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Lead
Lead information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Lead is a bluish-white metal of bright luster, naturally occurring as a mixture of four stable isotopes: 204Pb (1.48%), 206Pb (23.6%), 207Pb (22.6%), and 208Pb (52.3%). It is highly resistant to corrosion and can be used to contain corrosive liquids such as sulfuric acid. Great quantities of Lead, both as the dioxide and the metal, are used in batteries, cable covering, plumbing, and ammunition. Alloys include solder, type metal, and various antifriction metals and compounds. Lead is extremely effective at absorbing sound and vibration. It is also used as radiation shielding for X-ray equipment and nuclear reactors. Oxides of Lead are used in producing fine "crystal glass" and "flint glass" of a high index of refraction for achromatic lenses. Lead ceramics and crystalline material have a wide range of industrial and optical applications, including infrared detection and imaging. Lead Antimonide, Lead Selenide, and Lead Telluride are available in several crystalline forms, including sputtering targets used for thin film deposition. White lead, the basic carbonate, sublimed white lead, chrome yellow, and other lead compounds are used in paints, although the use of lead in paints has been drastically curtailed in recent years to reduce health hazards. Lead is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity).  Lead is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys).

Lead facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Lead is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Lead is a Block P, Group 14, Period 6 element. The electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2. In its elemental form lead's CAS number is 7439-92-1. The lead atom has a radius of 175.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 202.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Lead compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Lead was first discovered by Early Man.

French Plomb German Blei Italian Piombo Portuguese Chumbo Spanish Plomo Swedish Bly

Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of lead and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Pb-204
203.973029
1.4
Pb-206
205.974449
24.1
Pb-207
206.975881
22.1
Pb-208
207.976636
52.4

Safety Data. The safety data for lead metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for lead (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
715.60 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1450.40 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
3081.50 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to lead's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 20.648 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.8. The thermal conductivity of lead is 35.3 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for lead are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
5.121 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
177.8 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
195.74 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Pb 82 207.2 g.mol -1 1.8 11.4 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 327 °C 1755 °C 202.pm 0.112 nm (+2) ; 0.070 (+4) 715.60 kJ.mol-1

PRODUCT CATALOG U.S. Operations Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Foil
 
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Recent Research & Development for Lead

  • Removal of copper, lead, and zinc from contaminated water by saltbush biomass: Analysis of the optimum binding, stripping, and binding mechanism. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jul;99(10):4438-44. Epub 2007 Oct 10.

  • Neuromagnetic activity during recognition of emotional pictures. Brain Topogr. 2008 Summer;20(4):192-204. Epub 2008 Mar 12.

  • Seroprevalence of Trichinella, Toxoplasma, and Salmonella in antimicrobial-free and conventional swine production systems. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2008 Summer;5(2):199-203.

  • Exposure to metalworking fluids and respiratory and dermatological complaints in a secondary aluminium plant. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2008 Jul;81(7):845-53. Epub 2007 Nov 13.

  • Cell models of prion infection. Vet Res. 2008 Jul-Aug;39(4):10. Epub 2007 Nov 27.

  • SPARC-induced increase in glioma matrix and decrease in vascularity are associated with reduced VEGF expression and secretion. Int J Cancer. 2008 Jun 15;122(12):2735-43.

  • Protective role of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 against oxidative stress in nonmalignant human prostate epithelial cells. Int J Cancer. 2008 Jun 15;122(12):2699-706.

  • Nucleus paragigantocellularis afferents in male and female rats: organization, gonadal steroid receptor expression, and activation during sexual behavior. J Comp Neurol. 2008 Jun 10;508(5):771-94.

  • R75761, a lead compound for the development of antiviral drugs in late stage poliomyelitis eradication strategies and beyond. Antiviral Res. 2008 Jun;78(3):278-81. Epub 2008 Feb 4.

  • Leiomyosarcoma of the hypopharynx: A case report. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2008 Jun;35(2):304-7. Epub 2008 Feb 6.

  • Silent sinus syndrome due to a maxillary mucocele. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2008 Jun;35(2):285-7. Epub 2007 Nov 19.

  • Favourable influence of hydrophobic surfaces on protein structure in porous organically-modified silica glasses. Biomaterials. 2008 Jun;29(18):2710-8. Epub 2008 Mar 24.

  • Substrate architecture and fluid-induced shear stress during chondrocyte seeding: Role of alpha5beta1 integrin. Biomaterials. 2008 Jun;29(16):2477-89. Epub 2008 Mar 7.

  • Experimental investigation and computational modeling of hydrodynamics in bifurcating microchannels. Biomed Microdevices. 2008 Jun;10(3):355-65.

  • Thermodynamics and mechanism of cutinase stabilization by trehalose. Biopolymers. 2008 Jun;89(6):538-47.

  • Prediction of radiotherapy response in cervix cancer by Raman spectroscopy: A pilot study. Biopolymers. 2008 Jun;89(6):530-7.

  • Influencing effect of intra-granule mass transfer in expanded granular sludge-bed reactors treating an inhibitory substrate. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jun;99(9):3403-10. Epub 2007 Sep 18.

  • Equilibrium isotherm studies for the uptake of cadmium and lead ions onto sugar beet pulp. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jun;99(9):3520-7. Epub 2007 Sep 12.

  • Preparation and characterization of polyurethane foams using a palm oil-based polyol. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jun;99(9):3810-6. Epub 2007 Aug 14.

  • Neuronal Processes Involved in Subjective Feeling Emergence: Oscillatory Activity During an Emotional Monitoring Task. Brain Topogr. 2008 Jun;20(4):224-231. Epub 2008 Mar 14.

 

 

 

 

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