Californium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Californium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Californium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Rn] 5f10 7s2. In its elemental form californium's CAS number is 7440-71-3. The californium atom has a radius of 186.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Californium is radioactive and therefore harmful.
Californium is used as a neutron emitter which provides nuclear reactors with neutrons for start-up.
Californium is produced from particle accelerators and nuclear reactors. Californium was discovered by Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street Jr. and Albert Ghiorso in 1950. The element was named in honor of the state of California and for the Univeristy of California, Berkeley, USA.
Californium |
Californium |
 Californio |
 califórnio |
 Californium |
Californium |
Californium Safety Data. The safety data for californium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Californium compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for californium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
607.86 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
- kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
- kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to californium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is - µOcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is -. The thermal conductivity of californium is - W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties of Californium. The melting point and boiling point for californium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
- kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
- kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
175 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Californium
Charge breeding results and future prospects with electron cyclotron resonance ion source and electron beam ion source (invited).
Vondrasek R, Levand A, Pardo R, Savard G, Scott R.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2012 Feb;83(2):02A913.
PMID:
22380254
[PubMed]
Development of electron beam ion source charge breeder for rare isotopes at Californium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade.
Kondrashev S, Dickerson C, Levand A, Ostroumov PN, Pardo RC, Savard G, Vondrasek R, Alessi J, Beebe E, Pikin A, Kuznetsov GI, Batazova MA.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2012 Feb;83(2):02A902.
PMID:
22380243
[PubMed]
Design of the injection beamline for the Californium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade electron beam ion source charge breeder.
Dickerson CA, Mustapha B, Kondrashev S, Ostroumov PN, Savard G, Levand A, Pikin A.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2012 Feb;83(2):02A502.
PMID:
22380198
[PubMed]
On the use of a (252Cf-3He) assembly for landmine detection by the neutron back-scattering method.
Elsheikh N, Viesti G, ElAgib I, Habbani F.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2012 Apr;70(4):643-9. Epub 2012 Jan 18.
PMID:
22285060
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Low-dose-rate californium-252 neutron intracavitary afterloading radiotherapy combined with conformal radiotherapy for treatment of cervical cancer.
Zhang M, Xu HD, Pan SD, Lin S, Yue JH, Liu JR.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Jul 1;83(3):966-71. Epub 2011 Dec 3.
PMID:
22138462
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Brain tumour and infiltrations dosimetry of boron neutron capture therapy combined with 252Cf brachytherapy.
Brandão SF, Campos TP.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2012 Apr;149(3):289-96. Epub 2011 Jun 24.
PMID:
21705767
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Performance of the Argonne National Laboratory electron cyclotron resonance charge breeder.
Vondrasek R, Kolomiets A, Levand A, Pardo R, Savard G, Scott R.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 May;82(5):053301.
PMID:
21639494
[PubMed]
Californium-252 brachytherapy combined with external-beam radiotherapy for cervical cancer: long-term treatment results.
Lei X, Qian CY, Qing Y, Zhao KW, Yang ZZ, Dai N, Zhong ZY, Tang C, Li Z, Gu XQ, Zhou Q, Feng Y, Xiong YL, Shan JL, Wang D.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Dec 1;81(5):1264-70. Epub 2011 Mar 23.
PMID:
21435797
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Simulating Makrofol as a detector for neutron-induced recoils.
Zhang G, Becker F, Urban M, Xuan Y.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2011 Mar;144(1-4):218-21. Epub 2011 Jan 24.
PMID:
21266369
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Brazilian gamma-neutron dosemeter: response to 241AmBe and 252Cf neutron sources.
Souto EB, Campos LL.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2011 Mar;144(1-4):215-7. Epub 2010 Dec 24.
PMID:
21186217
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[Concurrent radiochemotherapy in the treatment of squamous cell oral and oropharyngeal cancer].
Semin DIu, Medvedev VS, Marbynskii IuS, Gulidov IA, Isaev PA, Radzhanova MU, Derbugov DN, Pol'kin VV.
Vopr Onkol. 2010;56(5):544-7. Russian.
PMID:
21137232
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
A compact neutron beam generator system designed for prompt gamma nuclear activation analysis.
Ghassoun J, Mostacci D.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2011 Aug;69(8):1138-42. Epub 2010 Nov 19.
PMID:
21129990
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
The race for rutherfordium.
Garcia MA.
Nat Chem. 2010 Jan;2(1):66. No abstract available.
PMID:
21124383
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[Clinical analysis of combination of (252)Cf neutron intracavitary brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy for 110 cervical cancer patients].
Bu J, Li R, Song W, Cao JX, Wang YX.
Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2010 Aug;32(8):619-21. Chinese.
PMID:
21122417
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Populations of selected microbial and fungal species growing on the surface of rape seeds following treatment with desiccants or plant growth regulators.
Frac M, Jezierska-Tys S, Tys J.
J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2010;73(17-18):1230-5.
PMID:
20706948
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Evaluation of H*(10) using the developed spherical type neutron dose monitor.
Bhuiya SH, Yamanishi H, Uda T.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010 Oct;141(3):217-21. Epub 2010 Jun 23.
PMID:
20573684
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Moderated 252Cf spectrum presented by Cummings.
Schwahn SO.
Health Phys. 2010 Jul;99(1):88; author reply 88. No abstract available.
PMID:
20539128
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Solving the hydration structure of the heaviest actinide aqua ion known: the californium(III) case.
Galbis E, Hernández-Cobos J, den Auwer C, Le Naour C, Guillaumont D, Simoni E, Pappalardo RR, Sánchez Marcos E.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2010 May 17;49(22):3811-5. No abstract available.
PMID:
20401881
[PubMed]
Results with the electron cyclotron resonance charge breeder for the 252Cf fission source project (Californium Rare Ion Breeder Upgrade) at Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System.
Vondrasek R, Kondrashev S, Pardo R, Scott R, Zinkann GP.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2010 Feb;81(2):02A907.
PMID:
20192405
[PubMed]
On replacing Am-Be neutron sources in compensated porosity logging tools.
Peeples CR, Mickael M, Gardner RP.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2010 Apr-May;68(4-5):926-31. Epub 2009 Dec 11.
PMID:
20047837
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
