Iodine information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Iodine compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other halogens, which displace it from iodides. Iodine exhibits some metallic-like properties. It dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form purple solutions. It is only slightly soluble in water. Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Iodides, and thyroxine which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. Iodine is found mainly as the highly water-soluble iodide I-.The deep blue colorwith starch solution is characteristic of the free element. Iodine is available in compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity).
Iodine is a Block P, Group 17, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Iodine's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 7 and its  electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5. In its elemental form iodine's CAS number is 7553-56-2. The iodine atom has a radius of 133.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 198.pm. Iodine in large amounts is poisonous but in small doses is only slightly toxic.
 L'iode |
 Jod |
 Iodio |
 Iodo |
 Yodo |
 Jod |
Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of iodine and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| I-120 |
119.91005 |
- |
| I-121 |
120.90737 |
- |
| I-122 |
121.90760 |
- |
| I-123 |
122.905605 |
- |
The following table shows the abundance of Iodine present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
200 ppb |
1 ppb |
| by Atom |
10 atoms relative to C = 1000000 |
0.01 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for Iodine metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Iodine compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for iodine(the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
1008.4 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1845.8 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
3184 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to iodine's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is1.3×107Ω·m and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.66. The thermal conductivity of radium is 0.45W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for iodine are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
15.52 kJ mol-1 of I2 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
41.57 kJ mol-1 of I2 |
| Heat of Atomization |
107 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Iodine
The role of striatal dopamine D2 receptors in the occurrence of extrapyramidal side effects: Iodine-123-iodobenzamide single photon emission computed tomography study.
Corripio I, Ferreira A, Portella MJ, Pérez V, Escartí MJ, Del Valle Camacho M, Sauras RB, Alonso A, Grasa EM, Carrió I, Catafau AM, Alvarez E.
Psychiatry Res. 2012 Jan 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281201
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Adjuvant therapy options following curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review of randomized trials.
Zhong JH, Li H, Li LQ, You XM, Zhang Y, Zhao YN, Liu JY, Xiang BD, Wu GB.
Eur J Surg Oncol. 2012 Jan 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281155
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Mercury and thyroid autoantibodies in U.S. women, NHANES 2007-2008.
Gallagher CM, Meliker JR.
Environ Int. 2012 Apr;40:39-43. Epub 2011 Dec 27.
PMID:
22280926
[PubMed - in process]
Dietary Iodine and Thyroid Cancer Risk in French Polynesia: A Case-Control Study.
Cléro E, Doyon F, Chungue V, Rachédi F, Boissin JL, Sebbag J, Shan L, Bost-Bezeaud F, Petitdidier P, Dewailly E, Rubino C, de Vathaire F.
Thyroid. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22280227
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Highly Enantioselective Copper-Catalyzed Alkylation of ß-Ketoesters and Subsequent Cyclization to Spirolactones/ bi-Spirolactones.
Deng QH, Wadepohl H, Gade LH.
J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22280225
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Mediastinal goiter diagnosed by functional imaging.
Michels G, Dietlein M, Kobe C, Pfister R.
Libyan J Med. 2012;7. doi: 10.3402/ljm.v7i0.15693. Epub 2012 Jan 19.
PMID:
22279494
[PubMed - in process]
An Approach to the Regioselective Diamination of Conjugated Di- and Trienes.
Lishchynskyi A, Muñiz K.
Chemistry. 2012 Jan 25. doi: 10.1002/chem.201103435. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22279008
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Highly Stereoselective Metal-Free Oxyaminations Using Chiral Hypervalent Iodine Reagents.
Farid U, Wirth T.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012 Jan 25. doi: 10.1002/anie.201107703. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22278888
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Scintigraphic Detection of Benign Ovarian Teratoma after Total Thyroidectomy and Radioactive Iodine for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.
van Wijk JP, Broekhuizen-de Gast HS, Smits AJ, Schipper ME, Zelissen PM.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jan 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22278431
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
An Operational Study on Implementation of Mobile Primary Healthcare Services for Seasonal Migratory Farmworkers, Turkey.
Simsek Z, Koruk I, Doni NY.
Matern Child Health J. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22278354
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
BMI, Diet and Female Reproductive Factors as Risks for Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review.
Peterson E, De P, Nuttall R.
PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29177. Epub 2012 Jan 19.
PMID:
22276106
[PubMed - in process]
Report on a cryotherapy service for women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in a district hospital in western Kenya.
Lewis K, Sellors J, Dawa A, Tsu V, Kidula N.
Afr Health Sci. 2011 Sep;11(3):370-6.
PMID:
22275926
[PubMed - in process]
A comparison of triage methods for Kenyan women who screen positive for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid.
Lewis K, Tsu V, Dawa A, Kidula N, Chami I, Sellors J.
Afr Health Sci. 2011 Sep;11(3):362-9.
PMID:
22275925
[PubMed - in process]
Coupled simulation of chemical lasers based on intracavity partially coherent light model and 3D CFD model.
Wu K, Huai Y, Jia S, Jin Y.
Opt Express. 2011 Dec 19;19(27):26295-307. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.026295.
PMID:
22274214
[PubMed - in process]
Surgical Treatment for Thyrotoxic Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis: Case Report.
Lin YC, Wu CW, Chen HC, Chen HY, Lu IC, Tsai CJ, Kuo WR, Chiang FY.
World J Surg Oncol. 2012 Jan 24;10(1):21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22273473
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hofmann-Type Rearrangement of Imides by in Situ Generation of Imide-Hypervalent Iodines(III) from Iodoarenes.
Moriyama K, Ishida K, Togo H.
Org Lett. 2012 Jan 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22273472
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Recent advances on radionuclide labeled hypoxia-imaging agents.
Li Z, Chu T.
Curr Pharm Des. 2012 Jan 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22272826
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Predictive modelling of interventions to improve iodine intake in New Zealand.
Schiess S, Cressey PJ, Thomson BM.
Public Health Nutr. 2012 Jan 25:1-9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22272731
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Goiter prevalence and urinary iodine levels.
Ozsoylu S.
Turk J Pediatr. 2011 Sep-Oct;53(5):595. No abstract available.
PMID:
22272468
[PubMed - in process]
Collaboration to optimize dietary intakes of salt and iodine: a critical but overlooked public health issue.
Campbell N, Dary O, Cappuccio FP, Neufeld LM, Harding KB, Zimmermann MB.
Bull World Health Organ. 2012 Jan 1;90(1):73-4. No abstract available.
PMID:
22271970
[PubMed - in process]
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