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californium
Californium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

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Californium Bohr ModelCalifornium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Californium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Rn] 5f10 7s2. In its elemental form californium's CAS number is 7440-71-3. The californium atom has a radius of 186.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Californium is radioactive and therefore harmful.

Californium was discovered by Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street Jr. and Albert Ghiorso  in 1950. The element was named in honor of the state of California and for the Univeristy of California, Berkeley, USA.



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Californium Safety Data. The safety data for californium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Californium compounds have no biological role.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for californium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
1st Ionization Energy 607.86 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy - kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy - kJ mol-1


Conductivity. As to californium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is - µOcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is -. The thermal conductivity of californium is - W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties of Californium. The melting point and boiling point for californium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
Heat of Fusion - kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization - kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization 175 kJ mol-1


Recent Research & Development for Californium
  • Low-Dose-Rate Californium-252 Neutron Intracavitary Afterloading Radiotherapy Combined with Conformal Radiotherapy for Treatment of Cervical Cancer. Zhang M, Xu HD, Pan SD, Lin S, Yue JH, Liu JR. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Dec 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22138462 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Performance of the Argonne National Laboratory electron cyclotron resonance charge breeder. Vondrasek R, Kolomiets A, Levand A, Pardo R, Savard G, Scott R. Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 May;82(5):053301. PMID: 21639494 [PubMed]

  • Californium-252 brachytherapy combined with external-beam radiotherapy for cervical cancer: long-term treatment results. Lei X, Qian CY, Qing Y, Zhao KW, Yang ZZ, Dai N, Zhong ZY, Tang C, Li Z, Gu XQ, Zhou Q, Feng Y, Xiong YL, Shan JL, Wang D. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Dec 1;81(5):1264-70. Epub 2011 Mar 23. PMID: 21435797 [PubMed - in process]

  • Simulating Makrofol as a detector for neutron-induced recoils. Zhang G, Becker F, Urban M, Xuan Y. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2011 Mar;144(1-4):218-21. Epub 2011 Jan 24. PMID: 21266369 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Brazilian gamma-neutron dosemeter: response to 241AmBe and 252Cf neutron sources. Souto EB, Campos LL. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2011 Mar;144(1-4):215-7. Epub 2010 Dec 24. PMID: 21186217 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • [Concurrent radiochemotherapy in the treatment of squamous cell oral and oropharyngeal cancer]. Semin DIu, Medvedev VS, Marbynskii IuS, Gulidov IA, Isaev PA, Radzhanova MU, Derbugov DN, Pol'kin VV. Vopr Onkol. 2010;56(5):544-7. Russian. PMID: 21137232 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • A compact neutron beam generator system designed for prompt gamma nuclear activation analysis. Ghassoun J, Mostacci D. Appl Radiat Isot. 2011 Aug;69(8):1138-42. Epub 2010 Nov 19. PMID: 21129990 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • The race for rutherfordium. Garcia MA. Nat Chem. 2010 Jan;2(1):66. No abstract available. PMID: 21124383 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • [Clinical analysis of combination of (252)Cf neutron intracavitary brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy for 110 cervical cancer patients]. Bu J, Li R, Song W, Cao JX, Wang YX. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2010 Aug;32(8):619-21. Chinese. PMID: 21122417 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Populations of selected microbial and fungal species growing on the surface of rape seeds following treatment with desiccants or plant growth regulators. Frac M, Jezierska-Tys S, Tys J. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2010;73(17-18):1230-5. PMID: 20706948 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Evaluation of H*(10) using the developed spherical type neutron dose monitor. Bhuiya SH, Yamanishi H, Uda T. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010 Oct;141(3):217-21. Epub 2010 Jun 23. PMID: 20573684 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Moderated 252Cf spectrum presented by Cummings. Schwahn SO. Health Phys. 2010 Jul;99(1):88; author reply 88. No abstract available. PMID: 20539128 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Solving the hydration structure of the heaviest actinide aqua ion known: the californium(III) case. Galbis E, Hernández-Cobos J, den Auwer C, Le Naour C, Guillaumont D, Simoni E, Pappalardo RR, Sánchez Marcos E. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2010 May 17;49(22):3811-5. No abstract available. PMID: 20401881 [PubMed]

  • Results with the electron cyclotron resonance charge breeder for the 252Cf fission source project (Californium Rare Ion Breeder Upgrade) at Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System. Vondrasek R, Kondrashev S, Pardo R, Scott R, Zinkann GP. Rev Sci Instrum. 2010 Feb;81(2):02A907. PMID: 20192405 [PubMed]

  • On replacing Am-Be neutron sources in compensated porosity logging tools. Peeples CR, Mickael M, Gardner RP. Appl Radiat Isot. 2010 Apr-May;68(4-5):926-31. Epub 2009 Dec 11. PMID: 20047837 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • On the effect of an error in a standard D2O-moderated 252Cf energy spectrum. Cummings FM. Health Phys. 2009 Dec;97(6):628-9. PMID: 19901598 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Detailed dose distribution prediction of Cf-252 brachytherapy source with boron loading dose enhancement. Ghassoun J, Mostacci D, Molinari V, Jehouani A. Appl Radiat Isot. 2010 Feb;68(2):265-70. Epub 2009 Oct 14. PMID: 19889549 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • [The expression of APE1 and its correlation with prognostic significance after 252Cf radiotherapy in cervical cancer]. Qing Y, Wang D, Lei X, Xiang DB, Li MX, Li ZP, Shan JL. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2009 Jan;40(1):125-8. Chinese. PMID: 19292061 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Radioisotopic neutron transmission spectrometry: Quantitative analysis by using partial least-squares method. Kim JY, Choi YS, Park YJ, Jung SH. Appl Radiat Isot. 2009 Jul-Aug;67(7-8):1466-70. Epub 2009 Feb 20. PMID: 19285419 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Shortened lifetime for reference radiations? McDonald JC. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2008;131(2):157-8. No abstract available. PMID: 19010938 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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    Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point Boiling Point Vanderwaals radius Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
    Cf 98 (251) g.mol -1 - - g/L 900  °C - °C .200 nm - pm 607.86 kJ.mol-1

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