American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Zirconium Phosphide Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Zirconium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium’s principal mineral is zircon (Zirconium Silicate) and is primarily used in its oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below.
Phosphorus is a Block P, Group 15, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Phosphorus's shells is 2, 8, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. In its elemental form Phosphorus's CAS number is 7723-14-0. The Phosphorus atom has a radius of 110.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180.pm. Although white phosphorus is very toxic, red phosphorus is not considered toxic. Phosphorus information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Elution behavior of polyethylene and polypropylene standards on carbon sorbents.
Chitta R, Macko T, Brüll R, Kalies G.
J Chromatogr A. 2010 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21035809 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Effect of Cyclic Impact Load on Shear Bond Strength of Zirconium Dioxide Ceramics.
Kawai N, Shinya A, Yokoyama D, Gomi H, Shinya A.
J Adhes Dent. 2010 Sep 28. doi: 10.3290/j.jad.a19471. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20978648 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Differences in metal ion release following cobalt-chromium and oxidized zirconium total knee arthroplasty.
Garrett S, Jacobs N, Yates P, Smith A, Wood D.
Acta Orthop Belg. 2010 Aug;76(4):513-20.PMID: 20973359 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
DNA binding studies of new valine derived chiral complexes of tin(IV) and zirconium(IV).
Arjmand F, Jamsheera A.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2010 Jun 12. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20965776 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Influence of counter-ions on the self-assembly of ZrO(2) nanodisks.
Ji H, Liu X, Wang X, Yao X.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Jan 15;353(2):356-62. Epub 2010 Oct 16.PMID: 20951993 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
The interaction of osteoblasts with bone-implant materials: 1. the effect of physico-chemical surface properties of implant materials.
Kubies D, Himmlová L, Riedel T, Tresohlavá E, Balík K, Douderová M, Bártová J, Pesáková V.
Physiol Res. 2010 Oct 15. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20945966 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Free ArticleRelated citations
Fracture resistance of endodontically-treated teeth: effect of combination bleaching and an antioxidant.
Khoroushi M, Feiz A, Khodamoradi R.
Oper Dent. 2010 Sep-Oct;35(5):530-7.PMID: 20945744 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Mechanism of catalytic cyclohydroamination by zirconium salicyloxazoline complexes.
Allan LE, Clarkson GJ, Fox DJ, Gott AL, Scott P.
J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Nov 3;132(43):15308-20.PMID: 20939579 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Antibacterial properties of nine pure metals: a laboratory study using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Yasuyuki M, Kunihiro K, Kurissery S, Kanavillil N, Sato Y, Kikuchi Y.
Biofouling. 2010 Oct;26(7):851-8.PMID: 20938849 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
One-Pot Preparation and Uranyl Adsorption Properties of Hierarchically Porous Zirconium Titanium Oxide Beads using Phase Separation Processes to Vary Macropore Morphology.
Drisko GL, Chee Kimling M, Scales N, Ide A, Sizgek E, Caruso RA, Luca V.
Langmuir. 2010 Nov 16;26(22):17581-8. Epub 2010 Oct 11.PMID: 20936801 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Renewable high-octane gasoline by aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation of C5 and C6 carbohydrates over Pt/Zirconium phosphate catalysts.
Li N, Tompsett GA, Huber GW.
ChemSusChem. 2010 Oct 25;3(10):1154-7. No abstract available. PMID: 20936668 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Can the method of fixation influence the wear behaviour of ZrN coated unicompartmental mobile knee prostheses?
Affatato S, Spinelli M, Lopomo N, Grupp TM, Marcacci M, Toni A.
Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2010 Oct 7. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20934240 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Measurement of dissolved reactive phosphorus using the diffusive gradients in thin films technique with a high-capacity binding phase.
Ding S, Xu D, Sun Q, Yin H, Zhang C.
Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Nov 1;44(21):8169-74.PMID: 20886846 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Raman microspectroscopy of organic inclusions in spodumenes from Nilaw (Nuristan, Afghanistan).
Weselucha-Birczynska A, Slowakiewicz M, Natkaniec-Nowak L, Proniewicz LM.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2010 Sep 28. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20884283 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Effect of thermocycling on the bond strength between dual-cured resin cements and zirconium-oxide ceramics.
D'Amario M, Campidoglio M, Morresi AL, Luciani L, Marchetti E, Baldi M.
J Oral Sci. 2010;52(3):425-30.PMID: 20881336 [PubMed - in process]Free ArticleRelated citations
Surface damages of zirconia by Nd:YAG dental laser irradiation.
Noda M, Okuda Y, Tsuruki J, Minesaki Y, Takenouchi Y, Ban S.
Dent Mater J. 2010 Oct 14;29(5):536-41. Epub 2010 Sep 18.PMID: 20877130 [PubMed - in process]Free ArticleRelated citations
Conjunctive and compromised data fusion schemes for identification of multiple notches in an aluminium plate using Lamb wave signals.
Lu Y, Ye L, Wang D, Wang X, Su Z.
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2010 Sep;57(9):2005-16.PMID: 20875990 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
A new smile for Judy: a multimaterial approach.
Nash RW.
Dent Today. 2010 Aug;29(8):92, 94. No abstract available. PMID: 20873651 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Related citations
Matched-pair total knee arthroplasty retrieval analysis: Oxidized zirconium vs. CoCrMo.
Heyse TJ, Chen DX, Kelly N, Boettner F, Wright TM, Haas SB.
Knee. 2010 Sep 22. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20869251 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Surface modification of chromatography adsorbents by low temperature low pressure plasma.
Arpanaei A, Winther-Jensen B, Theodosiou E, Kingshott P, Hobley TJ, Thomas OR.
J Chromatogr A. 2010 Oct 29;1217(44):6905-16. Epub 2010 Sep 23.PMID: 20869062 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Recent Research & Development for Phosphorus
Consumption of whole
grains is associated with improved diet quality and nutrient intake in children
and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004.
O'Neil CE, Nicklas TA, Zanovec M, Cho SS, Kleinman R. Public Health Nutr. 2010 Oct 6:1-9. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20923597.
Chemical and microbiological changes during
vermicomposting of coffee pulp using exotic (Eudrilus eugeniae) and native
earthworm (Perionyx ceylanesis) species. Raphael K, Velmourougane K. Biodegradation. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead
of print] PubMed PMID: 20922463.
Synthesis, structure,
and reductive elimination in the series Tp'Rh(PR(3))(Ar(F))H; Determination of
rhodium-carbon bond energies of fluoroaryl substituents. Tanabe T, Brennessel WW, Clot E, Eisenstein O, Jones WD. Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct
5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20924525.
Nutrient concentrations in Maryland non-tidal
streams. Morgan RP 2nd, Kline KM. Environ Monit Assess. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20890788.
Hereditary disorders of renal
phosphate wasting. Alizadeh Naderi AS, Reilly RF; Medscape. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 20924400.
New Synthesis of 3-Trifluoromethylpyrroles by
Condensation of Mesoionic 4-Trifluoroacetyl-1,3-oxazolium-5-olates with
Phosphorus Ylides. Saijo R, Hagimoto Y, Kawase M. Org Lett. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20923166.
Structural and electronic properties of
luminescent copper(i) halide complexes of bis[2-(diphenylphosphano)phenyl] ether
(DPEphos). Crystal structure of [CuCl(DPEphos)(dmpymtH]. Aslanidis P, Cox PJ, Tsipis AC. Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct
4. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20922239.
Changes in
Microbial Community Structure and Function of Drinking Water Treatment
Bioreactors Upon Phosphorus Addition. Li X, Upadhyaya G, Yuen W, Brown J, Morgenroth E, Raskin L. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Oct 1. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20889793.
Determination of a set
of surrogate parameters to assess urban stormwater quality. Miguntanna NS, Egodawatta P, Kokot S, Goonetilleke A. Sci Total Environ.
2010 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20888615.
A review on the effects of environmental conditions on growth and toxin
production of Ostreopsis ovata. Pistocchi R, Pezzolesi L, Guerrini F, Vanucci S, Dell'aversano C, Fattorusso
E. Toxicon. 2010 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 20920514.
Tenofovir-associated severe bone pain: I cannot walk! Jhaveri MA, Mawad HW, Thornton AC, Mullen NW, Greenberg RN. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS
Care (Chic Ill). 2010 Sep-Oct;9(5):328-34. PubMed PMID: 20923957.
Characteristics of contaminants in water and
sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent. Lee S, Maniquiz MC, Kim LH. J Environ
Sci (China). 2010;22(6):940-5. PubMed PMID: 20923110.
Effect of a seasonal diffuse pollution migration on
natural organic matter behavior in a stratified dam reservoir. Yu SJ, Lee JY, Ha SR. J Environ Sci
(China). 2010;22(6):908-14. PubMed PMID: 20923105.
Water-saving
irrigation of paddy field to reduce nutrient runoff. Hitomi T, Iwamoto Y, Miura A, Hamada K, Takaki K, Shiratani E. J Environ Sci (China).
2010;22(6):885-91. PubMed PMID: 20923101.
Scenario
analysis for reduction of pollutant load discharged from a watershed by recycling
of treated water for irrigation. Shiratani E, Munakata Y, Yoshinaga I, Kubota T, Hamada K, Hitomi T. J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):878-84. PubMed
PMID: 20923100.
Modeling the effects of constructed wetland
on nonpoint source pollution control and reservoir water quality improvement. Ham J, Yoon CG, Kim HJ, Kim HC. J
Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):834-9. PubMed PMID: 20923093.
Evaluation of non-point source
pollution reduction by applying best management practices using a SWAT model and
QuickBird high resolution satellite imagery. Lee M, Park G, Park M, Park J, Lee J, Kim S. J Environ Sci (China).
2010;22(6):826-33. PubMed PMID: 20923092.
Understanding nutrient
build-up on urban road surfaces. Miguntanna NP, Goonetilleke A, Egodowatta P, Kokot S. J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):806-12. PubMed
PMID: 20923089.
Monitoring of non-point source pollutants
load from a mixed forest land use. Yoon SW, Chung SW, Oh DG, Lee JW. J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):801-5.
PubMed PMID: 20923088.
American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Zirconium Phosphide Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density 
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Zirconium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Zirconium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Zirconium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d2 5s2. In its elemental form zirconium's CAS number is 7440-67-7. The zirconium atom has a radius of 159.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Zirconium is non-toxic. Zirconium’s principal mineral is zircon (Zirconium Silicate) and is primarily used in its oxide or zirconia form. Zirconium dioxide has a high melting point (2,700° C) and a low thermal conductivity. Its polymorphism, however, restricts its widespread use in ceramic industry. During a heating process, zirconia will undergo a phase transformation process. The change
in volume associated with this transformation makes the usage of pure zirconia in many applications impossible. Addition of some oxides, such as CaO, MgO, and Y2O3, into the zirconia structure in a 
certain degree results in a solid solution, which is a cubic form and has no phase transformation during heating and cooling. This solid solution material is termed as stabilized zirconia, a valuable refractory. Stabilized zirconia is used as a grinding media and engineering ceramics due to its increased hardness and high thermal shock resistivity. Stabilized zirconia is also used in applications such as oxygen sensors and solid oxide fuel cells due to its high oxygen ion conductivity.Zirconium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. The name Zirconium originated from the Persian word 'zargun' meaning gold color or gold-like. See Zirconium research below. 
Phosphorus is a Block P, Group 15, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Phosphorus's shells is 2, 8, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. In its elemental form Phosphorus's CAS number is 7723-14-0. The Phosphorus atom has a radius of 110.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180.pm. Although white phosphorus is very toxic, red phosphorus is not considered toxic. Phosphorus information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
