Green synthesis of highly dispersed ytterbium and thulium co-doped sodium yttrium fluoride microphosphors for in situ light upconversion from near-infrared to blue in animals.

Title Green synthesis of highly dispersed ytterbium and thulium co-doped sodium yttrium fluoride microphosphors for in situ light upconversion from near-infrared to blue in animals.
Authors Y. Pu; L. Lin; D. Wang; J.X. Wang; J. Qian; J.F. Chen
Journal J Colloid Interface Sci
DOI 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.017
Abstract

We report a simple, low cost and environmentally friendly method to prepare NaYF:Yb, Tmupconversion microphosphors (UCMPs) by thermal decomposition of rare earth-trifluoroacetate precursors using paraffin as the high boiling non-coordinating solvent. The UCMPs exhibited cubic phase with defined shape and bright upconversion luminescence. After coating with amphiphilic polymers of phospholipid-polyethylene glycol, the NaYF:Yb, TmUCMPs were highly dispersed in aqueous solutions and exhibited low cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we explored the use of the micro-injected micro-sized NaYF:Yb, Tmparticles for converting of near infrared into blue light in mice brain. The in vivo macroscopic upconversion luminescence imaging results showed that UCMPs located at 1mm depth in the brain could be clearly distinguished. Microscopic upconversion luminescence imaging of the brain sections in vitro revealed that the UCMPs embedded at the particular location in brain tissues of mice were stable without significant diffusion in two weeks.

Citation Y. Pu; L. Lin; D. Wang; J.X. Wang; J. Qian; J.F. Chen.Green synthesis of highly dispersed ytterbium and thulium co-doped sodium yttrium fluoride microphosphors for in situ light upconversion from near-infrared to blue in animals.. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2018;511:243250. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.017

Related Elements

Ytterbium

See more Ytterbium products. Ytterbium (atomic symbol: Yb, atomic number: 70) is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element with an atomic weight of 173.054. Ytterbium Bohr ModelThe number of electrons in each of Ytterbium's shells is [2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2] and its electron configuration is [Xe]4f14 6s2. The Ytterbium atom has a radius of 176 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 242 pm. Ytterbium was discovered by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in 1878 and first isolated by Georges Urbain in 1907.Elemental Ytterbium In its elemental form, ytterbium has a silvery-white color. Ytterbium is found in monazite sand as well as the ores euxenite and xenotime. Ytterbium is named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden. Ytterbium can be used as a source for gamma rays, for the doping of stainless steel, or other active metals. Its electrical resistivity rises under stress, making it very useful for stress gauges that measure the deformation of the ground in the even of an earthquake.

Yttrium

See more Yttrium products. Yttrium (atomic symbol: Y, atomic number: 39) is a Block D, Group 3, Period 5 element with an atomic weight of 88.90585. Yttrium Bohr ModelThe number of electrons in each of yttrium's shells is [2, 8, 18, 9, 2] and its electron configuration is [Kr] 4d1 5s2. The yttrium atom has a radius of 180 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 219 pm. Yttrium was discovered by Johann Gadolin in 1794 and first isolated by Carl Gustav Mosander in 1840. In its elemental form, Yttrium has a silvery white metallic appearance. Yttrium has the highest thermodynamic affinity for oxygen of any element. Elemental YttriumYttrium is not found in nature as a free element and is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals. While not part of the rare earth series, it resembles the heavy rare earths which are sometimes referred to as the "yttrics" for this reason. Another unique characteristic derives from its ability to form crystals with useful properties. The name yttrium originated from a Swedish village near Vaxholm called Yttbery where it was discovered.

Sodium

Sodium Bohr ModelSee more Sodium products. Sodium (atomic symbol: Na, atomic number: 11) is a Block D, Group 5, Period 4 element with an atomic weight of 22.989769. The number of electrons in each of Sodium's shells is [2, 8, 1] and its electron configuration is [Ne] 3s1. The sodium atom has a radius of 185.8 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 227 pm. Sodium was discovered and first isolated by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807. In its elemental form, sodium has a silvery-white metallic appearance. It is the sixth most abundant element, making up 2.6 % of the earth's crust. Sodium does not occur in nature as a free element and must be extracted from its compounds (e.g., feldspars, sodalite, and rock salt). The name Sodium is thought to come from the Arabic word suda, meaning "headache" (due to sodium carbonate's headache-alleviating properties), and its elemental symbol Na comes from natrium, its Latin name.

Thulium

See more Thulium products. Thulium (atomic symbol: Tm, atomic number: 69) is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element with an atomic weight of 168.93421. Thulium Bohr ModelThe number of electrons in each of Thulium's shells is [2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2] and its electron configuration is [Xe]4f136s2. The thulium atom has a radius of 176 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 227 pm.Elemental Thulium Picture In its elemental form, thulium has a silvery-gray appearance. Thulium is representative of the other lanthanides (rare earths) and similar in chemistry to yttrium. It is the least abundant of the rare earth elements. Thulium emits blue upon excitation, and is used in flat panel screens that depend critically on bright blue emitters. Thulium was discovered and first isolated by Per Teodor Cleve in 1879. It is named after "Thule," which is the ancient name of Scandinavia.

Fluorine

Fluorine is a Block P, Group 17, Period 2 element. Its electron configuration is [He]2s22p5. The fluorine atom has a covalent radius of 64 pm and its Van der Waals radius is 135 pm. In its elemental form, CAS 7782-41-4, fluorine gas has a pale yellow appearance. Fluorine was discovered by André-Marie Ampère in 1810. It was first isolated by Henri Moissan in 1886.

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