Zinc is a Block D, Group 12, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Zinc's shells is 2, 8, 18, 2, and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2. In its elemental form zinc's CAS number is 7440-66-6. The zinc atom has a radius of 133.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 139.pm. Combined with other elements as ores, Zinc is found in nature. Zinc is considered non-toxicin healthy doses but can cause nausea if taken in excess. Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal which we produce in Special High Grade (SHG) purities. It is brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable at 100 to 150 o C. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolution of white clouds of the oxide. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical, and solid-state properties that have not been fully investigated. The metal is employed to form numerous alloys with other metals. Brass, nickel, silver, commercial bronze, soft solder, and aluminum solder are some of the more important alloys. Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die castings, which are used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. Zinc is also used extensively togalvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Zinc oxide is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Zinc was first discovered by Andreas Marggraf in 1746. The element name Zinc originates from the German word "zin" meaning tin. See Zinc research below.
Aluminum is a Block P, Group 13, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Aluminum's shells is 2, 8, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p1. In its elemental form aluminum's CAS number is 7429-90-5. The aluminum atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. Aluminum is not known to be harmful but ingestion may cause Alzheimer's disease.Aluminum is a silvery-white metal that possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nonmagnetic and nonsparking.
It stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used in many industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Although it's electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, or other elements impart a variety of useful properties. These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. They are used to coat telescope mirrors. Aluminum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. See Aluminum research below.
The PHD Finger of Human UHRF1 Reveals a New Subgroup of Unmethylated Histone H3 Tail Readers.
Lallous N, Legrand P, McEwen AG, Ramón-Maiques S, Samama JP, Birck C.
PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e27599. Epub 2011 Nov 11.
PMID:
22096602
[PubMed - in process]
The Pharmacological Mechanism of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibition by Green Tea, Rooibos and Enalaprilat - A Study on Enzyme Kinetics.
Persson IA.
Phytother Res. 2011 Sep 8. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3588. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095883
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chiral Nanoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks with High Porosity as Materials for Drug Delivery.
Sun CY, Qin C, Wang CG, Su ZM, Wang S, Wang XL, Yang GS, Shao KZ, Lan YQ, Wang EB.
Adv Mater. 2011 Nov 18. doi: 10.1002/adma.201102538. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095878
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Supramolecular Inclusion Complexes of Two Cyclic Zinc Bisporphyrins with C(60) and C(70) : Structural, Thermodynamic, and Photophysical Characterization.
Hernández-Eguía LP, Escudero-Adán EC, Pintre IC, Ventura B, Flamigni L, Ballester P.
Chemistry. 2011 Nov 17. doi: 10.1002/chem.201101511. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095593
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Clinical significance of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) in human gastric cancer.
Okugawa Y, Toiyama Y, Tanaka K, Matsusita K, Fujikawa H, Saigusa S, Ohi M, Inoue Y, Mohri Y, Uchida K, Kusunoki M.
J Surg Oncol. 2011 Nov 17. doi: 10.1002/jso.22142. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095522
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Convenient photooxidation of alcohols using dye sensitised zinc oxide in combination with silver nitrate and TEMPO.
Jeena V, Robinson RS.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095311
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Controlled delivery of basal level of insulin from chitosan-zinc-insulin-complex-loaded thermosensitive copolymer.
Oak M, Singh J.
J Pharm Sci. 2011 Nov 17. doi: 10.1002/jps.22823. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095295
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
An important minority of prediabetic first-degree relatives of type 1 diabetic patients derives from seroconversion to persistent autoantibody positivity after 10 years of age.
Vermeulen I, Weets I, Costa O, Asanghanwa M, Verhaeghen K, Decochez K, Ruige J, Casteels K, Wenzlau J, Hutton JC, Pipeleers DG, Gorus FK; the Belgian Diabetes Registry.
Diabetologia. 2011 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095238
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Comparative kinome analysis to identify putative colon tumor biomarkers.
Hennig EE, Mikula M, Rubel T, Dadlez M, Ostrowski J.
J Mol Med (Berl). 2011 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095101
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Zinc and the ERK Kinases in the Developing Brain.
Nuttall JR, Oteiza PI.
Neurotox Res. 2011 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22095091
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Exploring the microbial metalloproteome using MIRAGE.
Sevcenco AM, Pinkse MW, Wolterbeek HT, Verhaert PD, Hagen WR, Hagedoorn PL.
Metallomics. 2011 Nov 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22094925
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Zinc and Copper Deficiency In The Microvillus Inclusion Disease.
Diamanti A, Basso MS, Candusso M, Panetta F, Gambarara M.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
22094898
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Fortified juice drink improved iron and zinc status of schoolchildren.
Angeles-Agdeppa I, Magsadia CR, Capanzana MV.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2011;20(4):535-43.
PMID:
22094838
[PubMed - in process]
In situ kinetic study of zinc sulfide activation using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D).
Teng F, Liu Q, Zeng H.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22093872
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Preparation and characterization of cobalt-substituted anthrax lethal factor.
Säbel CE, Carbone R, Dabous JR, Lo SY, Siemann S.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Nov 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22093822
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Co-gasification of municipal solid waste and material recovery in a large-scale gasification and melting system.
Tanigaki N, Manako K, Osada M.
Waste Manag. 2011 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22093706
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[The role of heme oxygenase 1 in hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis and mitochondrial trans membrane potential change in rat primary typeII alveolar epithelium cells].
Wu Y, Chen M, Wu S, Wang HM, Qian MJ, Wang YH, Fu XY.
Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 2011 Nov;23(11):658-60. Chinese.
PMID:
22093310
[PubMed - in process]
Feed consumption, diet digestibility and mineral utilization in captive blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra) fed different levels of concentrates.
Das A, Katole S, Choubey M, Gupta SP, Saini M, Kumar V, Swarup D.
J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2011 Nov 17. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01245.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22093070
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
An explorative study of non-invasive ultra-weak photon emission and the anti-oxidative influence of oral zinc sulphate in light-sensitive patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.
Petersen AB, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC.
Skin Res Technol. 2011 Nov 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00586.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22092997
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metal-mediated affinity and orientation specificity in a computationally designed protein homodimer.
Der BS, Machius M, Miley MJ, Mills JL, Szyperski TA, Kuhlman B.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Nov 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22092237
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Recent Research & Development for Aluminum
Characterisation of optically stimulated luminescence dosemeters to measure organ doses in diagnostic radiology.
Endo A, Katoh T, Kobayashi I, Joshi R, Sur J, Okano T.
Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2011 Nov 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22116136
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metal recovery from high-grade WEEE: A life cycle assessment.
Bigum M, Brogaard L, Christensen TH.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22115841
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Protein interactions with nanosized hydrotalcites of different composition.
Bellezza F, Alberani A, Posati T, Tarpani L, Latterini L, Cipiciani A.
J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Oct 8;106(1):134-142. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22115829
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Neurobehavioral toxic effects of perinatal oral exposure to aluminum on the developmental motor reflexes, learning, memory and brain neurotransmitters of mice offspring.
Abu-Taweel GM, Ajarem JS, Ahmad M.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011 Nov 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22115621
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Lithium-Ion Conducting Electrolyte Salts for Lithium Batteries.
Aravindan V, Gnanaraj J, Madhavi S, Liu HK.
Chemistry. 2011 Nov 24. doi: 10.1002/chem.201101486. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22114046
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Contact fatigue response of porcelain-veneered alumina model systems.
Stappert CF, Baldassarri M, Zhang Y, Stappert D, Thompson VP.
J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2011 Nov 24. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.31977. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22113973
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Influence of formulation pH and suspension state on freezing-induced agglomeration of aluminum adjuvants.
Salnikova MS, Davis H, Mensch C, Celano L, Thiriot DS.
J Pharm Sci. 2011 Nov 23. doi: 10.1002/jps.22815. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22113733
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Evidence of foliar aluminium accumulation in local, regional and global datasets of wild plants.
Metali F, Salim KA, Burslem DF.
New Phytol. 2011 Nov 23. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03965.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22111583
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Turning aluminium into a noble-metal-like catalyst for low-temperature activation of molecular hydrogen.
Chopra IS, Chaudhuri S, Veyan JF, Chabal YJ.
Nat Mater. 2011 Nov 23;10(12):986. doi: 10.1038/nmat3174. No abstract available.
PMID:
22109610
[PubMed - in process]
Fabrication of a dual-layer aluminum nanowires polarization filter array.
Gruev V.
Opt Express. 2011 Nov 21;19(24):24361-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.024361.
PMID:
22109463
[PubMed - in process]
Image-quality perception as a function of dose in digital radiography.
Lehnert T, Naguib NN, Korkusuz H, Bauer RW, Kerl JM, Mack MG, Vogl TJ.
AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 Dec;197(6):1399-403.
PMID:
22109295
[PubMed - in process]
Highly sensitive nano-porous lattice biosensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance and interference.
Yeom SH, Kim OG, Kang BH, Kim KJ, Yuan H, Kwon DH, Kim HR, Kang SW.
Opt Express. 2011 Nov 7;19(23):22882-91. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.022882.
PMID:
22109166
[PubMed - in process]
Regulatory role of zinc during aluminium-induced altered carbohydrate metabolism in rat brain.
Singla N, Dhawan DK.
J Neurosci Res. 2011 Nov 23. doi: 10.1002/jnr.22790. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22108899
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Three-shell-based lens barrel for the effective athermalization of an IR optical system.
Yang HS, Kihm H, Moon IK, Jung GJ, Choi SC, Lee KJ, Hwang HY, Kim SW, Lee YW.
Appl Opt. 2011 Nov 20;50(33):6206-13. doi: 10.1364/AO.50.006206.
PMID:
22108878
[PubMed - in process]
Influences of heat seal lacquer thickness on the quality of blister packages.
Mühlfeld L, Langguth P, Häusler H, Hagels H.
Eur J Pharm Sci. 2011 Nov 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22108348
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Efficient extraction of vaccines formulated in aluminum hydroxide gel by including surfactants in the extraction buffer.
Zhu D, Huang S, McClellan H, Dai W, Syed NR, Gebregeorgis E, Mullen GE, Long C, Martin LB, Narum D, Duffy P, Miller LH, Saul A.
Vaccine. 2011 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22107848
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electronic structure investigation of highly compressed aluminum with k edge absorption spectroscopy.
Benuzzi-Mounaix A, Dorchies F, Recoules V, Festa F, Peyrusse O, Levy A, Ravasio A, Hall T, Koenig M, Amadou N, Brambrink E, Mazevet S.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Oct 14;107(16):165006. Epub 2011 Oct 13.
PMID:
22107398
[PubMed - in process]
Short-time electron dynamics in aluminum excited by femtosecond extreme ultraviolet radiation.
Medvedev N, Zastrau U, Förster E, Gericke DO, Rethfeld B.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Oct 14;107(16):165003. Epub 2011 Oct 12.
PMID:
22107395
[PubMed - in process]
Nanoporous Polymeric Nanofibers Based on Selectively Etched PS-b-PDMS Block Copolymers.
Birlik Demirel G, Buyukserin F, Morris MA, Demirel G.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Nov 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22107361
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Low bias electron scattering in structure-identified single wall carbon nanotubes: role of substrate polar phonons.
Chandra B, Perebeinos V, Berciaud S, Katoch J, Ishigami M, Kim P, Heinz TF, Hone J.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Sep 30;107(14):146601. Epub 2011 Sep 28.
PMID:
22107221
[PubMed - in process]
Tailoring nanostructured, graded, and particle-reinforced Al laminates by accumulative roll bonding.
Göken M, Höppel HW.
Adv Mater. 2011 Jun 17;23(22-23):2663-8.
PMID:
21823248
[PubMed - in process]
Highly monodisperse core-shell particles created by solid-state reactions.
Radmilovic V, Ophus C, Marquis EA, Rossell MD, Tolley A, Gautam A, Asta M, Dahmen U.
Nat Mater. 2011 Aug 7. doi: 10.1038/nmat3077. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822262
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Aerosol Deposition of Hydroxyapatite and 4-Hexylresorcinol Coatings on Titanium Alloys for Dental Implants.
Kim SG, Hahn BD, Park DS, Lee YC, Choi EJ, Chae WS, Baek DH, Choi JY.
J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21821331
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Progress in the Removal of Di-[2-Ethylhexyl]-Phthalate as Plasticizer in Blood Bags.
Simmchen J, Ventura R, Segura J.
Transfus Med Rev. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21820855
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Antibacterial effect of silver-platinum coating for orthodontic appliances.
Ryu HS, Bae IH, Lee KG, Hwang HS, Lee KH, Koh JT, Cho JH.
Angle Orthod. 2011 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21810004
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Influence of metal alloy and the profile of coronary stents in patients with multivessel coronary disease.
Abreu Filho LM, Forte AA, Sumita MK, Favarato D, Meireles GC.
Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(6):985-9.
PMID:
21808863
[PubMed - in process]
A combined arc-melting and tilt-casting furnace for the manufacture of high-purity bulk metallic glass materials.
Soinila E, Pihlajama¨ki T, Bossuyt S, Ha¨nninen H.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 Jul;82(7):073901.
PMID:
21806193
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Waste-recycling Monte Carlo with optimal estimates: Application to free energy calculations in alloys.
Adjanor G, Athe`nes M, Rodgers JM.
J Chem Phys. 2011 Jul 28;135(4):044127.
PMID:
21806110
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Role of electronic excitation in the amorphization of ge-sb-te alloys.
Li XB, Liu XQ, Liu X, Han D, Zhang Z, Han XD, Sun HB, Zhang SB.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Jul 1;107(1):015501. Epub 2011 Jun 29.
PMID:
21797549
[PubMed - in process]
Prediction of the operating point of dendrites growing under coupled thermosolutal control at high growth velocity.
Mullis AM.
Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2011 Jun;83(6-1):061601. Epub 2011 Jun 2.
PMID:
21797374
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metal Anion-Alkyl Ammonium Complexes as Direct Write Precursors to Produce Nanopatterns of Metals, Nitrides, Oxides, Sulfides, And Alloys.
Radha B, Kiruthika S, Kulkarni GU.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Jul 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21790160
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Characteristics of InGaN-based concentrator solar cells operating under 150X solar concentration.
Yang CC, Jang CH, Sheu JK, Lee ML, Tu SJ, Huang FW, Yeh YH, Lai WC.
Opt Express. 2011 Jul 4;19 Suppl 4:A695-700. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.00A695.
PMID:
21747536
[PubMed - in process]
Determination of the magnetic ground state in the martensite phase of Ni-Mn-Z (Z = In, Sn and Sb) off-stoichiometric Heusler alloys by nonlinear AC susceptibility.
Umetsu RY, Fujita A, Ito W, Kanomata T, Kainuma R.
J Phys Condens Matter. 2011 Aug 17;23(32):326001. Epub 2011 Jul 25.
PMID:
21785185
[PubMed - in process]
Effects of phase constitution on magnetic susceptibility and mechanical properties of Zr-rich Zr-Mo alloys.
Suyalatu, Kondo R, Tsutsumi Y, Doi H, Nomura N, Hanawa T.
Acta Biomater. 2011 Jul 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21784180
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bioactive glass microspheres as osteopromotive inlays in macrotextured surfaces of Ti and CoCr alloy bone implants: Trapezoidal surface grooves without inlay most efficient in resisting torsional forces.
Keränen P, Moritz N, Alm JJ, Ylänen H, Kommonen B, Aro HT.
J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2011 Oct;4(7):1483-91. Epub 2011 May 30.
PMID:
21783158
[PubMed - in process]
Effect of the combination of dithiooctanoate monomers and acidic adhesive monomers on adhesion to precious metals, precious metal alloys and non-precious metal alloys.
Ikemura K, Kojima K, Endo T, Kadoma Y.
Dent Mater J. 2011 Jul 28;30(4):469-77. Epub 2011 Jul 21.
PMID:
21778614
[PubMed - in process]
Nanoporous PtAg and PtCu alloys with hollow ligaments for enhanced electrocatalysis and glucose biosensing.
Xu C, Liu Y, Su F, Liu A, Qiu H.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2011 Sep 15;27(1):160-6. Epub 2011 Jul 7.
PMID:
21778046
[PubMed - in process]
Pt/Cr and Pt/Ni catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: to alloy or not to alloy?
Escaño MC, Gyenge E, Nakanishi H, Kasai H.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Apr;11(4):2944-51.
PMID:
21776658
[PubMed - in process]
In vitro evaluation of the electrochemical behaviour of stainless steel and Ni-Ti orthodontic archwires at different temperatures.
Pakshir M, Bagheri T, Kazemi MR.
Eur J Orthod. 2011 Jul 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21771804
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Multifrequency atomic force microscopy: compositional imaging with electrostatic force measurements.
Magonov S, Alexander J.
Microsc Microanal. 2011 Aug;17(4):587-97. Epub 2011 Jul 19.
PMID:
21771386
[PubMed - in process]
Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of intervertebral test spacers: an experimental comparison of magnesium versus titanium and carbon fiber reinforced polymers as biomaterials.
Ernstberger T, Buchhorn G, Heidrich G.
Ir J Med Sci. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19693644 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ultrasonic irradiation and its application for improving the corrosion resistance of phosphate coatings on aluminum alloys.
Sheng M, Wang C, Zhong Q, Wei Y, Wang Y.
Ultrason Sonochem. 2010 Jan;17(1):21-5. Epub 2009 Aug 6.
PMID: 19692286 [PubMed - in process]
Plasma reduction of bronze corrosion developed under long-term artificial ageing.
Novakovic J, Papadopoulou O, Vassiliou P, Filippaki E, Bassiakos Y.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009 Aug 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19685234 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
First-principles studies on alloying and simplified thermodynamic aqueous chemical stability of calcium-, zinc-, aluminum-, yttrium- and iron-doped magnesium alloys.
Velikokhatnyi OI, Kumta PN.
Acta Biomater. 2009 Aug 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19683600 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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