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Yttrium
Yttrium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Yttrium has the highest thermo-dynamic affinity for oxygen of any element. This characteristic is the basis for many of its applications. While not part of the rare earth series, it resembles the heavy rare earths which are sometimes referred to as the “yttrics” for this reason. Another unique characteristic derives from its ability to form crystals with useful properties. Yttrium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Some of the many applications of yttrium include in ceramics for crucibles for molten reactive metals, in florescent lighting phosphors, computer displays and automotive fuel consumption sensors.Yttria stabilized zirconium oxide are used in high temperature applications, such as in thermal plasma sprays to protect aerospace high temperature surfaces and as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells. Crystals of the yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) variety are essential to microwave communication equipment. The phosphor Eu:Y2O2S creates the red color in televisions. Crystals of the yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) variety are utilized with neodymium in a number of laser applications. Yttria can also increase the strength of metallic alloys.

Yttrium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


(click on an element)
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Yttrium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Yttrium is a Block D, Group 3, Period 5 element. The electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d1 5s2. In its elemental form yttrium's CAS number is 7440-65-5. The yttrium atom has a radius of 177.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Yttrium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Yttrium was first discovered by Johann Gadolin in 1794.

French Yttrium German Yttrium Italian ittrio Portuguese Itrio Spanish Ytrio Swedish Yttrium

Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of yttrium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Y-89
88.905848
100

Safety Data. The safety data for yttrium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for yttrium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
599.86 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1180.99 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
1979.89 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to yttrium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 57 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.22. The thermal conductivity of yttrium is 17.2 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for yttrium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
17.2 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
367.4 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
420.45 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Y 39 88.9059 g.mol -1 1.2 4.47 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 1500 °C 3336 °C 200.pm Unknown 599.86 kJ.mol-1

PRODUCT CATALOG U.S. Operations Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Foil
 
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Recent Research & Development for Yttrium

  • Thulium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser prostatectomy in men with refractory urinary retention. Bach T, Herrmann TR, Haecker A, Michel MS, Gross A. BJU Int. 2009 Feb 11. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19220261 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • A First Report of Radioembolization for Hepatic Metastases From Ocular Melanoma. Kennedy AS, Nutting C, Jakobs T, Cianni R, Notarianni E, Ofer A, Beny A, Dezarn WA. Cancer Invest. 2009 Feb 14:1. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19219675 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Effects of root planing procedures with hand instrument or erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser irradiation on the root surfaces: a comparative scanning electron microscopy study. Hakki SS, Berk G, Dundar N, Saglam M, Berk N. Lasers Med Sci. 2009 Feb 14. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19219484 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser-assisted sinus graft procedure. Sohn DS, Lee JS, An KM, Romanos GE. Lasers Med Sci. 2009 Feb 14. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19219483 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Comparison of a 585-nm pulsed dye laser and a 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of acne scars: A randomized split-face clinical study. Lee DH, Choi YS, Min SU, Yoon MY, Suh DH. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Feb 12. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19217691 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Zirconia-based all-ceramic crowns and bridges: three case reports. Burke FJ, Ali A, Palin WM. SADJ. 2008 Oct;63(9):482, 484-8. PMID: 19213253 [PubMed - in process]

  • Endoscopic brachytherapy for obstructive colorectal cancer. Tam TY, Mukherjee S, Farrell T, Morgan D, Sur R. Brachytherapy. 2009 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19211311 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Attachment and growth behaviour of human gingival fibroblasts on titanium and zirconia ceramic surfaces. Pae A, Lee H, Kim HS, Kwon YD, Woo YH. Biomed Mater. 2009 Feb 11;4(2):25005. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19208938 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Posterior Capsule Opacification in Silicone and Hydrophobic Acrylic Intraocular Lenses with Sharp-edge Optics Six Years After Surgery. Vock L, Crnej A, Findl O, Neumayer T, Buehl W, Sacu S, Rainer G, Menapace R. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009 Feb 6. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19201391 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Bronchoscopy in Japan: A survey by the Japan Society for Respiratory Endoscopy in 2006. Niwa H, Tanahashi M, Kondo T, Ohsaki Y, Okada Y, Sato S, Suzuki E, Senba H, Fujino S, Miyazawa T, Kobayashi K. Respirology. 2009 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19192233 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • The influence of heat treatment and plastic deformation on the bio-degradation of a Mg-Y-RE alloy. Gunde P, Furrer A, Hänzi AC, Schmutz P, Uggowitzer PJ. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2009 Feb 3. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19191312 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • A re-examination of radioimmunotherapy in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Prospects for dual-targeted antibody/radioantibody therapy. Sharkey RM, Press OW, Goldenberg DM. Blood. 2009 Jan 30. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19182204 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Ablative fractionated erbium:YAG laser for the treatment of ice pick alar scars due to neodymium:YAG laser burns. Cohen JL, Babcock MJ. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009 Jan;8(1):65-7. PMID: 19180898 [PubMed - in process]

  • Comparison of a Pulsed Dye Laser and a Combined 585/1,064-nm Laser in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris. Jung JY, Choi YS, Yoon MY, Min SU, Suh DH. Dermatol Surg. 2009 Jan 16. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19175372 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Hematologic Toxicity and Double Autografting of Stem Cells After Myeloablative Activities of Yttrium-90-Ibritumomab Tiuxetan. Vanazzi A, Cremonesi M, Paganelli G, Martinelli G. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 19171699 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • The effects of laser etching on shear bond strength at the titanium ceramic interface. Kim JT, Cho SA. J Prosthet Dent. 2009 Feb;101(2):101-6. PMID: 19167534 [PubMed - in process]

  • Salvage Therapy for Liver-dominant Colorectal Metastatic Adenocarcinoma: Comparison between Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization versus Yttrium-90 Radioembolization. Hong K, McBride JD, Georgiades CS, Reyes DK, Herman JM, Kamel IR, Geschwind JF. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009 Jan 21. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19167245 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Establishment of the Radiation Effect of Yttrium-90 Microspheres: Role of C-arm CT. Murthy R, Mutha P, Madoff DC, Mahvash A, Erwin W. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009 Jan 21. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 19167244 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Treatment of Primary Liver Tumors with Yttrium-90 Microspheres (TheraSphere(R)) in High Risk Patients: Analysis of Survival and Toxicities. Reardon KA, McIntosh AF, Shilling AT, Hagspiel KD, Al-Osaimi A, Berg C, Caldwell SH, Northup PG, Angle F, Mulder R, Rich TA. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2009 Feb;8(1):71-8. PMID: 19166244 [PubMed - in process]

  • Experiment, thermal simulation, and characterizations on transmission laser coating of hydroxyapatite on metal implant. Cheng GJ, Ye C. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2009 Jan 22. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19165793 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

 

 

 

 

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