American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Zirconium Copper Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. Other shapes are available by request.
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium’s principal mineral is zircon (Zirconium Silicate) and is primarily used in its oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below.
Copper is a Block D, Group 11, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Copper's shells is 2, 8, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s1. In its elemental form copper's CAS number is 7440-50-8. The copper atom has a radius of 127.8 .pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 140.pm. Copper is an essential trace element in animals and plants, but in excess copper is toxic. Due to its high electrical conductivity, large amounts of copper are used by the electrical industry for wire. Of all pure metals, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity. Copper is also resistant to corrosion caused by moisture, making it a widely used material in pipes, coins, and jewelry. Copper is often too soft for its applications, so it is incorporated in numerous alloys. For example, brass is a copper-zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper-tin alloy. Copper sulfate (CuSO 4·H2O), also known as blue vitrol, is the most well-known copper compound. It is used as an agricultural poison, an algicide, and as a pigment for inks. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a powder used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is often used in electroplating applications. Copper is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Copper was first discovered by Early Man. The origin of the word copper comes from the Latin word 'cuprium' which translates as "metal of Cyprus". Cyprus, a Mediterranean island, was known as an ancient source of mined copper. See Copper research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Laser ultrasonics detection of an embedded crack in a composite spherical particle.
Amziane A, Amari M, Mounier D, Breteau JM, Joly N, Banchet J, Tisseur D, Gusev V.
Ultrasonics. 2011 Jun 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21757213
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Trichlorido(tetra-hydro-furan){(1,2,3,3a,7a-?)-1-[2-(1-trimethyl-silyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl-?N)-1-methyl-prop-yl]inden-yl}zirconium(IV).
Guan S, Nie W, Borzov MV.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 May 1;67(Pt 5):m540-1. Epub 2011 Apr 7.
PMID:
21754279
[PubMed]
cyclo-Tri-?-oxido-tris-{[(?,?)-1,2-bis-(cyclo-penta-dien-yl)-1,1,2,2-tetra-methyl-disilane]zirconium(IV)}: a trimeric disila-bridged oxidozirconocene.
Arnold T, Braunschweig H, Gruss K.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Apr 1;67(Pt 4):m391. Epub 2011 Mar 2.
PMID:
21753927
[PubMed]
Spectral and fluorescent kinetics features of Nd(3+) ion in Nb(2)O(5), Ta(2)O(5) and La(2)O(3) mixed lithium zirconium silicate glasses.
Srikumar T, Brik MG, Srinivasa Rao C, Gandhi Y, Krishna Rao D, Ravi Kumar V, Veeraiah N.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011 Jun 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21752699
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tailor-made three-dimensional hybrid scaffolds for cell cultures.
Psycharakis S, Tosca A, Melissinaki V, Giakoumaki A, Ranella A.
Biomed Mater. 2011 Jul 8;6(4):045008. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21743121
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
MRI analysis of the component-bone interface after TKA.
Heyse TJ, Chong LR, Davis J, Boettner F, Haas SB, Potter HG.
Knee. 2011 Jul 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21741843
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ionothermal Synthesis and Structure Analysis of an Open-Framework Zirconium Phosphate with a High CO(2) /CH(4) Adsorption Ratio.
Liu L, Yang J, Li J, Dong J, Sisak D, Luzzatto M, McCusker LB.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Jul 7. doi: 10.1002/anie.201102738. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
21739548
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Development of nanoscale inhomogeneities during drying of sol-gel derived amorphous lead zirconate titanate precursor thin films.
Stawski TM, Veldhuis SA, Castricum HL, Keim EG, Eeckhaut G, Bras W, Blank DH, Ten Elshof JE.
Langmuir. 2011 Jul 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21736322
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Polarization controlled kinetics and composition of trivalent chromium coatings on aluminum.
Dardona S, Chen L, Kryzman M, Goberman D, Jaworowski M.
Anal Chem. 2011 Jul 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21726081
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Intermolecular hydroamination of oxygen-substituted allenes. New routes for the synthesis of N,O-chelated zirconium and titanium amido complexes.
Ayinla RO, Schafer LL.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Jul 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21725526
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Human biokinetic data and a new compartmental model of zirconium - A tracer study with enriched stable isotopes.
Greiter MB, Giussani A, Höllriegl V, Li WB, Oeh U.
Sci Total Environ. 2011 Jul 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21724239
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Enhanced trace phosphate removal from water by zirconium(IV) loaded fibrous adsorbent.
Awual MR, Jyo A, Ihara T, Seko N, Tamada M, Lim KT.
Water Res. 2011 Jun 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21724222
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In vivo comparative biokinetics and biocompatibility of titanium and zirconium microparticles.
Olmedo DG, Tasat DR, Evelson P, Rebagliatti R, Guglielmotti MB, Cabrini RL.
J Biomed Mater Res A. 2011 Jun 30. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.33145. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21721117
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Delayed fracture of a zirconium head after total hip arthroplasty.
Samaras D, Dimitroulias A, Varitimidis SE, Malizos KN.
Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2011 Feb;40(2):E14-6.
PMID:
21720598
[PubMed - in process]
Probing the Dynamics of CO(2) and CH(4) within the Porous Zirconium Terephthalate UiO-66(Zr): A Synergic Combination of Neutron Scattering Measurements and Molecular Simulations.
Yang Q, Jobic H, Salles F, Kolokolov D, Guillerm V, Serre C, Maurin G.
Chemistry. 2011 Jun 28. doi: 10.1002/chem.201003596. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21714013
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ionic liquid-templated preparation of mesoporous silica embedded with nanocrystalline sulfated zirconia.
Ward AJ, Pujari AA, Costanzo L, Masters AF, Maschmeyer T.
Nanoscale Res Lett. 2011 Mar 2;6(1):192.
PMID:
21711725
[PubMed - in process]
Postsynthetic Modification of a Metal-Organic Framework for Stabilization of a Hemiaminal and Ammonia Uptake.
Morris W, Doonan CJ, Yaghi OM.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Jun 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21711030
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A pilot study to evaluate the success and survival rate of titanium-zirconium implants in partially edentulous patients: results after 24 months of follow-up.
Barter S, Stone P, Brägger U.
Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011 Jun 24. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02231.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21707752
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Non-chromatographic screening procedure for arsenic speciation analysis in fish-based baby foods by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.
López-García I, Briceño M, Hernández-Córdoba M.
Anal Chim Acta. 2011 Aug 5;699(1):11-7. Epub 2011 May 11.
PMID:
21704752
[PubMed - in process]
Studies on the removal of arsenic (III) from water by a novel hybrid material.
Mandal S, Padhi T, Patel RK.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Jun 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21704456
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Altered intracellular localization and valosin-containing protein (p97 VCP) interaction underlie ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy.
Yi L, Donsante A, Kennerson ML, Mercer JF, Garbern JY, Kaler SG.
Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210628
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chitinolytic and Chitosanolytic Activities from Crude Cellulase Extract Produced by A. niger Grown on Apple Pomace Through Koji Fermentation.
Dhillon GS, Brar SK, Kaur S, Valero JR, Verma M.
J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Dec;21(12):1312-21.
PMID:
22210619
[PubMed - in process]
Structural and functional recovery of microbial biofilms after a decrease in copper exposure: Influence of the presence of pristine communities.
Lambert AS, Morin S, Artigas J, Volat B, Coquery M, Neyra M, Pesce S.
Aquat Toxicol. 2011 Dec 14;109C:118-126. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210500
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of copper on osmoregulation in sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus acclimated to different salinities.
Adeyemi JA, Deaton LE, Pesacreta TC, Klerks PL.
Aquat Toxicol. 2011 Dec 14;109C:111-117. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210499
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Characterization of the Chitinolytic Machinery of Enterococcus faecalis V583 and High-Resolution Structure of Its Oxidative CBM33 Enzyme.
Vaaje-Kolstad G, Bøhle LA, Gåseidnes S, Dalhus B, Bjørås M, Mathiesen G, Eijsink VG.
J Mol Biol. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210154
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electrochemistry of copper(II) induced complexes in mycorrhizal maize plant tissues.
Zitka O, Merlos MA, Adam V, Ferrol N, Pohanka M, Hubalek J, Zehnalek J, Trnkova L, Kizek R.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22209587
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The metal binding abilities of Megathura crenulata metallothionein (McMT) in the frame of Gastropoda MTs.
Pérez-Rafael S, Mezger A, Lieb B, Dallinger R, Capdevila M, Palacios O, Atrian S.
J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22209022
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Photoluminescence quenching/recovery kinetics of [Ru(bpy)(2)(tatp)](2+) and [Ru(bpy)(2)(dmtatp)](2+) intercalated within DNA by copper(II) ions and EDTA.
Ji S, Chen M, Gan G, Li H, Li W.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22208960
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Peculiarities of copper binding to alpha-synuclein.
Ahmad A, Burns CS, Fink AL, Uversky VN.
J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2012 Feb;29(4):825-42.
PMID:
22208282
[PubMed - in process]
Role of Vitamin C and E Supplementation on IL-6 in response to Training.
Yfanti C, Fischer CP, Nielsen S, Akerström T, Nielsen AR, Veskoukis AS, Kouretas D, Lykkesfeldt J, Pilegaard H, Pedersen BK.
J Appl Physiol. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22207723
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Zinc, Ferritin, Magnesium and Copper in a group of Egyptian Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
Mahmoud MM, El-Mazary AA, Maher RM, Saber MM.
Ital J Pediatr. 2011 Dec 29;37(1):60. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206662
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Intramolecular C-H Amination Leading to Imidazobenzimidazole Derivatives.
Wang X, Jin Y, Zhao Y, Zhu L, Fu H.
Org Lett. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206482
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
High-Throughput Graphene Imaging on Arbitrary Substrates with Widefield Raman Spectroscopy.
Havener RW, Ju SY, Brown L, Wang Z, Wojcik M, Ruiz-Vargas CS, Park J.
ACS Nano. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206260
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Triarylboron-Functionalized Cu(II) Carboxylate Paddlewheel Complexes.
Blight BA, Stewart AF, Wang N, Lu JS, Wang S.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Dec 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206219
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Application of a topical biomimetic electrical signaling technology to photo-aging: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a galvanic zinc-copper complex.
Chantalat J, Bruning E, Sun Y, Liu JC.
J Drugs Dermatol. 2012 Jan 1;11(1):30-7.
PMID:
22206074
[PubMed - in process]
Assessment of Metal Pollution in Soils From a Former Havana (Cuba) Solid Waste Open Dump.
Díaz Rizo O, Hernández Merlo M, Echeverría Castillo F, Arado López JO.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22205471
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Coordination chemistry of copper proteins: How nature handles a toxic cargo for essential function.
Rubino JT, Franz KJ.
J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Dec 3;107(1):129-143. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22204943
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Palm oil fruit shells as biosorbent for copper removal from water and wastewater: Experiments and sorption models.
Hossain MA, Ngo HH, Guo WS, Nguyen TV.
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22204888
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effective and reversible DNA condensation induced by bifunctional molecules containing macrocyclic polyamines and naphthyl moieties.
Yan H, Li ZF, Guo ZF, Lu ZL, Wang F, Wu LZ.
Bioorg Med Chem. 2011 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22204742
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Fish quarantine: current practices in public zoos and aquaria.
Hadfield CA, Clayton LA.
J Zoo Wildl Med. 2011 Dec;42(4):641-50.
PMID:
22204059
[PubMed - in process]
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. Other shapes are available by request.
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium’s principal mineral is zircon (Zirconium Silicate) and is primarily used in its oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change
in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a 
certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below. 
Copper is a Block D, Group 11, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Copper's shells is 2, 8, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s1. In its elemental form copper's CAS number is 7440-50-8. The copper atom has a radius of 127.8 .pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 140.pm. Copper is an essential trace element in animals and plants, but in excess copper is toxic. Due to its high electrical conductivity, large amounts of copper are used by the electrical industry for wire. Of all pure metals, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity. Copper is also resistant to corrosion caused by moisture, making it a widely used material in pipes, coins, and jewelry. Copper is often too soft for its applications, so it is incorporated in numerous alloys. For example, brass is a copper-zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper-tin alloy. Copper sulfate (CuSO 4·H2O), also known as blue vitrol, is the most well-known 
copper compound. It is used as 
an agricultural poison, an algicide, and as a pigment for inks. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a powder used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is often used in electroplating applications. Copper is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Copper was first discovered by Early Man. The origin of the word copper comes from the Latin word 'cuprium' which translates as "metal of Cyprus". Cyprus, a Mediterranean island, was known as an ancient source of mined copper. See Copper research below. 
