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Holmium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Holmium has the highest magnetic moment (10.6µB) of any naturally occurring element. Because of this it has been used to create the highest known magnetic fields by placing it within high strength magnets as a pole piece or magnetic flux concentrator. This magnetic property also has value in yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) lasers for microwave equipment. Holmium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Holmium lases at a human eye safe 2.08 microns allowing its use in a variety of medical and dental applications in both yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) and yttrium-lanthanum-fluoride (YLF) solid state lasers. The wavelength allows for use in silica fibers designed for shorter wavelengths while still providing the cutting strength of longer wave length equipment.

Holmium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Holmium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Holmium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The electronic configuration is [Xe]4f116s2. In its elemental form holmium's CAS number is 7440-60-0. The holmium atom has a radius of 174.3.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Holmium has the highest magnetic moment (10.6µB) of any naturally occurring element. Because of this it has been used to create the highest known magnetic fields by placing it within high strength magnets as a pole piece or magnetic flux concentrator. This magnetic property also has value in yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) lasers for microwave equipment.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Holmium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Holmium was first discovered by J.L. Soret in 1878.

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Holmium Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of Holmium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Ho-165
164.930
100

Holmium Safety Data. The safety data for Holmium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for Holmium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
580.99 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1138.54 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
2203.74 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to Holmium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 87 µOcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.23. The thermal conductivity of Holmium is 16.2 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties of Holmium. The melting point and boiling point for Holmium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
17.2 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
303 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
302.63 kJ mol-1



 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Ho 67 164.9 g.mol -1 1.2 8.8 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 1474 °C 2695 °C unknown unknown 580 kJ.mol-1

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Recent Research & Development for Holmium

  • Percutaneous endoscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for management of complicated biliary calculi. Healy K, Chamsuddin A, Spivey J, Martin L, Nieh P, Ogan K. JSLS. 2009 Apr-Jun;13(2):184-9. PMID: 19660213 [PubMed - in process]

  • Words of wisdom. Re: Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: results at 6 years. Krambeck AE, Lingeman JE. Eur Urol. 2009 Mar;55(3):749. No abstract available. PMID: 19650210 [PubMed - in process]

  • High-power and highly efficient diode-cladding-pumped holmium-doped fluoride fiber laser operating at 2.94 mum. Jackson SD. Opt Lett. 2009 Aug 1;34(15):2327-9. PMID: 19649086 [PubMed - in process]

  • [Effect of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy on residual stones after different methods of surgery.] Zhang L, Peng F, Yang L, Zhao X, Yang J, Zhang X. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2009 Jul;34(7):634-7. Chinese. PMID: 19648676 [PubMed - in process]

  • Percutaneous nephrostolithotomy versus flexible ureteroscopy/holmium laser lithotripsy: cost and outcome analysis. Hyams ES, Shah O. J Urol. 2009 Sep;182(3):1012-7. Epub 2009 Jul 18. PMID: 19616804 [PubMed - in process]

  • The relationship between the reproducibility of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate and prostate size over the learning curve. Haraguchi T, Takenaka A, Yamazaki T, Nakano Y, Miyake H, Tanaka K, Kuwayama M, Takechi Y, Fujisawa M. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2009 Jul 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19581921 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • [Administration of radioactive holmium-166 microsphere in domestic animals with inoperable tumors] Van de Bovenkamp CG, Meij BP, Stassen QE, Nijsen JF, Kirpensteijn J. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 2009 Jun 15;134(12):532-3. Dutch. No abstract available. PMID: 19579383 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Safety of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate in anticoagulated patients. Tyson MD, Lerner LB. J Endourol. 2009 Aug;23(8):1343-6. PMID: 19575692 [PubMed - in process]

  • Holmium:YAG Laser Lithotripsy for Urolithiasis in Horses. Grant DC, Westropp JL, Shiraki R, Ruby AL. J Vet Intern Med. 2009 Jul 1. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19572912 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Comparison of TURP, TUVRP, and HoLEP. Gupta NP, Anand A. Curr Urol Rep. 2009 Jul;10(4):276-8. PMID: 19570488 [PubMed - in process]

  • Management of chronic unilateral hematuria by ureterorenoscopy. Brito AH, Mazzucchi E, Vicentini FC, Danilovic A, Chedid Neto EA, Srougi M. J Endourol. 2009 Aug;23(8):1273-6. PMID: 19566410 [PubMed - in process]

  • [Treatment of ureteral obstruction by holmium: YAG laser endoureterotomy: a report of 18 cases] Fu YM, Ni SB, Chen QY, Zhao ZS, Ren MH, Ma L, Jiao ZX. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2009 Feb 10;89(5):335-7. Chinese. PMID: 19563713 [PubMed - in process]

  • The use of holmium laser technology for the treatment of refractory common bile duct stones, with a short review of the relevant literature. Day A, Sayegh ME, Kastner C, Liston T. Surg Innov. 2009 Jun;16(2):169-72. PMID: 19546123 [PubMed - in process]

  • Microsphere radioembolization of liver malignancies: current developments. Bult W, Vente MA, Zonnenberg BA, Van Het Schip AD, Nijsen JF. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009 Sep;53(3):325-35. PMID: 19521312 [PubMed - in process]

  • Percutaneous treatment of staghorn stones: a retrospective case-control study with evaluation of single vs multiple access to the kidney. Barnaba D, Grossi FS, Raguso M, Larocca L, Sallustio G, Di Lena S, Raguso G. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2009 Mar;81(1):40-2. PMID: 19499757 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • An Unusual Complication of a Hem-o-Lok Clip((R)) Following Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy. Tunnard GJ, Biyani CS. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2009 Jun 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19489676 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Lasers in percutaneous renal procedures. Cinman NM, Andonian S, Smith AD. World J Urol. 2009 Jun 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19488759 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Use of Kuntz laser carrier and Sachse urethrotome sheath in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a point of technique. Bapat S, Yadav P, Padhye A, Bhave A, Mahajan P. J Endourol. 2009 Jun;23(6):917-20. PMID: 19473065 [PubMed - in process]

  • [Comparison of holmium and thulium laser in transurethral enucleation of the prostate] Shao Q, Zhang FB, Shang DH, Tian Y. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2009 Apr;15(4):346-9. Chinese. PMID: 19472910 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Combined electrohydraulic and holmium: YAG laser ureteroscopic nephrolithotripsy of large (>2 cm) renal calculi. Mariani AJ. Indian J Urol. 2008 Oct;24(4):521-5. PMID: 19468511 [PubMed - in process] Related Articles Free article in PMC | at journal site

 

 

 

 

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