Scandium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Scandium is a metal that has many of the characteristics of the rare earth elements, particularly yttrium. It is a light material with a higher melting point than aluminum giving uses in aerospace and power generation systems. Scandium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is a dopant in high power and high intensity lighting glass and added to mercury vapor lamps with a very white light. It has demonstrated applications as a dopant in cerium ceramic electrolytes used for oxygen generation and solid oxide fuel cells.
Scandium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
 Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Scandium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Scandium is a Block D, Group 3, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Scandium's shells is 2, 8, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d1 4s2. In its elemental form scandium's CAS number is 7440-20-2. The scandium atom has a radius of 160.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Scandium is mildly toxic.
All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets  and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Scandium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Scandium was first discovered by Lars Nilson in 1879. The origin of the name, Scandium, comes from the Latin word 'Scandia' meaning Scandinavia.
 Scandium |
 Scandium |
 scandio |
 Escândio |
 escandio |
 Skandium |
Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of scandium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Sc-45 |
44.955910 |
100 |
The following table shows the abundance of Scandium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
no data |
30 ppb |
| by Atom |
no data |
1 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for scandium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Scandium compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for scandium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
633.09 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1234.99 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
2388.67 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to scandium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 61 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.36. The thermal conductivity of scandium is 15.8 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for scandium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
15.9 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
376.1 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
376.02 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for ScandiumScandium-44: Benefits of a Long-Lived PET Radionuclide Available from the 44Ti/44Sc Generator System.
Roesch F.
Curr Radiopharm. 2012 May 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22642388
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Minimally Invasive Periodontal Treatment Using the Er,Cr: YSGG Laser. A 2-year Retrospective Preliminary Clinical Study.
Dyer B, Sung EC.
Open Dent J. 2012;6:74-8. Epub 2012 May 9.
PMID:
22615717
[PubMed - in process]
Free PMC Article
Magnetic stripes and skyrmions with helicity reversals.
Yu X, Mostovoy M, Tokunaga Y, Zhang W, Kimoto K, Matsui Y, Kaneko Y, Nagaosa N, Tokura Y.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 May 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22615354
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Trisodium scandium bis-(orthoborate).
Fang J, Zhang X, Yao J, Zhang G, Wang K.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 May 1;68(Pt 5):i36. Epub 2012 Apr 25.
PMID:
22590055
[PubMed - in process]
Free PMC Article
Reconditioning of ceramic orthodontic brackets with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser.
Ahrari F, Fekrazad R, Kalhori KA, Ramtin M.
Lasers Med Sci. 2012 May 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22585379
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Stereoselective UV Sensing of 1,2-Diaminocyclohexane Isomers Based on Ligand Displacement with a Diacridylnaphthalene N,N'-Dioxide Scandium Complex.
Iwaniuk DP, Yearick-Spangler K, Wolf C.
J Org Chem. 2012 Jun 1;77(11):5203-8. Epub 2012 May 15.
PMID:
22574742
[PubMed - in process]
Sc(0.43(2))Rb(2)Mo(15)S(19), a partially Sc-filled variant of Rb(2)Mo(15)S(19).
Gougeon P, Al Rahal Al Orabi R, Gautier R, Potel M.
Acta Crystallogr C. 2012 May;68(Pt 5):i25-i28. Epub 2012 Apr 25.
PMID:
22552301
[PubMed - in process]
Optical pressure and temperature sensor based on the luminescence properties of Nd3+ ion in a gadolinium scandium gallium garnet crystal.
León-Luis SF, Muñoz-Santiuste JE, Lavín V, Rodríguez-Mendoza UR.
Opt Express. 2012 Apr 23;20(9):10393-8. doi: 10.1364/OE.20.010393.
PMID:
22535129
[PubMed - in process]
The effect of Nd:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers on the microhardness of human dentin.
Al-Omari WM, Palamara JE.
Lasers Med Sci. 2012 Apr 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22526971
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
GVVPT2 Multireference Perturbation Theory Description of Diatomic Scandium, Chromium, and Manganese.
Tamukong PK, Theis D, Khait YG, Hoffmann MR.
J Phys Chem A. 2012 May 10;116(18):4590-601. Epub 2012 May 1. No abstract available.
PMID:
22512304
[PubMed - in process]
Scandium(III)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylation of Isatins Using Allylsilanes.
Hanhan NV, Tang YC, Tran NT, Franz AK.
Org Lett. 2012 May 4;14(9):2218-21. Epub 2012 Apr 16.
PMID:
22506841
[PubMed - in process]
Straightforward glycosylation of alcohols and amino acids mediated by ionic liquid.
Monasson O, Sizun-Thomé G, Lubin-Germain N, Uziel J, Augé J.
Carbohydr Res. 2012 May 1;352:202-5. Epub 2012 Mar 10.
PMID:
22459091
[PubMed - in process]
Effects of different types of adhesive systems on the microleakage of compomer restorations in Class V cavities prepared by Er,Cr:YSGG laser in primary teeth.
Baygin O, Korkmaz FM, Arslan I.
Dent Mater J. 2012 Apr 3;31(2):206-14. Epub 2012 Mar 23.
PMID:
22447053
[PubMed - in process]
Free Article
Effects of laser irradiation on machined and anodized titanium disks.
Park JH, Heo SJ, Koak JY, Kim SK, Han CH, Lee JH.
Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2012 Mar-Apr;27(2):265-72.
PMID:
22442763
[PubMed - in process]
Scandium(III)-zeolites as new heterogeneous catalysts for imino-Diels-Alder reactions.
Olmos A, Louis B, Pale P.
Chemistry. 2012 Apr 16;18(16):4894-901. doi: 10.1002/chem.201103624. Epub 2012 Mar 13.
PMID:
22415799
[PubMed - in process]
Structures and reactivity of oxygen-rich scandium cluster anions ScO(3-5)-.
Tian LH, Zhao YX, Wu XN, Ding XL, He SG, Ma TM.
Chemphyschem. 2012 Apr 10;13(5):1282-8. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201100973. Epub 2012 Feb 29.
PMID:
22378643
[PubMed - in process]
Group 3 Metal Initiators with an [OSSO]-Type Bis(phenolate) Ligand for the Stereoselective Polymerization of Lactide Monomers.
Kapelski A, Buffet JC, Spaniol TP, Okuda J.
Chem Asian J. 2012 Jun;7(6):1320-30. doi: 10.1002/asia.201100826. Epub 2012 Feb 24.
PMID:
22367758
[PubMed - in process]
Reactivity of scandium terminal imido complexes towards metal halides.
Lu E, Zhou Q, Li Y, Chu J, Chen Y, Leng X, Sun J.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2012 Apr 7;48(28):3403-5. Epub 2012 Feb 24.
PMID:
22367234
[PubMed - in process]
Accumulation of rare earth elements by siderophore-forming Arthrobacter luteolus isolated from rare earth environment of Chavara, India.
Emmanuel ES, Ananthi T, Anandkumar B, Maruthamuthu S.
J Biosci. 2012 Mar;37(1):25-31.
PMID:
22357200
[PubMed - in process]
Free Article
Influence of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation on enamel caries prevention.
Geraldo-Martins VR, Lepri CP, Palma-Dibb RG.
Lasers Med Sci. 2012 Feb 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22350424
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
|
|
