Rubidium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Rubidium has various applications in medicine and in photoelectronics. Rubidium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is used in photo and detection cells production. Rubidium glass compositions have the highest room temperature conductivity. It has been used as a "getter" in vacuum tubes.
Rubidium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
 Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Rubidium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Rubidium is a Block S, Group 1, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Rubidium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 5s1. In its elemental form rubidium 's CAS number is 7440-17-7. The rubidium atom has a radius of 247.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. 200.pm. Rubidium is not toxic.
All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Rubidium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Rubidium was first discovered by Robert Wilhem Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in 1861. The name Rubidium, originates from the Latin word 'Rubidius' which means dark or deepest red.
 rubidium |
 Rubidium |
 rubidio |
 Rubídio |
 rubidio |
 Rubidium
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Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of rubidium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Rb-85 |
84.911789 |
72.17 |
| Rb-87 |
86.909183 |
27.84 |
The following table shows the abundance of Rubidium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
4600 ppb |
10 ppb |
| by Atom |
340 ppb |
0.1 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for rubidium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Rubidium compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for rubidium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
403.03 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
2632.62 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
3859.44 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to rubidium 's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 12.5 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 0.82. The thermal conductivity of rubidium is 52.8 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for rubidium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
2.2 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
75.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
82.17 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for RubidiumQuantitative relationship between the extent and morphology of coronary atherosclerotic plaque and downstream myocardial perfusion.
Naya M, Murthy VL, Blankstein R, Sitek A, Hainer J, Foster C, Gaber M, Fantony JM, Dorbala S, Di Carli MF.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Oct 18;58(17):1807-16.
PMID:
21996395
[PubMed - in process]
The fate of minor alkali elements in the chemical evolution of salt lakes.
Witherow RA, Lyons WB.
Saline Systems. 2011 Oct 12;7(1):2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21992434
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A high-pressure single-crystal synchrotron diffraction study of NH(4)RbTe(4)O(9)·2H(2)O: stability of three different TeO(x) coordination polyhedra.
Friese K, Halasyamani PS, Tolkiehn M, Grzechnik A.
Acta Crystallogr C. 2011 Oct;67(Pt 10):i45-i49. Epub 2011 Sep 2.
PMID:
21979964
[PubMed - in process]
Noise reduction in spectral CT: Reducing dose and breaking the trade-off between image noise and energy bin selection.
Leng S, Yu L, Wang J, Fletcher JG, Mistretta CA, McCollough CH.
Med Phys. 2011 Sep;38(9):4946.
PMID:
21978039
[PubMed - in process]
All-optical switching in an N-type foul-level atom-cavity system.
Sheng J, Yang X, Khadka U, Xiao M.
Opt Express. 2011 Aug 29;19(18):17059-64. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.017059.
PMID:
21935066
[PubMed - in process]
Excitation of Rydberg states in rubidium with near infrared diode lasers.
Fahey DP, Noel MW.
Opt Express. 2011 Aug 29;19(18):17002-12. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.017002.
PMID:
21935060
[PubMed - in process]
Photon statistics and polarization correlations at telecommunications wavelengths from a warm atomic ensemble.
Willis RT, Becerra FE, Orozco LA, Rolston SL.
Opt Express. 2011 Jul 18;19(15):14632-41. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.014632.
PMID:
21934825
[PubMed - in process]
Urinary rubidium in breast cancers.
Su Y, Chen LJ, He JR, Yuan XJ, Cen YL, Su FX, Tang LY, Zhang AH, Chen WQ, Lin Y, Wang SM, Ren ZF.
Clin Chim Acta. 2011 Nov 20;412(23-24):2305-9. Epub 2011 Sep 2.
PMID:
21910977
[PubMed - in process]
Rydberg excitations in bose-einstein condensates in quasi-one-dimensional potentials and optical lattices.
Viteau M, Bason MG, Radogostowicz J, Malossi N, Ciampini D, Morsch O, Arimondo E.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Aug 5;107(6):060402. Epub 2011 Aug 2.
PMID:
21902300
[PubMed - in process]
Rubidium-82 uptake in metastases from pheochromocytoma on PET myocardial perfusion images.
Gupta A, DiFilippo FP, Brunken RC.
Clin Nucl Med. 2011 Oct;36(10):930-1. No abstract available.
PMID:
21892051
[PubMed - in process]
Methods and evaluation of frequency aging in distributed-feedback laser diodes for rubidium atomic clocks.
Matthey R, Affolderbach C, Mileti G.
Opt Lett. 2011 Sep 1;36(17):3311-3. doi: 10.1364/OL.36.003311.
PMID:
21886194
[PubMed - in process]
Incremental Diagnostic Value of Regional Myocardial Blood Flow Quantification Over Relative Perfusion Imaging With Generator-Produced Rubidium-82 PET.
Yoshinaga K, Katoh C, Manabe O, Klein R, Naya M, Sakakibara M, Yamada S, Dekemp RA, Tsutsui H, Tamaki N.
Circ J. 2011 Aug 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21873801
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Homo- and heteronuclear alkali metal trimers formed on helium nanodroplets. Part I. Vibronic spectra simulations based on ab initio calculations.
Hauser AW, Ernst WE.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Aug 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21869966
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Relationship between chemical structure and biological activity of alkali metal o-, m- and p-anisates. FT-IR and microbiological studies.
Kalinowska M, Piekut J, Lewandowski W.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011 Nov;82(1):432-6. Epub 2011 Jul 28.
PMID:
21852187
[PubMed - in process]
[The evaluation of uncertainty in the results for elements rubidium, strontium, yttrium and zirconium in silicate geological samples by polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry].
Wang YY, Zhan XC, Yuan JH, Fan XT.
Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2011 Jun;31(6):1707-11. Chinese.
PMID:
21847963
[PubMed - in process]
Structure of the alkali-metal-atom + strontium molecular ions: towards photoassociation and formation of cold molecular ions.
Aymar M, Guérout R, Dulieu O.
J Chem Phys. 2011 Aug 14;135(6):064305.
PMID:
21842931
[PubMed - in process]
Poly[(µ(5)-3,5-dinitro-benzoato)rubidium].
Miao Y, Zhang X, Liu C.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Jul 1;67(Pt 7):m1002. Epub 2011 Jun 30.
PMID:
21836829
[PubMed - in process]
A young source for the Hawaiian plume.
Sobolev AV, Hofmann AW, Jochum KP, Kuzmin DV, Stoll B.
Nature. 2011 Aug 10;476(7361):434-7. doi: 10.1038/nature10321.
PMID:
21832996
[PubMed]
Leaving relativity behind: quantitative clinical perfusion imaging.
Bengel FM.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Aug 9;58(7):749-51. No abstract available.
PMID:
21816312
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Impaired myocardial flow reserve on rubidium-82 positron emission tomography imaging predicts adverse outcomes in patients assessed for myocardial ischemia.
Ziadi MC, Dekemp RA, Williams KA, Guo A, Chow BJ, Renaud JM, Ruddy TD, Sarveswaran N, Tee RE, Beanlands RS.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Aug 9;58(7):740-8.
PMID:
21816311
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
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