Rubidium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Rubidium has various applications in medicine and in photoelectronics. Rubidium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is used in photo and detection cells production. Rubidium glass compositions have the highest room temperature conductivity. It has been used as a "getter" in vacuum tubes.
Rubidium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
 Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Rubidium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Rubidium is a Block S, Group 1, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Rubidium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 5s1. In its elemental form rubidium 's CAS number is 7440-17-7. The rubidium atom has a radius of 247.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. 200.pm. Rubidium is not toxic.
All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Rubidium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Rubidium was first discovered by Robert Wilhem Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in 1861. The name Rubidium, originates from the Latin word 'Rubidius' which means dark or deepest red.
 rubidium |
 Rubidium |
 rubidio |
 Rubídio |
 rubidio |
 Rubidium
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Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of rubidium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Rb-85 |
84.911789 |
72.17 |
| Rb-87 |
86.909183 |
27.84 |
The following table shows the abundance of Rubidium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
4600 ppb |
10 ppb |
| by Atom |
340 ppb |
0.1 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for rubidium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Rubidium compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for rubidium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
403.03 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
2632.62 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
3859.44 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to rubidium 's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 12.5 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 0.82. The thermal conductivity of rubidium is 52.8 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for rubidium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
2.2 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
75.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
82.17 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for RubidiumAssessment of a protocol for routine simultaneous myocardial blood flow measurement and standard myocardial perfusion imaging with rubidium-82 on a high count rate positron emission tomography system.
Tout D, Tonge CM, Muthu S, Arumugam P.
Nucl Med Commun. 2012 Jul 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22760302
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The concentrations of major and trace elements in rat kidney: Aging effects and mutual relationships.
Shimamura T, Iijima S, Hirayama M, Iwashita M, Akiyama S, Takaku Y, Yumoto S.
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2012 Jun 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22748942
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Two-photon absorption dispersion spectrometer for 1.53 µm eye-safe Doppler LIDAR.
Vance JD.
Opt Lett. 2012 Jul 1;37(13):2457-9. doi: 10.1364/OL.37.002457.
PMID:
22743420
[PubMed - in process]
Temporal coherent control of superfluorescent pulses.
Ariunbold GO, Sautenkov VA, Scully MO.
Opt Lett. 2012 Jun 15;37(12):2400-2. doi: 10.1364/OL.37.002400.
PMID:
22739921
[PubMed - in process]
Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter with a single transmission peak using a buffer-gas-filled rubidium cell.
Xue X, Tao Z, Sun Q, Hong Y, Zhuang W, Luo B, Chen J, Guo H.
Opt Lett. 2012 Jun 15;37(12):2274-6. doi: 10.1364/OL.37.002274.
PMID:
22739879
[PubMed - in process]
Dispersion forces between ultracold atoms and a carbon nanotube.
Schneeweiss P, Gierling M, Visanescu G, Kern DP, Judd TE, Günther A, Fortágh J.
Nat Nanotechnol. 2012 Jun 17. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2012.93. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22706699
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
An atomic beam source for fast loading of a magneto-optical trap under high vacuum.
McDowall PD, Gru¨nzweig T, Hilliard A, Andersen MF.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2012 May;83(5):055102.
PMID:
22667652
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Temperature dependence of Rb 5P fine-structure transfer induced by He4 collisions.
Gearba MA, Sell JF, Patterson BM, Lloyd R, Plyler J, Knize RJ.
Opt Lett. 2012 May 15;37(10):1637-9. doi: 10.1364/OL.37.001637.
PMID:
22627521
[PubMed - in process]
Quantification of regional myocardial blood flow estimation with three-dimensional dynamic rubidium-82 PET and modified spillover correction model.
Katoh C, Yoshinaga K, Klein R, Kasai K, Tomiyama Y, Manabe O, Naya M, Sakakibara M, Tsutsui H, Dekemp RA, Tamaki N.
J Nucl Cardiol. 2012 Apr 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22527800
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
11 W narrow linewidth laser source at 780 nm for laser cooling and manipulation of Rubidium.
Sané SS, Bennetts S, Debs JE, Kuhn CC, McDonald GD, Altin PA, Close JD, Robins NP.
Opt Express. 2012 Apr 9;20(8):8915-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.20.008915.
PMID:
22513602
[PubMed - in process]
Transient ischemic dilation ratio in 82Rb PET myocardial perfusion imaging: normal values and significance as a diagnostic and prognostic marker.
Rischpler C, Higuchi T, Fukushima K, Javadi MS, Merrill J, Nekolla SG, Bravo PE, Bengel FM.
J Nucl Med. 2012 May;53(5):723-30. Epub 2012 Apr 9.
PMID:
22492731
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Pulsed optically pumped rubidium clock with high frequency-stability performance.
Micalizio S, Godone A, Calosso C, Levi F, Affolderbach C, Gruet F.
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2012 Mar;59(3):457-62.
PMID:
22481779
[PubMed - in process]
Microfabricated chip-scale rubidium plasma light source for miniature atomic clocks.
Venkatraman V, Pétremand Y, Affolderbach C, Mileti G, de Rooij NF, Shea H.
IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2012 Mar;59(3):448-56.
PMID:
22481778
[PubMed - in process]
A steady-state superradiant laser with less than one intracavity photon.
Bohnet JG, Chen Z, Weiner JM, Meiser D, Holland MJ, Thompson JK.
Nature. 2012 Apr 4;484(7392):78-81. doi: 10.1038/nature10920.
PMID:
22481360
[PubMed]
Defining reference values of trace elements in the tear film: diagnostic methods and possible applications.
Semeraro F, Costagliola C, Cancarini A, Gilberti E, Tosco E, Apostoli P.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2012 Jun;80:190-4. Epub 2012 Apr 3.
PMID:
22475390
[PubMed - in process]
Control of the alkali cation alignment in Prussian blue framework.
Matsuda T, Kim J, Moritomo Y.
Dalton Trans. 2012 Jul 7;41(25):7620-3. Epub 2012 Apr 2.
PMID:
22466815
[PubMed - in process]
Magnetic properties and critical behavior of disordered Fe(1-x)Ru(x) alloys: a Monte Carlo approach.
Diaz IJ, Branco NS.
Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2012 Feb;85(2 Pt 1):021142. Epub 2012 Feb 24.
PMID:
22463187
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Inhibition of vascular adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels by sympathetic tone during sepsis.
Chan YL, Orie NN, Dyson A, Taylor V, Stidwill RP, Clapp LH, Singer M.
Crit Care Med. 2012 Apr;40(4):1261-8.
PMID:
22425821
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Four-wave-mixing between the upper excited states in a ladder-type atomic configuration.
Khadka U, Zheng H, Xiao M.
Opt Express. 2012 Mar 12;20(6):6204-14. doi: 10.1364/OE.20.006204.
PMID:
22418503
[PubMed - in process]
Storage and retrieval of ghost images in hot atomic vapor.
Cho YW, Oh JE, Kim YH.
Opt Express. 2012 Feb 27;20(5):5809-16. doi: 10.1364/OE.20.005809.
PMID:
22418387
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
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