems:
Properly operating chemical fume hood designed for hazardous chemicals and having an average face velocity of at least 100 feet per minute.
Components with critical values that require monitoring at the workplace:
Yttrium and compounds, as Y
mg/m3
ACGIH TLV 1
Austria MAK 1
Belgium TWA 1
Denmark TWA 1
Finland TWA 1
France VME 1
Germany TWA 5
Korea TLV 1
Netherlands MAC-TGG 1
Norway TWA 1
Poland TWA 1
Switzerland MAK-W 1
United Kingdom TWA 1; 3-STEL
OSHA PEL 1
Additional information: No data
Personal protective equipment
General protective and hygienic measures
The usual precautionary measures should be adhered to in handling the chemicals.
Keep away from foodstuffs, beverages and food.
Instantly remove any soiled and impregnated garments.
Wash hands during breaks and at the end of the work.
Breathing equipment: Use breathing protection with high concentrations.
Protection of hands: Impervious gloves
Eye protection: Safety glasses
Body protection: Protective work clothing.
9 Physical and chemical properties:
General Information
Form: Solid.
Colour: Grey
Smell: Odourless
Value/Range Unit Method
Change in condition
Melting point/Melting range: 1522 ° C
Boiling point/Boiling range: 2927 ° C
Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined
Flash point: Not applicable
Inflammability (solid, gaseous) Product is not inflammable.
Ignition temperature: Not determined
Decomposition temperature: Not determined
Danger of explosion: Product is not explosive.
Critical values for explosion:
Lower: Not determined
Upper: Not determined
Steam pressure: Not determined
Density at 20 ° C 4.472 g/cm³
Solubility in / Miscibility with
Water: Insoluble
10 Stability and reactivity
Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:
No decomposition if used and stored according to specifications.
Materials to be avoided:
Acids
Halogens
Bases
Water/moisture
Air
Light
Dangerous reactions: Contact with acids releases flammable gases
Dangerous products of decomposition: Metal oxide
11 Toxicological information
Acute toxicity:
Primary irritant effect:
on the skin: Powder: irritant effect
on the eye: Powder: irritant effect
Sensitization: No sensitizing effect known.
Additional toxicological information:
To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.
No classification data on carcinogenic properties of this material is available from the EPA, IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH.
12 Ecological information:
General notes:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Generally not hazardous for water.
13 Disposal considerations
Product:
Recommendation
Consult state, local or national regulations for proper disposal.
Hand over to disposers of hazardous waste.
Must be specially treated under adherence to official regulations.
Uncleaned packagings:
Recommendation:
Disposal must be made according to official regulations.
14 Transport information
Land transport ADR/RID and GGVS/GGVE (cross-border/domestic)
ADR/RID-GGVS/E Class: None
Maritime transport IMDG/GGVSea:
IMDG/GGVSea Class: None
Air transport ICAO-TI and IATA-DGR:
ICAO/IATA Class: None
Transport/Additional information:
Not dangerous according to the above specifications.
15 Regulatory information
Designation according to EC guidelines:
Observe the normal safety regulations when handling chemicals
The product is not subject to identification regulations under EC Directives and the Ordinance on Hazardous Materials (GefStoffV).
National regulations
Information about limitation of use:
For use only by technically qualified individuals.
Water hazard class: Generally not hazardous for water.
16 Other information:
Employers should use this information only as a supplement to other information gathered by them, and should make independent judgement of suitability of this information to ensure proper use and protect the health and safety of employees. This information is furnished without warranty, and any use of the product not in conformance with this Material Safety Data Sheet, or in combination with any other product or process, is the responsibility of the user.
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