Yttrium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Yttrium has the highest thermo-dynamic affinity for oxygen of any element. This characteristic is the basis for many of its applications. Yttrium is not found in nature as a free element and is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals. While not part of the rare earth series, it resembles the heavy rare earths which are sometimes referred to as the "yttrics" for this reason. Another unique characteristic derives from its ability to form crystals with useful properties. Yttrium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds florescent lighting phosphors, computer displays and automotive fuel consumption sensors.Yttria stabilized zirconium oxide are used in high temperature applications, such as in thermal plasma sprays to protect aerospace high temperature surfaces and as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells. Crystals of the yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) variety are essential to microwave communication equipment. The phosphor Eu:Y2O2S creates the red color in televisions. Crystals of the yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) variety are utilized with neodymium in a number of laser applications. Yttria can also increase the strength of metallic alloys.
Yttrium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses  as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Yttrium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Yttrium is a Block D, Group 3, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Yttrium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d1 5s2. In its elemental form yttrium's CAS number is 7440-65-5. The yttrium atom has a radius of 177.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Insoluble compounds of Yttrium are non-toxic, although water soluble compounds are somewhat toxic.
 All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Yttrium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Yttrium was first discovered by Johann Gadolin in 1794. The name Yttrium originated from a Swedish village near Vaxholm called Yttbery where Yttrium was discovered.
 Yttrium |
 Yttrium |
 ittrio |
 Itrio |
 Ytrio |
 Yttrium |
Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of yttrium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Y-89 |
88.905848 |
100 |
The following table shows the abundance of Yttrium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
no data |
7 ppb |
| by Atom |
no data |
0.1 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for yttrium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Yttrium compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for yttrium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
599.86 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1180.99 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
1979.89 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to yttrium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 57 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.22. The thermal conductivity of yttrium is 17.2 W m -1 K -1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for yttrium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
17.2 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
367.4 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
420.45 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Yttrium
- Molecular Imaging Radiotherapy: Theranostics for Personalized Patient Management of Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs). Oberg K. Theranostics. 2012;2(5):448-458. Epub 2012 May 8. PMID: 22768025 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Efficacy and safety of yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan in Japanese patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Nakagawa M, Uike N, Choi I, Hayashi T, Uehara S.
Jpn J Radiol. 2012 Jul 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22767027
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Immuno-SPET/CT and immuno-PET/CT: a step ahead to translational imaging.
Pecking AP, Bellet D, Alberini JL.
Clin Exp Metastasis. 2012 Jul 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22760521
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Commentary: Effects of Long-Pulsed 1,064-nm Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser Therapy on Dermal Collagen Remodeling.
Orringer JS.
Dermatol Surg. 2012 Jul;38(7 Pt 1):993-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2012.02346.x. No abstract available.
PMID:
22759222
[PubMed - in process]
- A new catheter for tumor targeting with radioactive microspheres in representative hepatic artery systems. Part I: impact of catheter presence on local blood flow and microsphere delivery.
Kleinstreuer C, Basciano CA, Childress EM, Kennedy AS.
J Biomech Eng. 2012 May;134(5):051004.
PMID:
22757492
[PubMed - in process]
- MO-A-217BCD-02: Yttrium-90 Microsphere Therapy Planning and Dose Calculations.
Kappadath S.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3858.
PMID:
22756839
[PubMed - in process]
- Selective and controlled synthesis of multiform morphologies Y2O3:Eu3+ and luminescence properties.
Zou X, Liu J, Peng Y, Xu B, Yu X.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2012 Mar;12(3):2767-73.
PMID:
22755121
[PubMed - in process]
- Studies on copper-yttria nanocomposites: high-energy ball milling versus chemical reduction method.
Joshi PB, Rehani B, Naik P, Patel S, Khanna PK.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2012 Mar;12(3):2591-7.
PMID:
22755095
[PubMed - in process]
- Update on yttrium-90-based radio-embolization for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Kan RW, Tsang SH, Poon RT, Cheung TT.
ANZ J Surg. 2012 Jul 3. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2012.06121.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22747591
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Outcomes of Ureteroscopy for the Management of Impacted Ureteral Calculi With Different Localizations.
Degirmenci T, Gunlusoy B, Kozacioglu Z, Arslan M, Kara C, Koras O, Minareci S.
Urology. 2012 Jun 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22743266
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Odontoblast response to cavity preparation with Er:YAG laser in rat molars: an immunohistochemical study.
Shigetani Y, Suzuki H, Ohshima H, Yoshiba K, Yoshiba N, Okiji T.
Odontology. 2012 Jun 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22736273
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Synthesis and characterization of novel europium ß-diketonate organic complexes for solid-state lighting.
Kalyani NT, Dhoble SJ, Pode RB.
Luminescence. 2012 Jun 25. doi: 10.1002/bio.2360. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22733618
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- An alumina ceramic target vessel for the remote production of metallic radionuclides by in situ target dissolution.
Nagatsu K, Suzuki H, Fukada M, Minegishi K, Tsuji A, Fukumura T.
Nucl Med Biol. 2012 Jun 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22727820
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Radioembolization using Yttrium-90 microspheres in 58 patients with liver metastases from breast cancer.
Shen C, Yang X, Tecle A, Tian C, Li Q.
J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2012 Jun 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22722714
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Multiwavelength green-yellow laser based on a Nd:YAG laser with nonlinear frequency conversion in a LBO crystal.
Wang Z, Yang F, Xie S, Xu Y, Xu J, Bo Y, Peng Q, Zhang J, Cui D, Xu Z.
Appl Opt. 2012 Jun 20;51(18):4196-200. doi: 10.1364/AO.51.004196.
PMID:
22722297
[PubMed - in process]
- Bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic with different surface treatments.
Usumez A, Hamdemirci N, Koroglu BY, Simsek I, Parlar O, Sari T.
Lasers Med Sci. 2012 Jun 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22718473
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Low Strength Static Magnetic Field Inhibits the Proliferation, Migration, and Adhesion of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in a Restenosis Model Through Mediating Integrins ß1-FAK, Ca(2+) Signaling Pathway.
Li Y, Song LQ, Chen MQ, Zhang YM, Li J, Feng XY, Li W, Guo W, Jia G, Wang H, Yu J.
Ann Biomed Eng. 2012 Jun 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22717950
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Ambulatory laser-assisted surgery: a multicenter application and experience.
Gubitosi A, Ruggiero R, Ortolani R, Podzemny V, Parmeggiani D, Esposito E, Foroni F, Esposito A, Villaccio G.
Ann Ital Chir. 2012 Jun 2. pii: S0003469X12018842. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22717683
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Mechanistic elucidation of the yttrium(iii)-catalysed intramolecular aminoalkene hydroamination: DFT favours a stepwise s-insertive mechanism.
Tobisch S.
Dalton Trans. 2012 Jun 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22714867
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Diode pumped yellow dysprosium lasers.
Bowman SR, O'Connor S, Condon NJ.
Opt Express. 2012 Jun 4;20(12):12906-11. doi: 10.1364/OE.20.012906.
PMID:
22714318
[PubMed - in process]
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