Discrimination Between Calcium Hydroxyapatite and Calcium Oxalate Using Multienergy Spectral Photon-Counting CT.

Title Discrimination Between Calcium Hydroxyapatite and Calcium Oxalate Using Multienergy Spectral Photon-Counting CT.
Authors T.E. Kirkbride; A.Y. Raja; K. Müller; C.J. Bateman; F. Becce; N.G. Anderson
Journal AJR Am J Roentgenol
DOI 10.2214/AJR.17.18394
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether multienergy spectral photon-counting CT could distinguish between clinically relevant calcium crystals at clinical x-ray energy ranges. Energy thresholds of 15, 22, 29, and 36 keV and tube voltages of 50, 80, and 110 kVp were selected. Images were analyzed to assess differences in linear attenuation coefficients between various concentrations of calcium hydroxyapatite (54.3, 211.7, 808.5, and 1169.3 mg/cm(3)) and calcium oxalate (2000 mg/cm(3)).

CONCLUSION: The two lower concentrations of hydroxyapatite were distinguishable from oxalate at all energy thresholds and tube voltages, whereas discrimination at higher concentrations depended primarily on the energy thresholds used. Multienergy spectral photon-counting CT shows promise for distinguishing these calcium crystals.

Citation T.E. Kirkbride; A.Y. Raja; K. Müller; C.J. Bateman; F. Becce; N.G. Anderson.Discrimination Between Calcium Hydroxyapatite and Calcium Oxalate Using Multienergy Spectral Photon-Counting CT.. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017;209(5):10881092. doi:10.2214/AJR.17.18394

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Calcium

See more Calcium products. Calcium (atomic symbol: Ca, atomic number: 20) is a Block S, Group 2, Period 4 element with an atomic weight of 40.078. The number of electrons in each of Calcium's shells is [2, 8, 8, 2] and its electron configuration is [Ar]4s2. Calcium Bohr ModelThe calcium atom has a radius of 197 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 231 pm. Calcium was discovered and first isolated by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. It is the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust and can be found in minerals such as dolomite, gypsum, plagioclases, amphiboles, pyroxenes and garnets. In its elemental form, calcium has a dull gray-silver appearance. Calcium is a reactive, soft metal that is a member of the alkaline earth elements. Elemental CalciumIt frequently serves as an alloying agent for other metals like aluminum and beryllium, and industrial materials like cement and mortar are composed of calcium compounds like calcium carbonate. It is also an biologically essential substance found in teeth, bones, and shells. The name "calcium" originates from the Latin word "calics," meaning lime.

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