A Thiourea Tether in the Second Coordination Sphere as a Binding Site for CO and a Proton Donor Promotes the Electrochemical Reduction of CO to CO Catalyzed by a Rhenium Bipyridine-Type Complex.

The electrochemical reduction of CO has been extensively investigated in recent years, with the expectation that a detailed mechanistic understanding could achieve the goal of finding a stable catalyst with high turnover frequencies and low reduction potentials. In the catalytic cycle of the carbon dioxide hydrogenase enzyme, it has been suggested that the reduced metal center reacts with CO to form a carboxylate intermediate that is stabilized by hydrogen bonding using a histidine moiety in the second coordination sphere. Using the well-known fac-Re(I)bipyridine(CO)Cl complex as a starting point, the bipyridine ligand was modified in the second coordination sphere with a thiourea tether that is known to form hydrogen bonds with carbonyl moieties. The resulting Re(I) catalyst was an excellent electrocatalyst for the selective reduction of CO to CO, with a turnover frequency of 3040 s. The binding of CO to the thiourea tether was observable by H NMR, and NOE experiments showed that the hydrogen atoms of the thiourea group were labile. Further experiments indicated that the thiourea moiety is also a local proton source and addition of an external proton source actually inhibits catalysis. The absence of a kinetic isotope effect was explained through DFT calculations that showed that the proton invariably jumps to the nearest CO oxygen atom to form a metal-carboxylic acid without going through any minimum or transition state. EPR and NMR spectroscopies were used to identify the various reduced intermediates. Thus, the thiourea tether in the second coordination sphere can bind CO, stabilize carboxylic acid reaction intermediates, and directly act as a local proton source, leading to a significantly more active catalyst.