Krypton information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Krypton is a Block P, Group 18, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Krypton's shells is 2, 8, 18, 8 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6. In its elemental form krypton's CAS number is 7439-90-9. The krypton atom has a radius of 88.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 202.pm. Krypton is not toxic.
Krypton has a concentration about 1 ppm in the atmosphere and can be extracted from liquid air. Krypton was discovered by Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers in 1898.
The origin of the name Krypton comes from the Greek word kryptos meaning "hidden".
 Krypton |
Krypton |
 cripto |
 Krípton |
 kriptón |
Krypton |
Krypton Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of krypton and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Kr-78 |
77.920386 |
0.35 |
| Kr-80 |
79.916378 |
2.25 |
| Kr-82 |
81.913485 |
11.6 |
| Kr-83 |
82.914136 |
11.5 |
| Kr-84 |
83.911507 |
57.0 |
| Kr-86 |
85.910610 |
17.3 |
The following table shows the abundance of Krypton present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
no data |
40 ppb |
| by Atom |
no data |
0.06 ppb |
Krypton Safety Data. The safety data for krypton metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Krypton compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for krypton (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
1350.77 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
2350.39 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
3565.16 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to krypton's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 şC is - ľOcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is -. The thermal conductivity of krypton is 0.0095 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties of Krypton. The melting point and boiling point for krypton are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
1.64 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
9.05 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
0 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Krypton
Investigation of the ionization mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using an ethanol/bromobenzene/chlorobenzene/anisole mixture as a dopant in liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry.
Amad M, Sioud S.
Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2012 Nov 15;26(21):2517-25. doi: 10.1002/rcm.6373.
PMID:
23008069
[PubMed - in process]
Low yield of near-zero-momentum electrons and partial atomic stabilization in strong-field tunneling ionization.
Liu H, Liu Y, Fu L, Xin G, Ye D, Liu J, He XT, Yang Y, Liu X, Deng Y, Wu C, Gong Q.
Phys Rev Lett. 2012 Aug 31;109(9):093001. Epub 2012 Aug 27.
PMID:
23002830
[PubMed - in process]
Programmable color tuning of a multiline laser by means of a twisted nematic liquid crystal display.
Martínez JL, Sánchez-López Mdel M, García-Martínez P, Moreno I, Campos J.
Appl Opt. 2012 Sep 10;51(26):6368-75.
PMID:
22968276
[PubMed - in process]
Update and improvement of the global krypton-85 emission inventory.
Ahlswede J, Hebel S, Ross JO, Schoetter R, Kalinowski MB.
J Environ Radioact. 2012 Aug 1;115C:34-42. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22858641
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Four-body interaction energy for compressed solid krypton from quantum theory.
Tian C, Wu N, Liu F, Saxena SK, Zheng X.
J Chem Phys. 2012 Jul 28;137(4):044108.
PMID:
22852598
[PubMed - in process]
On the accuracy of explicitly correlated coupled-cluster interaction energies--have orbital results been beaten yet?
Patkowski K.
J Chem Phys. 2012 Jul 21;137(3):034103.
PMID:
22830679
[PubMed - in process]
Semiclassical Hybrid Approach to Condensed Phase Molecular Dynamics: Application to the I(2)Kr(17) Cluster.
Buchholz M, Goletz CM, Grossmann F, Schmidt B, Heyda J, Jungwirth P.
J Phys Chem A. 2012 Aug 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22823338
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metal-organic frameworks for removal of Xe and Kr from nuclear fuel reprocessing plants.
Liu J, Thallapally PK, Strachan D.
Langmuir. 2012 Aug 7;28(31):11584-9. Epub 2012 Jul 26.
PMID:
22799439
[PubMed - in process]
Excitation and emission spectra of rubidium in rare-gas thin-films.
Gerhardt I, Sin K, Momose T.
J Chem Phys. 2012 Jul 7;137(1):014507.
PMID:
22779665
[PubMed - in process]
Structures of small mixed krypton-xenon clusters.
Nagasaka M, Kosugi N, Rühl E.
J Chem Phys. 2012 Jun 21;136(23):234312.
PMID:
22779598
[PubMed - in process]
Red Laser Cyclophotocoagulation in the Treatment of Secondary Glaucoma in Eyes With Uveal Melanoma.
Piirtola A, Puska P, Kivelä T.
J Glaucoma. 2012 Jun 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22706337
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Study of krypton laser-induced choroidal neovascularization in a Guinea pig model of high anisometropia.
Wang JH, Jiang W, Kang ZF, Liang LN, Liu XM, Tian NN, Zhang Q.
Yan Ke Xue Bao. 2012 Jun;27(2):76-81.
PMID:
22678869
[PubMed - in process]
Switching Kr/Xe selectivity with temperature in a metal-organic framework.
Fernandez CA, Liu J, Thallapally PK, Strachan DM.
J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Jun 6;134(22):9046-9. Epub 2012 May 24.
PMID:
22591325
[PubMed - in process]
Electronic spectroscopy of I(2)-Xe complexes in solid Krypton.
Hulkko E, Ahokas J, Lindgren J, Myllyperkiö P, Pettersson M.
J Chem Phys. 2012 May 7;136(17):174501.
PMID:
22583243
[PubMed]
Sir William Ramsay and the noble gases.
Davies AG.
Sci Prog. 2012;95(Pt 1):23-49. Review.
PMID:
22574384
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[Influence of changed gas media on acoustic parameters of human forced exhalation].
D'iachenko AI, Korenbaum VI, Shulagin IuA, Osipova AA, Mikhailovskaia AN, Popova IuA, Kir'ianova EV, Kostiv AE, Mokerova ES, Shin SN, Pochekutova IA.
Fiziol Cheloveka. 2012 Jan-Feb;38(1):92-8. Russian.
PMID:
22567842
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Krypton separation from ambient air for application in collinear fast beam laser spectroscopy.
Mohamed T, Strohaber J, Nava R, Kolomenskii A, Thonnard N, Schuessler HA.
J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2012 Jul;23(7):1260-5. Epub 2012 May 2.
PMID:
22549732
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Real-time observation of interference between atomic one-electron and two-electron excitations.
Geiseler H, Rottke H, Zhavoronkov N, Sandner W.
Phys Rev Lett. 2012 Mar 23;108(12):123601. Epub 2012 Mar 20.
PMID:
22540579
[PubMed]
Phase behavior of mixed submonolayer films of krypton and xenon on graphite.
Patrykiejew A, Sokolowski S.
J Chem Phys. 2012 Apr 14;136(14):144702.
PMID:
22502538
[PubMed]
Solute-solvent interactions in cryosolutions: a study of halothane-ammonia complexes.
Michielsen B, Dom JJ, van der Veken BJ, Hesse S, Suhm MA, Herrebout WA.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 May 14;14(18):6469-78. Epub 2012 Mar 29.
PMID:
22460044
[PubMed] |
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