Spectrophotometric calibration procedures to enable calibration-free measurements of seawater calcium carbonate saturation states.

Title Spectrophotometric calibration procedures to enable calibration-free measurements of seawater calcium carbonate saturation states.
Authors E.E. Cuyler; R.H. Byrne
Journal Anal Chim Acta
DOI 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.071
Abstract

A simple protocol was developed to measure seawater calcium carbonate saturation states (?) spectrophotometrically. Saturation states are typically derived from the separate measurement of two other carbon system parameters, with each requiring unique instrumentation and often complex measurement protocols. Using the new protocol, the only required equipment is a thermostatted laboratory spectrophotometer. For each seawater sample, spectrophotometric measurements of pH (visible absorbance) are made in paired optical cells, one with and one without added nitric acid. Ultraviolet absorbance is measured to determine the amount of added acid based on the direct proportionality between nitrate concentration and UV absorbance. Coupled measurements of pH and the alkalinity change that accompanies the nitric acid addition allow calculation of a seawater sample's original carbonate ion concentration and saturation state. These paired absorbance measurements yield ? (and other carbonate system parameters), with each sample requiring about 12?min processing time. Initially, an instrument-specific nitrate molar absorptivity coefficient must be determined (due to small but significant discrepancies in instrumental wavelength calibrations), but thereafter no further calibration is needed. In this work, the 1? precision of replicate measurements of aragonite saturation state was found to be 0.020, and the average difference between ? and ? calculated conventionally from measured total alkalinity and pH (?) was -0.11%?±?0.96% (a level of accuracy comparable to that obtained from spectrophotometric measurements of carbonate ion concentration). Over the entire range of experimental conditions, 0.97 < ? < 3.17 (n?=?125), all measurements attained the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network's "weather level" goal for accuracy and 90% attained the more stringent "climate level" goal. When ? was calculated from averages of duplicate samples (n?=?56), the precision improved to 0.014 and the average difference between ? and ? improved to -0.11%?±?0.73%. Additionally, 97% of the duplicate-based ? measurements attained the "climate level" accuracy goal. These results indicate that the simple measurement protocol developed in this work should be widely applicable for monitoring fundamental seawater changes associated with ocean acidification.

Citation E.E. Cuyler; R.H. Byrne.Spectrophotometric calibration procedures to enable calibration-free measurements of seawater calcium carbonate saturation states.. Anal Chim Acta. 2018;1020:95103. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.071

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Calcium

See more Calcium products. Calcium (atomic symbol: Ca, atomic number: 20) is a Block S, Group 2, Period 4 element with an atomic weight of 40.078. The number of electrons in each of Calcium's shells is [2, 8, 8, 2] and its electron configuration is [Ar]4s2. Calcium Bohr ModelThe calcium atom has a radius of 197 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 231 pm. Calcium was discovered and first isolated by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. It is the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust and can be found in minerals such as dolomite, gypsum, plagioclases, amphiboles, pyroxenes and garnets. In its elemental form, calcium has a dull gray-silver appearance. Calcium is a reactive, soft metal that is a member of the alkaline earth elements. Elemental CalciumIt frequently serves as an alloying agent for other metals like aluminum and beryllium, and industrial materials like cement and mortar are composed of calcium compounds like calcium carbonate. It is also an biologically essential substance found in teeth, bones, and shells. The name "calcium" originates from the Latin word "calics," meaning lime.

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