Silicon is a Block P, Group 14, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Silicon's shells is 2, 8, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s² 3p². In its elemental form silicon's CAS number is 7440-21-3. The silicon atom has a radius of 117.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 210.pm. Silicon is not toxic but can cause chronic respiratory problems if inhaled as a fine silica or silicate dust. Asbestos silicates are carcinogenic. Silicon is one of man's most useful elements. It makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Silicon is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ultra high purity silicon can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus , or arsenic to produce silicon for use in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silcones are important products of silicon. They range from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Silicon was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1823. The name Silicon originates from the Latin word "silex" which means flint or hard stone. See Silicon research below.

Hydrogen is a Block S, Group 1, Period 1 element. The electronic configuration is 1s1. In its elemental form hydrogen's CAS number is 1333-74-0. The hydrogen atom has a radius of 37.3.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 120.pm. Hydrogen is highly flammable. Hydrogen was discovered by Sir Henry Cavendish in 1766.

Recent Research & Development for Silicon

• RECONSTRUCTION OF THE THUMB WITH A MODIFIED WRAP-AROUND FLAP IN A PATIENT SUFFERING FROM ?-THALASSEMIA MINOR. Galeano M, Checcucci G, Ceruso M. Hand Surg. 2011;16(3):361-5. PMID: 22072476 [PubMed - in process]
  
  
• Isolated complete volar dislocation of the capitate: a case report. Checcucci G, Bigazzi P, Zucchini M, Ceruso M. Hand Surg. 2011;16(3):353-6. PMID: 22072474 [PubMed - in process]
  
  
• Dielectrophoretic chip with multilayer electrodes and micro-cavity array for trapping and programmably releasing single cells. Chuang CH, Huang YW, Wu YT. Biomed Microdevices. 2011 Nov 10. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22072154 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
  
  
• Structures of medium sized tin cluster anions. Wiesel A, Drebov N, Rapps T, Ahlrichs R, Schwarz U, Kelting R, Weis P, Kappes MM, Schooss D. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22071636 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
  
  
• Discrimination task reveals differences in neural bases of tinnitus and hearing impairment. Husain FT, Pajor NM, Smith JF, Kim HJ, Rudy S, Zalewski C, Brewer C, Horwitz B. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26639. Epub 2011 Oct 31. PMID: 22066003 [PubMed - in process]
  
  
• A suggested technique for the application of the cone beam computed tomography periapical index. Esposito S, Cardaropoli M, Cotti E. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2011 Dec;40(8):506-12. PMID: 22065800 [PubMed - in process]
  
  
• (4-Chloro-3-nitro-benzoato)triphenyl-tin(IV). Win YF, Choong CS, Teoh SG, Quah CK, Fun HK. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):m1270-1. Epub 2011 Aug 27. PMID: 22065496 [PubMed]
  
  
• Bis{2-[(E)-(5-tert-butyl-2-hy-droxy-phen-yl)diazen-yl]benzoato}dimethyl-tin(IV). Basu Baul TS, Paul A, Tiekink ER. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Oct 1;67(Pt 10):m1383-4. Epub 2011 Sep 14. PMID: 22065466 [PubMed]
  
  
• Chloridodiphen-yl{[1-(1,3-thia-zol-2-yl-?N)ethyl-idene]-4-phenyl-thio-semicarbazidato-?N,S}tin(IV) methanol monosolvate. Arumugam SR, Dasary SS, Venkatraman R, Yu H, Fronczek FR. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Oct 1;67(Pt 10):m1409-10. Epub 2011 Sep 30. PMID: 22065366 [PubMed]
  
  
• catena-Poly[[triphenyl-tin(IV)]-?-5-amino-2-nitro-benzoato-?O:O]. Win YF, Choong CS, Teoh SG, Quah CK, Fun HK. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):m1276-7. Epub 2011 Aug 27. PMID: 22064934 [PubMed]
  
  
• Dual detection strategy for electrochemical analysis of glucose and nitrite using a partitionally modified electrode. Wang J, Diao P, Zhang Q. Analyst. 2011 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22064849 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
  
  
• fac-(2-Amido-ethyl-?C,O)trichlorido(urea-?O)tin(IV). Howie RA, de Lima GM, Tiekink ER, Wardell JL, Wardell SM. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Oct 1;67(Pt 10):m1420-1. Epub 2011 Sep 30. PMID: 22064619 [PubMed]
  
  
• Highly sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on electrospun copper oxide-doped nickel oxide composite microfibers. Cao F, Guo S, Ma H, Yang G, Yang S, Gong J. Talanta. 2011 Oct 30;86:214-20. Epub 2011 Sep 8. PMID: 22063533 [PubMed - in process]
  
  
• Cross-Linked Perylene Diimide-Based n-Type Interfacial Layer for Inverted Organic Photovoltaic Devices. Hains AW, Chen HY, Reilly TH, Gregg BA. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22059439 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
  
  
• Bis-(chloro-acetato-?O)bis(trimethyl-silylmethyl)tin(IV). Ding RF, Wang QB. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):m1190. Epub 2011 Aug 2. PMID: 22058841 [PubMed]
  
  
• A new langbeinite-type phosphate: K(2)AlSn(PO(4))(3). Li HY, Zhao D. Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Oct 1;67(Pt 10):i56. Epub 2011 Sep 20. PMID: 22058680 [PubMed]
  
  
• Enhanced resistance of yeast mutants deficient in low-affinity iron and zinc transporters to stannous-induced toxicity. Viau CM, Cardone JM, Guecheva TN, Yoneama ML, Dias JF, Pungartnik C, Brendel M, Saffi J, Henriques JA. Chemosphere. 2011 Nov 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22055569 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
  
  
• Allylsilanes in "Tin-free" Oximation, Alkenylation, and Allylation of Alkyl Halides. Rouquet G, Robert F, Méreau R, Castet F, Landais Y. Chemistry. 2011 Nov 3. doi: 10.1002/chem.201101842. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22052660 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
  
  
• Surface Modification of Indium-Tin-Oxide Via Self-Assembly of a Donor-Acceptor Complex: A Density Functional Theory Study. Li H, Winget P, Bredas JL. Adv Mater. 2011 Nov 3. doi: 10.1002/adma.201103009. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 22052626 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
  
  
• Minimally invasive video-assisted cardiac surgery: operative techniques, application fields and clinical outcomes. Vistarini N, Aiello M, Viganò M. Future Cardiol. 2011 Nov;7(6):775-87. PMID: 22050064 [PubMed - in process]