Yttria stabilized Zirconia or Zirconium Oxide Nanopowder or Nanoparticles (YSZ), nanodots or nanocrystals are white high surface area particles available fully stabilized (8 mol%) or partially stabilized ( 3 mol%) or doped with yttria (yttrium oxide). Nanoscale Yttria stabilized Zirconia or Zirconium Oxide is typically 5 - 100 nanometers (nm) with specific surface area (SSA) in the 25 - 50 m 2 /g range. Nano Yttria stabilized Zirconia or Zirconium Oxide Particles are also available in Ultra high purity and high purity and coated and dispersed forms. They are also available as a nanofluid through the AE Nanofluid production group. Nanofluids are generally defined as suspended nanoparticles in solution either using surfactant or surface charge technology. Nanofluid dispersion and coating selection technical guidance is also available. Other nanostructures include nanorods, nanowhiskers, nanohorns, nanopyramids and other nanocomposites. Surface functionalized nanoparticles allow for the particles to be preferentially adsorbed at the surface interface using chemically bound polymers. Development research is underway in Nano Electronics and Photonics materials, such as MEMS and NEMS, Bio Nano Materials, such as Biomarkers, Bio Diagnostics & Bio Sensors, and Related Nano Materials, for use in Polymers, Textiles, Fuel Cell Layers, Composites and Solar Energy materials. Nanopowders are analyzed for chemical composition by ICP, particle size distribution (PSD) by laser diffraction, and for Specific Surface Area (SSA) by BET multi-point correlation techniques. Novel nanotechnology applications also include Quantum Dots. High surface areas can also be achieved using solutions and using thin film by sputtering targets and evaporation technology using pellets, rod and foil.. Applications for Yttria stabilized Zirconia or Zirconium Oxide nanocrystals include as in micro-ceramics, in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrolyte microlayers or films, and in coatings, thermal coatings, plastics, nanowire, nanofiber and textiles and in certain advanced ceramic applications. Yttria stabilized Zirconia or Zirconium Oxide Nano Particles are generally immediately available in most volumes.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Yttrium is a Block D, Group 3, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Yttrium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d1 5s2. In its elemental form Yttrium's CAS number is 7440-65-5. The yttrium atom has a radius of 177.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Insoluble compounds of Yttrium are non-toxic, although water soluble compounds are somewhat toxic. Yttrium has the highest thermo-dynamic affinity for oxygen of any element. This characteristic is the basis for many of its applications. While not part of the rare earth series, it resembles the heavy rare earths which are sometimes referred to as the “yttrics” for this reason. Another unique characteristic derives from its ability to form crystals with useful properties. Yttrium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds assubmicron and nanopowder. Some of the many applications of yttrium include in ceramics for crucibles for molten reactive metals, in florescent lighting phosphors, computer displays and automotive fuel consumption sensors.Yttria stabilized zirconium oxide are used in high temperature applications, such as in thermal plasma sprays to protect aerospace high temperature surfaces and as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells. The name Yttrium originated from a Swedish village near Vaxholm called Yttbery where Yttrium was discovered. Crystals of the yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) variety are essential to microwave communication equipment. The phosphor Eu:Y2O2S creates the red color in televisions. Crystals of the yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) variety are utilized with neodymium in a number of laser applications. Yttria can also increase the strength of metallic alloys. Yttrium was first discovered by Johann Gadolin in 1794. See Yttrium research below.
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium is primarily used in it's oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Bis(?(2)-2-phen-oxy-propionato-?O:O')bis-[(1,10-phenanthroline-?N,N')bis-(2-phen-oxy-propionato-?O,O')ytterbium(III)].
Shen JB, Liu JL, Zhao GL.
Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Oct 1;67(Pt 10):m1361. Epub 2011 Sep 14.
PMID:
22058692
[PubMed]
"Covalency in the 4f Shell of tris-cyclopentadienyl Ytterbium (YbCp3) - a Spectroscopic Evaluation."
Denning RG, Harmer JR, Green JC, Irwin M.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22053917
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Fingermark detection on non-porous and semi-porous surfaces using YVO(4):Er,Yb luminescent upconverting particles.
Ma R, Shimmon R, McDonagh A, Maynard P, Lennard C, Roux C.
Forensic Sci Int. 2011 Oct 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22047749
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of a Supramolecular Ytterbium(III)-Aqua Complex Featuring Infinite Stacks of C?C Bonds for Photocycloaddition Reactions.
Komori-Orisaku K, Yamashita S, Isozaki T, Sugiura K, Koide Y.
Chemistry. 2011 Oct 21. doi: 10.1002/chem.201102292. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
22021148
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Label-free in vivo fiber-based optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy.
Hajireza P, Shi W, Zemp RJ.
Opt Lett. 2011 Oct 15;36(20):4107-9. doi: 10.1364/OL.36.004107.
PMID:
22002401
[PubMed - in process]
Energy transfer and enhanced 1.54 ?m emission in Erbium-Ytterbium disilicate thin films.
Miritello M, Cardile P, Lo Savio R, Priolo F.
Opt Express. 2011 Oct 10;19(21):20761-72. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.020761.
PMID:
21997086
[PubMed - in process]
Photo darkening of rare earth doped silica.
Mattsson KE.
Opt Express. 2011 Oct 10;19(21):19797-812. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.019797.
PMID:
21996988
[PubMed - in process]
Beam quality and noise properties of coherently combined ytterbium doped single frequency fiber amplifiers.
Tünnermann H, Pöld JH, Neumann J, Kracht D, Willke B, Wessels P.
Opt Express. 2011 Sep 26;19(20):19600-6. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.019600.
PMID:
21996901
[PubMed - in process]
p-Wave Cold Collisions in an Optical Lattice Clock.
Lemke ND, von Stecher J, Sherman JA, Rey AM, Oates CW, Ludlow AD.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Sep 2;107(10):103902. Epub 2011 Aug 30.
PMID:
21981504
[PubMed - in process]
Mode-locked 0.5 ?J fiber laser at 976 nm.
Lhermite J, Lecaplain C, Machinet G, Royon R, Hideur A, Cormier E.
Opt Lett. 2011 Oct 1;36(19):3819-21. doi: 10.1364/OL.36.003819.
PMID:
21964108
[PubMed - in process]
Acid-responsive microcapsules: the loading-unloading processes.
Samanta D, Sankar RM, Jaisankar SN, Alam MS, Mandal AB.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Oct 25;47(43):11975-7. Epub 2011 Sep 30.
PMID:
21963934
[PubMed - in process]
Electrochemical spectroscopic investigations on the interaction of an ytterbium complex with DNA and their analytical applications such as biosensor.
Ilkhani H, Ganjali MR, Arvand M, Hejazi MS, Azimi F, Norouzi P.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2011 Dec 1;49(5):1117-23. Epub 2011 Sep 16.
PMID:
21939686
[PubMed - in process]
A family of 13 tetranuclear zinc(ii)-lanthanide(iii) complexes of a [3 + 3] Schiff-base macrocycle derived from 1,4-diformyl-2,3-dihydroxybenzene.
Feltham HL, Klöwer F, Cameron SA, Larsen DS, Lan Y, Tropiano M, Faulkner S, Powell AK, Brooker S.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Oct 25;40(43):11425-32. Epub 2011 Sep 21.
PMID:
21935549
[PubMed - in process]
Generation of 578-nm yellow light over 10 mW by second harmonic generation of an 1156-nm external-cavity diode laser.
Lee WK, Park CY, Yu DH, Park SE, Lee SB, Kwon TY.
Opt Express. 2011 Aug 29;19(18):17453-61. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.017453.
PMID:
21935111
[PubMed - in process]
In vivo near-realtime volumetric optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy using a high-repetition-rate nanosecond fiber-laser.
Shi W, Hajireza P, Shao P, Forbrich A, Zemp RJ.
Opt Express. 2011 Aug 29;19(18):17143-50. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.017143.
PMID:
21935076
[PubMed - in process]
Self-referenceable frequency comb from a gigahertz diode-pumped solid-state laser.
Pekarek S, Südmeyer T, Lecomte S, Kundermann S, Dudley JM, Keller U.
Opt Express. 2011 Aug 15;19(17):16491-7. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.016491.
PMID:
21935013
[PubMed - in process]
Thermal effects in kilowatt all-fiber MOPA.
Fan Y, He B, Zhou J, Zheng J, Liu H, Wei Y, Dong J, Lou Q.
Opt Express. 2011 Aug 1;19(16):15162-72. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.015162.
PMID:
21934878
[PubMed - in process]
Background-free broadband CARS spectroscopy from a 1-MHz ytterbium laser.
Kumar V, Osellame R, Ramponi R, Cerullo G, Marangoni M.
Opt Express. 2011 Aug 1;19(16):15143-8. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.015143.
PMID:
21934875
[PubMed - in process]
Fabrication and characterization of new Yb-doped zirconia-germano-alumino silicate phase-separated nano-particles based fibers.
Kir'yanov AV, Paul MC, Barmenkov YO, Das S, Pal M, Bhadra SK, Zarate LE, Guzman-Chavez AD.
Opt Express. 2011 Aug 1;19(16):14823-37. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.014823.
PMID:
21934843
[PubMed - in process]
White emission of lithium ytterbium tetraphosphate nanocrystals.
Strek W, Marciniak L, Bednarkiewicz A, Lukowiak A, Wiglusz R, Hreniak D.
Opt Express. 2011 Jul 18;19(15):14083-92. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.014083.
PMID:
21934770
[PubMed - in process]
Zirconium arsenate-modified silica nanoparticles for specific capture of phosphopeptides and direct analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.
Zhao PX, Guo XF, Wang H, Qi CB, Xia HS, Zhang HS.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Nov 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22105300
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A surface derivatization strategy for combinatorial analysis of cell response to mixtures of protein domains.
Chiang C, Karuri SW, Kshatriya PP, Schwartz J, Schwarzbauer JE, Karuri NW.
Langmuir. 2011 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22103809
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Environmentally stable flexible metal-insulator-metal capacitors using zirconium-silicate and hafnium-silicate thin film composite materials as gate dielectrics.
Meena JS, Chu MC, Wu CS, Ravipati S, Ko FH.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Aug;11(8):6858-67.
PMID:
22103091
[PubMed - in process]
Highly sensitive protein kinase activity assay based on electrochemiluminescence nanoprobes.
Zhao Z, Zhou X, Xing D.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22100765
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Corrosion fatigue behavior of a biocompatible ultrafine-grained niobium alloy in simulated body fluid.
Rubitschek F, Niendorf T, Karaman I, Maier HJ.
J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012 Jan;5(1):181-92. Epub 2011 Sep 8.
PMID:
22100093
[PubMed - in process]
Fabrication and characterization of biocompatible nacre-like structures from ?-zirconium hydrogen phosphate hydrate and chitosan.
Waraich SM, Hering B, Burghard Z, Bill J, Behrens P, Menzel H.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Oct 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22099057
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Wear resistance of experimental titanium alloys for dental applications.
Faria AC, Rodrigues RC, Claro AP, de Mattos Mda G, Ribeiro RF.
J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2011 Nov;4(8):1873-9. Epub 2011 Jun 15.
PMID:
22098886
[PubMed - in process]
Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Cyanate Ester/Nano-ZrW(2)O(8) Composites with Tailored Thermal Expansion.
Badrinarayanan P, Rogalski MK, Kessler MR.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22098430
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Single-step fabrication of nanolamellar structured oxide ceramic coatings by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition.
Eils NK, Mechnich P, Keune H, Wahl G, Klages CP.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Sep;11(9):8396-402.
PMID:
22097592
[PubMed - in process]
Metalcones: hybrid organic-inorganic films fabricated using atomic and molecular layer deposition techniques.
George SM, Lee BH, Yoon B, Abdulagatov AI, Hall RA.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Sep;11(9):7948-55.
PMID:
22097511
[PubMed - in process]
Reliability and fatigue failure modes of implant-supported aluminum-oxide fixed dental prostheses.
Stappert CF, Baldassarri M, Zhang Y, Hänssler F, Rekow ED, Van P Thompson.
Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011 Sep 5. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02281.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22093019
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Titanium-zirconium alloy narrow-diameter implants (Straumann Roxolid(®) ) for the rehabilitation of horizontally deficient edentulous ridges: prospective study on 18 consecutive patients.
Chiapasco M, Casentini P, Zaniboni M, Corsi E, Anello T.
Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011 Aug 18. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02296.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22092806
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Retention of implant-supported zirconium oxide ceramic restorations using different luting agents.
Nejatidanesh F, Savabi O, Shahtoosi M.
Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011 Nov 14. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02358.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22092303
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tetra-kis(picolinato-?N,O)zirconium(IV) dihydrate.
Steyn M, Visser HG, Roodt A, Muller TJ.
Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):m1240-1. Epub 2011 Aug 17.
PMID:
22065566
[PubMed]
2,4-Pentanediolate as an Alkoxide/Diketonate "Hybrid" Ligand and the Formation of Aluminum and Zirconium Derivatives.
Bierschenk EJ, Wilk NR, Hanusa TP.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22053749
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of mesoporous zirconia-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites and their dual surface affinity for Cr3+/Cr2O72- ions.
Achelhi K, Masse S, Laurent GP, Roux C, Laghzizil A, Saoiabi A, Coradin T.
Langmuir. 2011 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22053732
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis, Characterization, and Materials Chemistry of Group 4 Silylimides.
Cosham SD, Johnson AL, Molloy KC, Kingsley AJ.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22053704
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Influence of cement thickness on resin-zirconia microtensile bond strength.
Lee TH, Ahn JS, Shim JS, Han CH, Kim SJ.
J Adv Prosthodont. 2011 Sep;3(3):119-25. Epub 2011 Sep 25.
PMID:
22053241
[PubMed]
Reliability of a new biokinetic model of zirconium in internal dosimetry: part ii, parameter sensitivity analysis.
Li WB, Greiter M, Oeh U, Hoeschen C.
Health Phys. 2011 Dec;101(6):677-92.
PMID:
22048486
[PubMed - in process]
Reliability of a new biokinetic model of zirconium in internal dosimetry: part I, parameter uncertainty analysis.
Li WB, Greiter M, Oeh U, Hoeschen C.
Health Phys. 2011 Dec;101(6):660-76.
PMID:
22048485
[PubMed - in process]
Material Safety Data Sheet
1 Identification of substance
Product details
Trade name Yttrium nanoparticles
2 Composition/Data on components:
Chemical characterization: Designation: (CAS#)
Yttrium (CAS# 7440-65-5), 100%
Identification number(s):
EINECS Number: 231-174-8
3 Hazards identification
Hazard designation: · void
Information pertaining to particular dangers for man and environment
Not applicable
4 First aid measures
After inhalation
Supply fresh air. If required, provide artificial respiration. Keep patient warm. Consult doctor if symptoms persist.
Seek immediate medical advice.
After skin contact
Instantly wash with water and soap and rinse thoroughly.
Seek immediate medical advice.
After eye contact
Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. Then consult doctor.
After swallowing Seek medical treatment.
5 Fire fighting measures
Suitable extinguishing agents Extinguishing powder. Do not use water.
For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agents
Water.
Halocarbon extinguisher
Protective equipment:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
Wear full protective suit.
Measures for environmental protection:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Measures for cleaning/collecting: Collect mechanically.
Additional information:
See Section 7 for information on safe handling
See section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.
See Section 13 for information on disposal.
7 Handling and storage
Handling
Information for safe handling:
Keep containers tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.
No special precautions necessary if used correctly.
Information about protection against explosions and fires:
Fine powder: highly flammable
Storage
Requirements to be met by storerooms and containers:
No special requirements.
Information about storage in one common storage facility:
Store away from air.
Do not store together with acids.
Store away from oxidizing agents.
Store away from halogens.
Do not store together with alkalis (caustic solutions).
Further information about storage conditions:
Avoid contact with air / oxygen.
Keep container tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
Additional information about design of technical systems:
Properly operating chemical fume hood designed for hazardous chemicals and having an average face velocity of at least 100 feet per minute.
Components with critical values that require monitoring at the workplace:
Yttrium and compounds, as Y
mg/m3
ACGIH TLV 1
Austria MAK 1
Belgium TWA 1
Denmark TWA 1
Finland TWA 1
France VME 1
Germany TWA 5
Korea TLV 1
Netherlands MAC-TGG 1
Norway TWA 1
Poland TWA 1
Switzerland MAK-W 1
United Kingdom TWA 1; 3-STEL
OSHA PEL 1
Additional information: No data
Personal protective equipment
General protective and hygienic measures
The usual precautionary measures should be adhered to in handling the chemicals.
Keep away from foodstuffs, beverages and food.
Instantly remove any soiled and impregnated garments.
Wash hands during breaks and at the end of the work.
Breathing equipment: Use breathing protection with high concentrations.
Protection of hands: Impervious gloves
Eye protection: Safety glasses
Body protection: Protective work clothing.
9 Physical and chemical properties:
General Information
Form: Nanopowder
Colour: Black
Smell: Odourless
Value/Range Unit Method
Change in condition
Melting point/Melting range: 1522 ° C
Boiling point/Boiling range: 2927 ° C
Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined
Flash point: Not applicable
Inflammability (solid, gaseous) Product is not inflammable.
Ignition temperature: Not determined
Decomposition temperature: Not determined
Danger of explosion: Product is not explosive.
Critical values for explosion:
Lower: Not determined
Upper: Not determined
Steam pressure: Not determined
Density at 20 ° C 4.472 g/cm³
Solubility in / Miscibility with
Water: Insoluble
10 Stability and reactivity
Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:
No decomposition if used and stored according to specifications.
Materials to be avoided:
Acids
Halogens
Bases
Water/moisture
Air
Light
Dangerous reactions: Contact with acids releases flammable gases
Dangerous products of decomposition: Metal oxide
11 Toxicological information
Acute toxicity:
Primary irritant effect:
on the skin: Powder: irritant effect
on the eye: Powder: irritant effect
Sensitization: No sensitizing effect known.
Additional toxicological information:
To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.
No classification data on carcinogenic properties of this material is available from the EPA, IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH.
12 Ecological information:
General notes:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Generally not hazardous for water.
13 Disposal considerations
Product:
Recommendation
Consult state, local or national regulations for proper disposal.
Hand over to disposers of hazardous waste.
Must be specially treated under adherence to official regulations.
Uncleaned packagings:
Recommendation:
Disposal must be made according to official regulations.
14 Transport information
Land transport ADR/RID and GGVS/GGVE (cross-border/domestic)
ADR/RID-GGVS/E Class: None
Maritime transport IMDG/GGVSea:
IMDG/GGVSea Class: None
Air transport ICAO-TI and IATA-DGR:
ICAO/IATA Class: None
Transport/Additional information:
Not dangerous according to the above specifications.
15 Regulatory information
Designation according to EC guidelines:
Observe the normal safety regulations when handling chemicals
The product is not subject to identification regulations under EC Directives and the Ordinance on Hazardous Materials (GefStoffV).
National regulations
Information about limitation of use:
For use only by technically qualified individuals.
Water hazard class: Generally not hazardous for water.
16 Other information:
Employers should use this information only as a supplement to other information gathered by them, and should make independent judgement of suitability of this information to ensure proper use and protect the health and safety of employees. This information is furnished without warranty, and any use of the product not in conformance with this Material Safety Data Sheet, or in combination with any other product or process, is the responsibility of the user.
Yttria stabilized Zirconia or Zirconium Oxide Nanopowder or Nanoparticles (YSZ), nanodots or nanocrystals are white high surface area particles available fully stabilized (8 mol%) or partially stabilized ( 3 mol%) or doped with yttria (yttrium oxide). Nanoscale Yttria stabilized Zirconia or Zirconium Oxide is typically 5 - 100 nanometers (nm) with specific surface area (SSA) in the 25 - 50 m 2 /g range. Nano Yttria stabilized Zirconia or Zirconium Oxide Particles are also available in Ultra high purity and high purity and coated and dispersed forms. They are also available as a nanofluid through the AE Nanofluid production group. Nanofluids are generally defined as suspended nanoparticles in solution either using surfactant or surface charge technology. Nanofluid dispersion and coating selection technical guidance is also available. Other nanostructures include nanorods, nanowhiskers, nanohorns, nanopyramids and other nanocomposites. Surface functionalized nanoparticles allow for the particles to be preferentially adsorbed at the surface interface using chemically bound polymers. Development research is underway in Nano Electronics and Photonics materials, such as MEMS and NEMS, Bio Nano Materials, such as Biomarkers, Bio Diagnostics & Bio Sensors, and Related Nano Materials, for use in Polymers, Textiles, Fuel Cell Layers, Composites and Solar Energy materials. Nanopowders are analyzed for chemical composition by ICP, particle size distribution (PSD) by laser diffraction, and for Specific Surface Area (SSA) by BET multi-point correlation techniques. Novel nanotechnology applications also include Quantum Dots. High surface areas can also be achieved using solutions and using thin film by sputtering targets and evaporation technology using pellets, rod and foil.. Applications for Yttria stabilized Zirconia or Zirconium Oxide nanocrystals include as in micro-ceramics, in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrolyte microlayers or films, and in coatings, thermal coatings, plastics, nanowire, nanofiber and textiles and in certain advanced ceramic applications. Yttria stabilized Zirconia or Zirconium Oxide Nano Particles are generally immediately available in most volumes.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Yttrium is a Block D, Group 3, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Yttrium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d1 5s2. In its elemental form Yttrium's CAS number is 7440-65-5. The yttrium atom has a radius of 177.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Insoluble compounds of Yttrium are non-toxic, although water soluble compounds are somewhat toxic. Yttrium has the highest thermo-dynamic affinity for oxygen of any element. This characteristic is the basis for many of its applications. While not part of the rare earth series, it resembles the heavy rare earths which are sometimes referred to as the “yttrics” for this reason. Another unique characteristic derives from its ability to form crystals with useful properties. 
Yttrium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as
submicron and nanopowder. Some of the many applications of yttrium include in ceramics for crucibles for molten reactive metals, in florescent lighting phosphors, computer displays and automotive fuel consumption sensors.Yttria stabilized zirconium oxide are used in high temperature applications, such as in thermal plasma sprays to protect aerospace high temperature surfaces and as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells. The name Yttrium originated from a Swedish village near Vaxholm called Yttbery where Yttrium was discovered. Crystals of the yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) variety are essential to microwave communication equipment. The phosphor Eu:Y2O2S creates the red color in televisions. Crystals of the yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) variety are utilized with neodymium in a number of laser applications. Yttria can also increase the strength of metallic alloys. Yttrium was first discovered by Johann Gadolin in 1794. See Yttrium research below.
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium is primarily used in it's oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change
in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a 
certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below. 
