FUEL CELL MATERIALS
AE Fuel Cells™

Specializing in Cathode, Electrolyte, Anode and Interconnect Powders, Nanopowders (Nanoparticles) and Inks for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), American Elements' fuel cell group provides the raw materials necessary to produce a highly compatible thin film electrochemistry with excellent thermal expansion matching.

32.4 (A)/00.011

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(click on an element to view our products) American Elements' manufacturing emphasizes solid state preparation of Perovskite cathode materials including Lanthanum Strontium Manganite (LSM), Lanthanum Strontium Ferrite (LSF), Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite Ferrite (LSCF), Lanthanum Strontium Chromite (LSC), and Lanthanum Strontium Gallate Magnesite (LSGM) with doping levels, surface areas and other parameters to customer specifications; Nickel Cermet compositions with YSZ (Yttria stabilized Zirconia) doping and physical levels and PSDs (particles size distribution) controlled; and Ionically Conductive Electrolytes including YSZ, SCZ (Scandium doped Zirconia, Samarium doped Ceria, Gadolinium doped Ceria and Yttrium doped Ceria. These Fuel Cells materials are marketed under the trademark AE Fuel Cells™. Cathode Materials - Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes are electronically conductive and stable in oxidizing environments. They are Perovskite structures allowing for doping on both an "A" and "B" Site. Lanthanum Manganite doped with Strontium would be an example of doping on one site. While greater strontium levels will enhance reactivity, if too high adhesion with the electrolyte can occur during operation. Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite Ferrite would be an example of doping both sites. When fired in a fuel cell layer American Elements' Cathode Powders, Nanopowders or Inks will partially sinter to form well-defined necks and open gas paths to permit simultaneous gas and electrical transfer. Lanthanum Strontium Manganite has an excellent thermal expansion match with Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes. It is highly electronically conductive and has proven long term stability. Lanthanum Strontium Chromite is available as both a cathode and as an interconnect. Electrolyte Materials - American Elements produces fuel cell electrolyte powders and nanopowders suitable for tape casting, air spray, extrusion, and sputtering applications. American Elements' Yttria Stabilized Zirconia or YSZ (Zirconium Oxide stabilized with Yttrium Oxide) makes a robust electrolyte that is purely ionically conductive (no electronic conductivity) and operates in a wide range of partial pressures. Typical operating temperature ranges are 900 - 1,000 º C. Gadolinia doped Ceria or GDC (Cerium Oxide stabilized with Gadolinium Oxide, Yttria doped Ceria or YDC (Cerium Oxide stabilized with Yttrium Oxide), and Samaria doped Ceria or SDC (Cerium Oxide stabilized with Samarium Oxide) form a class of electrolytes with higher ionic conductivity and lower operating temperatures (< 700 º C) than YSZ. They however operate at narrow partial pressure ranges and will electronically conduct if operated at lower partial pressures. Doped Ceria also tends to reduce from the cerous to the ceric state (See Cerium) in open circuit conditions. Scandia Stabilized Zirconia or SCZ (Scandium Oxide stabilized with Zirconium Oxide) is three times more ionically conductive than yttria stabilized zirconia and operates efficiently below 800 º C. Anode Materials - American Elements group of SOFC anode powders and Nanopowders are various Nickel Cermet compositions of nickel oxide and yttria stabilized zirconia to produce a fired thin film layer with optimal doping levels and particle mix. The proportion of Nickel to YSZ reflects a trade off between stability (YSZ) and conductivity (Nickel) which must be balanced to prevent coarsening during operations and maximize the long term stability of the fuel cell. American Elements provides guidance to help customers select an anode composition compatible with the balance of their chosen electrochemical system. Cathode and Interconnect Electrolyte Anode Lanthanum Strontium Manganite (LSM) Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) Nickel Cermet NIC50-P YSZ 50% by weight Lanthanum Strontium Ferrite (LSF) Samarium doped Ceria (SDC) Nickel Cermet NIC30-P YSZ 30% by weight Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite Ferrite (LSCF) Gadolinium doped Ceria (GDC) Nickel Cermet NIC10-P YSZ 10% by weight Lanthanum Strontium Gallate Magnesite (LSGM) Yttrium doped Ceria (YDC) Nickel Oxide Nanopowder Lanthanum Strontium Manganite Nanoparticles Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) Nanopowder Nickel Nanoparticles Lanthanum Calcium Manganite (LCM) Yttria Stabilized Bismuth Oxide (YBO)   Lanthanum Strontium Chromite (LSC) Scandia doped and stabilized Zirconia (SCZ)   American Elements works closely with the major U.S., European, Australian and Japanese efforts to develop a cost effective solid oxide fuel cell electrochemistry by manufacturing customer specified, and American Elements invented, proprietary compositions for research and data development. Release of the SOFC Product Group on American Elements online catalog reflects an American Elements desire to foster greater entrepreneurial research and funding of fuel cell development. American Elements provides customer guidance on topics such as thermal compatibility of layers, thermal cycling, thermal expansion, electrolyte densities, co-firing conditions, long term stability, ink rheology, physical adhesion barriers, cermet microstructures, and circuit efficiency. A complete electrochemical lab allows for testing electrolyte resistivity, densities, coarsening and other parameters. American Elements maintains industrial scale production for all its fuel cell products annually producing tonnage of anode and electrolyte powders and hundreds of kilograms of cathode materials. American Elements will execute Non-Disclosure or Confidentiality Agreements to protect customer know-how.

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Recent Research & Development for Fuel Cells Comparison between real time and flask measurements of atmospheric O(2) and CO(2) performed at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Sci Total Environ. 2007 Nov 23; [Epub ahead of print] Evaluation of energy-conversion efficiencies in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) utilizing fermentable and non-fermentable substrates. Water Res. 2007 Nov 1; [Epub ahead of print] Microbial development in distillers wet grains produced during fuel ethanol production from corn (Zea mays). Can J Microbiol. 2007 Sep;53(9):1046-52. Mutation of Tyr-218 to Phe in Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus secondary alcohol dehydrogenase: effects on bioelectronic interface performance. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2007 Oct;143(1):1-15. The role of dietary fat in adipose tissue metabolism. Public Health Nutr. 2007 Oct;10(10A):1126-31. Sustainable and efficient biohydrogen production via electrohydrogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Nov 20;104(47):18871-3. Epub 2007 Nov 13. Sequential anode-cathode configuration improves cathodic oxygen reduction and effluent quality of microbial fuel cells. Water Res. 2007 Oct 11; [Epub ahead of print] Growth with high planktonic biomass in Shewanella oneidensis fuel cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2007 Nov 8; [Epub ahead of print] Methanol Behavior in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2007 Nov 8; [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. An instrument for environmental control of vapor pressure and temperature for tensile creep and other mechanical property measurements. Rev Sci Instrum. 2007 Oct;78(10):103904. The activity of beta-galactosidase and lactose metabolism in Kluyveromyces lactis cultured in cheese whey as a function of growth rate. J Appl Microbiol. 2007 Nov 1; [Epub ahead of print] Evidence That Imidazolium-Based Ionic Ligands Can be Metal(0)/Nanocluster Catalyst Poisons in at Least the Test Case of Iridium(0)-Catalyzed Acetone Hydrogenation. Inorg Chem. 2007 Nov 26;46(24):10335-44. Epub 2007 Nov 2. Diffusion and Sorption of Methanol and Water in Nafion Using Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B. 2007 Nov 22;111(46):13221-13230. Epub 2007 Oct 31. Analysis of ammonia loss mechanisms in microbial fuel cells treating animal wastewater. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2007 Oct 30; [Epub ahead of print] Fuel-induced amplification of insulin secretion in mouse pancreatic islets exposed to a high sulfonylurea concentration: role of the NADPH/NADP(+) ratio. Diabetologia. 2007 Oct 25; [Epub ahead of print] [Pathogenesis of breast cancer] Ugeskr Laeger. 2007 Sep 3;169(36):2968-72. Review. Danish. Cooperative mechanisms of fast-ion conduction in gallium-based oxides with tetrahedral moieties. Nat Mater. 2007 Nov;6(11):871-5. Epub 2007 Oct 21. Role of electrostatic forces in cluster formation in a dry ionomer. J Chem Phys. 2007 Oct 21;127(15):154901. Serotonin (5-HT) released by activated white blood cells in a biological fuel cell provide a potential energy source for electricity generation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2006;1:4115-8. Ionic liquids in electrochemical devices and processes: managing interfacial electrochemistry. Acc Chem Res. 2007 Nov;40(11):1165-73. Epub 2007 Oct 18.

 

PRODUCT LIST Aluminum: Al Scandium-aluminum alloy: Sc-Al Yttrium-aluminum alloy: Y-Al Aluminum oxide: Al2O3 Aluminum metal: Al Aluminum ammonium sulfate: NH4Al2(SO4)12·2H2O Aluminum chloride: Al2Cl6·3H2O Aluminum fluoride: AlF3·3H2O Aluminum isopropoxide: (CH3)2CHO3Al Aluminum nitrate : Al2(NO3)9·3H2O Aluminum phosphate: AlPO4 Aluminum potassium sulfate: AlK(SO4)12·2H2O Aluminum sulfate: Al2(SO4)3 Antimony: Sb Antimony metal: Sb Antimony oxide: Sb2O3 Antimony sulfide: Sb2S3 Antimony Iodide: SbI3 Potassium Antimonyl Tartrate: K(SbO)C4H4O1/2·6H2O Antimony Polycrystalline Ingot: Sb Antimony Polycrystalline Chunk: Sb Antimony Targets: Sb Antimony Shaped Charge: Sb Antimony Selenide Polycrystalline Ingot: Sb2Se3 Antimony Selenide Polycrystalline Chunk: Sb2Se3 Antimony Selenide Targets: Sb2Se3 Antimony Selenide Shaped Charge: Sb2Se3 Antimony Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: Sb2Te3 Antimony Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: Sb2Te3 Antimony Telluride Targets: Sb2Te3 Antimony Telluride Shaped Charge: Sb2Te3 Arsenic: As Arsenic metal: As Arsenic oxide: As2O3 Barium: Ba Barium acetate: Ba(C2H3O2)2 Barium bromide: BaBr2 Barium carbonate: BaCO3 Barium chloride: BaCl2 Barium fluoride: BaF2 Barium hydroxide: Ba(OH8)2·2H2O Barium nitrate: Ba(NO3)2 Barium sulfate: BaSO4 Beryllium: Be Beryllium metal: Be Beryllium-copper alloy: Be-Cu Beryllium oxide: BeO Beryllium acetate basic: Be4O(C2H3O2)6 Beryllium nitrate: Be(NO3)2 Beryllium sulfate: BeSO4·4H2O Bismuth: Bi Bismuth metal: Bi Bismuth fluoride: BiF3 Bismuth iodide: BiI3 Bismuth nitrate: Bi(NO3)3·5H2O Bismuth oxide: Bi2O3 Bismuth oxychloride: BiOCL Bismuth oxynitrate: BiONO3 Bismuth Polycrystalline Ingot: Bi Bismuth Polycrystalline Chunk: Bi Bismuth Targets: Bi Bismuth Shaped Charge: Bi Bismuth Selenide Polycrystalline Ingot: Bi2Se3 Bismuth Selenide Polycrystalline Chunk: Bi2Se3 Bismuth Selenide Targets: Bi2Se3 Bismuth Selenide Shaped Charge: Bi2Se3 Bismuth Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: Bi2Te3 Bismuth Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: Bi2Te3 Bismuth Telluride Targets: Bi2Te3 Bismuth Telluride Shaped Charge: Bi2Te3 Boron: B Ferroboron: Fe-B Boron carbide: B4C Boron nitride: BN Boric Acid: H3BO3 Boron Phosphate: BPO4 Potassium Tetrafluoroborate: KBF4 Cadmium: Cd Cadmium metal: Cd Cadmium Acetate: Cd(C2H3O2)2·xH2O Cadmium Bromide: CdBr2 Cadmium Chloride: CdCl2 Cadmium Fluoride: CdF2 Cadmium Iodide: CdI2 Cadmium Nitrate: Cd(NO3)2·4H2O Cadmium Oxide: CdO Cadmium Sulfate: CdSO4·xH2O Cadmium Polycrystalline Ingot: Cd Cadmium Polycrystalline Chunk: Cd Cadmium Targets: Cd Cadmium Shaped Charge: Cd Cadmium Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: CdTe Cadmium Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: CdTe Cadmium Telluride Targets: CdTe Cadmium Telluride Shaped Charge: CdTe Calcium: Ca Calcium metal: Ca Calcium-magnesium alloy: Ca-Mg Calcium-aluminum alloy: Ca-Al Calcium-silicon alloy: Ca-Si Calcium hydrade: CaH2 Calcium stabilized zirconia: CaO + ZrO2 Calcium acetate: Ca(C2H3O2)2·xH2O Calcium bromide: CaBr2·xH2O Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Calcium chloride: CaCl2·6H2O Calcium fluoride: CaF2 Calcium nitrate: Ca(NO3)2·4H2O Calcium oxalate: CaC2O4 Calcium oxide: CaO Calcium sulfate: CaSO4 Carbon: C Graphite: C (Electrode, Powder Crystalline Flake, Amorphous) Boron carbide: B4C Silicon carbide: SiC Tungsten carbide: WC Cerium: Ce Cerium metal: Ce Ce-rich mischmetal: Cerium oxide: CeO2 Cerium acetate: Ce(C2H3O2)3 Cerium carbonate: Ce)2 CO3)3 Cerium hydrate: Ce(OH)4 Cerium nitrate: Ce(NO3)3 Cerium ammonium nitrate: (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 Cerium chloride: CeCl3 Cerium fluoride: CeF3 Cerium 55 concentrate: CeO2 Cerium-Rich rare earth carbonate: (Ce,La,Nd,Pr)2(CO3)3 Cerium bromide: CeBr3 Cerium oxalate: Ce(C2O4)3·xH2O Cerium sulfate: Ce(SO4)3·8H2O Cesium: Cs Cesium acetate: CsC2H3O2 Cesium bromide: CsBr Cesium carbonate: Cs2CO3 Cesium chloride: CsCl Cesium fluoride: CsF Cesium iodide: CsI Cesium nitrate: CsNO3 Cesium sulfate: Cs2SO4 Chromium: Cr Chromium metal: Cr Feerochromium: Fe-Cr Chromium silicon alloy: Cr-Si Ammonium dichromate: (NH4)2Cr2O7 Chromium chloride: [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2·2H2O Chromium nitrate: Cr(NO3)3·9H2O Chromium oxide: Cr2O3 Chromium potassium sulfate: CrK(SO4)2·12H2O Potassium dichromate: K2Cr2O7 Cobalt: Co Cobalt metal: Co Samarium-Cobalt Alloys: Co Cobalt oxide: Co2O3 Cobalt oxalate: CoC2O4·2H2O Samarium-Cobalt Magnets Cobalt acetate: Co(C2H3O2)2 Cobalt bromide: CoBr2 Cobalt carbonate: CoCO3·xH2O Cobalt chloride: CoCl2 Cobalt fluoride: CoF2·4H2O Cobalt nitrate: Co(NO3)2·6H2O Sodium hexanitrocobaltate: Na3Co(NO2)6 Dysprosium: Dy Dysprosium metal: Dy Dysprosium oxide: Dy2O3 Dysprosium fluoride: DyF3 Dysprosium acetate: Dy(C2H3O2)3·4H2O Dysprosium bromide: DyBr3·xH2O Dysprosium carbonate: Dy2(CO3)3·xH2O Dysprosium chloride: DyCl3·6H2O Dysprosium nitrate: Dy(NO3)3·5H2O Dysprosium oxalate: Dy2(C2O4)3·xH2O Dysprosium sulfate: Dy2(SO4)3·8H2O Erbium: Er Erbium metal: Er Erbium oxide: Er2O3 Erbium fluoride: ErF3 Erbium acetate: Er(C2H3O2)3·xH2O Erbium carbonate: Er(CO3)3·xH2O Erbium chloride: ErCl3·6H2O Erbium nitrate: Er(NO3)3·5H2O Erbium oxalate: Er(C2O4)3·xH2O Erbium sulfate: Er(SO4)3·8H2O Europium: Eu Europium metal: Eu Europium oxide: Eu2O3 Europium acetate: Eu(C2H3O2)3·xH2O Europium carbonate: Eu2(CO3)3·xH2O Europium chloride: EuCl3·6H2O Europium chloride: EuCl2 Europium fluoride: EuF3 Europium nitrate: Eu(NO3)3·5H2O Europium oxalate: Eu2(C2O4)3·xH2O Europium sulfate: Eu2(SO4)3·8H2O Gallium: Ga Gallium metal: Ga Gallium chloride: GaCl3 Gallium fluoride: GaF3 Gallium nitrate: Ga(NO3)3·xH2O Gallium oxide: Ga2O3 Gallium sulfate: Ga2(SO4)3·xH2O Gallium Polyethylene Bottles: GaSb Gallium Antimonide Polycrystalline Ingot: GaSb Gallium Antimonide Polycrystalline Chunk: GaSb Gallium Antimonide Targets: GaSb Gallium Antimonide Shaped Charge: GaSb Gallium Antimonide Single Crystal: GaSb Gallium Arsenide Polycrystalline Ingot: GaAs Gallium Arsenide Polycrystalline Chunk: GaAs Gallium Arsenide Targets: GaAs Gallium Arsenide Shaped Charge: GaAs Gallium Arsenide Single Crystal: GaAs Gallium Arsenide Test Grade Wafers: GaAs Gallium Indium Antimonide Twinned/Single Crystal Gallium Indium Arsenide Twinned/Single Crystal Gallium Phosphide Polycrystalline Chunk: GaP Gallium(II) Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: GaTe Gallium(II) Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: GaTe Gallium(II) Telluride Targets: GaTe Gallium(II) Telluride Shaped Charge: GaTe Gallium(II) Telluride Single Crystal: GaTe Gallium(III) Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: Ga2Te3 Gallium(III) Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: Ga2Te3 Gallium(III) Telluride Targets: Ga2Te3 Gallium(III) Telluride Shaped Charge: Ga2Te3 Gallium(III) Telluride Single Crystal: Ga2Te3 Gadolinium: Gd Gadolinium metal: Gd Gadolinium oxide: Gd2O3 Gadolinium acetate: Gd(C2H3O2)3·xH2O Gadolinium bromide: GdBr3·xH2O Gadolinium carbonate: Gd2(CO3)3·xH2O Gadolinium chloride: GdCl3·6H2O Gadolinium fluoride: GdF3 Gadolinium nitrate: Gd(NO3)3·6H2O Gadolinium oxalate: Gd2(C2O4)3·xH2O Gadolinium sulfate: Gd2(SO4)3·xH2O Germanium Ge Germanium metal: Ge Germanium oxide: GeO2 Germanium chloride: GeCl4 Ammonium hexafluorogerminate: (NH4)2GeF6 Germanium Polycrystalline Ingot: Ge Germanium Polycrystalline Chunk: Ge Germanium Targets: Ge Germanium Shaped Charge: Ge Germanium Single Crystal: Ge Germanium Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: GeTe Germanium Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: GeTe Germanium Telluride Targets: GeTe Germanium Telluride Shaped Charge: GeTe Gold: Au Gold metal: Au Barium ammonium tetrachloroaurate: NH4AuCl4·xH2O Gold chloride: AuCl3 Gold cyanide: AuCN Gold hydroxide: Au(OH)3 Gold iodide: AuI Gold sulfide: Au2S3 Hydrogentetrachloroaurate: HAuCl4·xH2O Potassium dicyanoaurate: KAu(CN)2 Potassium tetrabromoaurate: KAuBr4 Potassium tetrachloroaurate: KAuCl4 Sodium tetrachloroaurate: NaAuCl4·xH2O Gold Shaped Charge: Au Gold Foil: Au Gold Sputtering Target: Au Hafnium: Hf Hafnium oxide: HfO2 Hafnium oxychloride: HfOCl2·8H2O Hafnium sulfate: Hf(SO4)2 Holmium: Ho Holmium metal: Ho Holmium oxide: Ho2O3 Holmium chloride: HoCl3 Holmium nitrate: Ho(NO3)3 Holmium acetate: Ho(C2H3O2)3·xH2O Holmium bromide: HoBr3·xH2O Holmium carbonate: Ho(CO3)3·xH2O Holmium fluoride: HoF3 Holmium oxalate: Ho(C2O4)3·xH2O Holmium sulfate: Ho2(SO4)3·8H2O Indium: In Indium metal: In Indium oxide: In2O3 Indium acetate: In2(C2H3O2)2·xH2O Indium bromide: InBr3 Indium chloride: InCl3 Indium fluoride: InF3 Indium nitrate: In(NO3)3·5H2O Indium sulfate: In2(SO4)3·xH2O Indium Ingot: In Indium Targets: In Indium Shaped Charge: In Indium Foil: In Indium Antimonide Polycrystalline Ingot: InSb Indium Antimonide Polycrystalline Chunk: InSb Indium Antimonide Targets: InSb Indium Antimonide Shaped Charge: InSb Indium Antimonide Single Crystal: InSb Indium Arsenide Polycrystalline Ingot: InAs Indium Arsenide Polycrystalline Chunk: InAs Indium Arsenide Targets: InAs Indium Arsenide Shaped Charge: InAs Indium Arsenide Single Crystal Ingot: InAs Indium Phosphide Polycrystalline Ingot: InP Indium Phosphide Polycrystalline Chunk: InP Indium Phosphide Targets: InP Indium Phosphide Shaped Charge: InP Indium Phosphide Single Crystal Ingot: InP Indium Phosphide Wafers: InP Indium Phosphide Arsenide Twinned/Single Indium Phosphide Arsenide Crystal Indium Selenide Polycrystalline Ingot: In2Se3 Indium Selenide Polycrystalline Chunk: In2Se3 Indium Selenide Targets: In2Se3 Indium Selenide Shaped Charge: In2Se3 Indium Sulfide Polycrystalline Ingot: In2S3 Indium Sulfide Polycrystalline Chunk: In2S3 Indium Sulfide Targets: In2S3 Indium Sulfide Shaped Charge: In2S3 Indium Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: In2Te3 Indium Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: In2Te3 Indium Telluride Targets: In2Te3 Indium Telluride Shaped Charge: In2Te3 Iodine: I Iodine acid: HIO3 Iodine oxide: I2O5 Periodic acid: H5IO3 Iridium: Ir Iridium metal: Ir Ammonium hexachloroiridate: (NH4)3IrCl6 Iridium chloride: IrCl3·xH2O Iridium oxide: IrO2 Potassium hexachloroiridate: K2IrCl6 Iron: Fe Iron metal: Fe Ammonium trisoxaltoferrate: (NH4)3Fe(C2O4)3·3H2O Ammonium iron sulfate: (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O Iron chloride: FeCl2·4H2O Iron fluoride: FeF2·4H2O Iron nitrate: Fe(NO3)3·9H2O Iron oxide: Fe2O3 Iron sulfate: FeSO4·7H2O Potassium ferrocyanide hydrate: K4Fe(CN)6·xH2O Ferroboron: Fe-B Ferrochromium: Fe-Cr Ferromanganese: Fe-Mn Ferromolybdenum: Fe-Mo Ferrosilicon: Fe-Si Ferrovanadium: Fe-V Ferrotungsten: Fe-W Lanthanum: La Lanthanum metal: La La-rich mischmetal Lanthanum oxide: La2O3 Lanthanum acetate: La(C2H3O2)3 Lanthanum bromide: LaBr3·xH20 Lanthanum carbonate: La2(CO3)3 La-rich rare earth carbonate Lanthanum nitrate La(NO3)3 Lanthanum chloride: LaCl3 Lanthanum fluoride: LaF3 Lanthunum-rich lanthanide chloride: (Ln,La)Cl3 Lanthanum-rich lanthanide nitrate: (Ln,La)(NO3)3 Lanthanum sulfate: La2(SO4)3·xH20 Lithium: Li Lithium metal: Li Lithium chloride: LiCl Lithium carbonate: Li2CO3 Lithium hydroxide: LiOH·H2O Lithium acetate: Li2C2H3O2·2H2O Lithium bromide: LiBr Lithium fluoride: LiF Lithium nitrate: LiNO3 Lithium sulfate: Li2SO4 Lutetium: Lu Lutetium metal: Lu Lutetium oxide: Lu2O3 Lutetium acetate: Lu(C2H3O2)3·xH2O Lutetium carbonate: Lu2(CO3)3·xH2O Lutetium chloride: LuCl3·6H2O Lutetium fluoride: LuF3 Lutetium nitrate: Lu(NO3)3·xH2O Lutetium sulfate: Lu(SO4)3·8H2O Magnesium: Mg Magnesium metals: Mg Magnesium oxide: MgO Fused magnesite Caustic calcined magnesite Dead burned magnesite Magnesium aluminate spinel Magnesium acetate: Mg(C2H3O2)2·4H2O Magnesium bromide: MgBr2·6H2O Magnesium chloride: MgCl2·6H2O Magnesium fluoride: MgF2 Magnesium nitrate: Mg(NO3)2·6H2O Magnesium sulfate: MgSO4 Manganese: Mn Manganese metal: Mn Ferromanganese: Fe-Mn Manganese oxide: MnO2 Manganese carbonate: MnCO3 Manganese acetate: Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O Manganese nitrate: Mn(NO3)2 Manganese bromide: MnBr2·4H2O Manganese chloride: MnCl2·4H2O Manganese sulfate: MnSO4·xH2O Molybdenum: Mo Molybdenum metal: Mo Molybdenum oxide: MoO3 Ferromolybdenum: Fe-Mo Sodium molybdenum oxide: Na2MoO4·2H2O Ammonium molybdate: (NH4)2Mo2O7 Sodium molybdenum: NaMoO4·2H2O Neodymium: Nd Neodymium metal: Nd Neodymium oxide: Nd2O3 Neodymium acetate: Nd(C2H3O2)3 Neodymium carbonate: Nd2(CO3)3 Neodymium hydrate: Nd(OH)3 Neodymium nitrate: Nd(NO3)3 Neodymium chloride: NdCl3 Neodymium fluoride: NdF3 Neodymium oxalate: Nd2(C2O4)3·xH2O Neodymium sulfate: Nd2(SO4)3·8H2O Nickel: Ni Nickel metal: Ni Nickel oxide: NiO Ammonium nickel sulfate: (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2·6H2O Hexaamminenickel bromide: {Ni(NH3)6}Br2 Hexaamminenickel chloride: {Ni(NH3)6}Cl2 Hexaamminenickel iodide: {Ni(NH3)6}I2 Nickel acetate: Ni(C2H3O2)2·4H2O Nickel bromide anhydrous: NiBr2 Nickel carbonate: NiCO3 Nickel chloride: NiCl2 Nickel nitrate: Ni(NO3)2·6H2O Nickel oxalate: NiC2O4·2H2O Nickel sulfate: NiSO4·7H2O Potassium tetracyanonickelate: K2Ni(CN)4·xH2O Niobium: Nb Niobium metal: Nb Niobium oxide: Nb2O5 Ammonium hexafluoroniobate: NH4Nb2F5 Osmium: Os Ammonium hexachloroosmate: (NH4)2OsCl6 Palladium: Pd Pallidium metal: Pd Ammonium hexachloropalladate: (NH4)2PdCl6 Trans-Diamminedichloropalladium: Pd(NH3)2Cl2 Trans-Diamminedinitropalladium: Pd(NH3)2(NO2)2 Palladium bromide: PdBr2 Palladium chloride: PdCl2 Palladium iodide: PdI2 Palladium nitrate: Pd(NO3)2 Palladium oxide: PdO Potassium hexachloropalladate: K2PdCl6 Potassium tetrabromopalladate: K2PdBr4 Potassium tetranitropalladate: K2Pd(NO2)4 Tetraamminepalladium chloride: [Pd(NH3)]4Cl2·H2O Tetraamminepalladium nitrate: [Pd(NH3)4](NO3)2 Phosphor also see Y2O3, Eu2O3, Gd2O3, and Tb2O3. Phosphor for trichromatic lamp: (Blue, Red, Green) Phosphor for color TV screen: (Blue, Red, Green) Platinum: Pt Platinum metal: Pt Ammonium hexabromoplatinate: (NH4)2PtBr6 Ammonium hexachloroplatinate: (NH4)2PtCl6 Cis-diaamminedichloroplatinum: Pt(NH3)2Cl2 Trans-diaamminedichloroplatinum: Pt(NH3)2Cl2 Trans-diaamminedinitroplatinum: Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 Platinum chloride: PtCl2 Platinum oxide hydrate: PtO2 Platinum sulfide: PtS2 Tetraammineplatinum chloride: [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2·xH2O Tetraammineplatinum nitrate: Pt(NH3)4(NO3)2·xH2O Tetraammineplatinum tetrachloroplatinate: [Pt(NH3)4][PtCl4] Potassium: K Potassium hexabromoplatinate: K2PtBr6 Potassium hexachloroplatinate: K2PtCl6 Potassium tetrabromoplatinate: K2PtBr4 Potassium tetrachloroplatinate: K2PtCl4 Potassium tetracyanoplatinate: K2Pt(CN)4 Potassium acetate: KC2H3O2 Potassium bromide: KBr Potassium carbonate: K2CO Potassium chloride: KCl Potassium dihydrogen phosphate: KH2PO4 Potassium fluoride: KF Potassium iodide: KI Potassium nitrate: KNO3 Potassium oxalate: K2C2O4·H2O Potassium perchlorate: KClO4 Potassium periodate: KIO4 Potassium persulfate: K2S2O8 Potassium sulfate: K2SO4 Praseodymium: Pr Praseodymium metal: Pr Praseodymium oxide: Pr6O11 Praseodymium fluoride: PrF3 Praseodymium acetate: Pr(C2H3O2)3·3H2O Praseodymium bromide: PrB3 Praseodymium carbonate: Pr2(CO3)3·8H2O Praseodymium chloride: PrCl3·7H2O Praseodymium nitrate: Pr(NO3)3·6H2O Praseodymium oxalate: Pr2(C2O4)3·xH2O Praseodymium sulfate: Pr2(SO4)3·xH2O Rhenium: Re Rhenium metal: Re Ammonium perrhenate: NH4ReO4 Perrhenic acid: HReO4 Potassium hexabromorhenate: K2ReBr6 Potassium hexachlororhenate: K2ReCl6 Rhenium sulfide: Re2S7 Rhodium: Rh Rhodium metal: Rh Ammonium hexachlororhodate: (NH4)3RhCl6 Chlorocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium: [RhCl(CO)((C6H5)3P)2] Chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium: [RhCl(C6H5)3P)3] Chloropentaamminerhodium chloride: [Rh(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Potassium hexachlororhodate: K3RhCl6 Rhodium acetylacetonate: Rh(C5H7O2)3 Rhodium chloride: RhCl3·xH2O Rhodium oxide: Rh2O3 Sodium hexachlororhodate: Na3RhCl6 Rubidium: Rb Rubidium bromide: RbBr Rubidium chloride: RbCl Rubidium nitrate: RbNO3 Rubidium perchlorate: RbClO4 Rubidium sulfate: Rb2SO4 Ruthenium: Ru Ruthenium metal: Ru Ammonium hexachlororuthenate: (NH4)2RuCl6 Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium: [RuCl2((C6H5)3P)3] Hexaammineruthenium chloride: {Ru(NH3)6}Cl2 Potassium hexachlororuthenate: K2RuCl6 Ruthenium chloride: RuCl3·xH2O Ruthenium oxide: RuO2·xH2O Samarium: Sm Samarium metal: Sm Samarium-cobalt alloy: Sm-Co Samarium oxide: Sm2O3 Samarium acetate: Sm(C2H3O2)3·3H2O Samarium bromide: SmBr3·6H2O Samarium carbonate: Sm2(CO3)2·xH2O Samarium chloride: SmCl3·6H2O Samarium fluoride: SmF3 Samarium nitrate: Sm(NO3)3·6H2O Samarium oxalate: Sm2(C2O3)3·xH2O Samarium sulfate: Sm2(SO4)3·8H2O Scandium: Sc Scandium metal: Sc Scandium-aluminum alloy: Al-Sc Scandium oxide: Sc2O3 Scandium acetate: Sc(C2H3O2)3·xH2O Scandium chloride: ScCl3·xH2O Scandium fluoride: ScF3 Scandium nitrate: Sc(NO3)3·5H2O Scandium oxalate: Sc(C2O4)3·5H2O Scandium sulfate: Sc2(SO4)3·5H2O Selenium: Se Selenium metal: Se Selenious acid: H2SeO3 Selenium dioxide: SeO2 Silicon: Si Silicon metal: Si (monocrystal, polycrystal) Silicon Carbide: SiC Ferrosilicon: Fe-Si Calcium-silicon alloy: Ca-Si Chromium-silicon alloy: Cr-Si Silicon oxide: SiO2 Silicon Polycrystalline Ingot: Si Silicon Polycrystalline Chunk: Si Silicon Targets: Si Silicon Shaped Charge: Si Silicon Cylinders: Si Silicon Wafers: Si Silicon Arsenide Polycrystalline Ingot: SiAs Silicon Arsenide Polycrystalline Chunk: SiAs Silicon Phosphide Polycrystalline Ingot: SiP Silicon Phosphide Polycrystalline Chunk: SiP Silver: Ag Silver acetate: AgC2H3O2 Silver bromide: AgBr Silver carbonate: Ag2CO3 Silver chloride: AgCl Silver fluoride: AgF Silver iodide: AgI Silver nitrate: AgNO3 Silver oxide: Ag2O Silver perrhenate: AgReO4 Silver phosphate: Ag3PO4 Silver sulfate: Ag2SO4 Silver triocyanate: AgSCN Potassium dicyanoargentate: KAg(CN)2 Sodium: Na Sodium acetate: NaC2H3O2 Sodium bromide: NaBr Sodium carbonate: Na2CO3 Sodium chloride: NaCl Sodium dihydrogen phosphate: NaH2PO4 Sodium fluoride: NaF Sodium hydrogen sulfate: NaHSO4 Sodium nitrate: NaNO3 Sodium oxalate: Na2CO4 Sodium sulfate: NaSO4 Strontium: Sr Strontium acetate: Sr(C2H3O2)2 Strontium bromide: SrBr2 Strontium carbonate: SrCO3 Strontium chloride: SrCl2·6H2O Strontium fluoride: SrF2 Strontium nitrate: Sr(NO3)2 Strontium sulfate: SrSO4 Tantalum: Ta Tantalum metal: Ta Tantalum oxide: Ta2O5 Potassium tantalfluoride: K2TaF7 Tellurium: Te Tellurium metal: Te Tellurium oxide: TeO2 Tellurium Polycrystalline Chunk: Te Tellurium Shaped Charge: Te Terbium: Tb Terbium metal: Tb Terbium oxide: Tb4O7 Terbium acetate: Tb(C2H3O2)3·xH2O Terbium bromide: TbBr2·xH2O Terbium carbonate: Tb2(CO3)3·xH2O Terbium chloride: TbCl3·6H2O Terbium fluoride: TbF3 Terbium nitrate: Tb(NO3)3·6H2O Terbium oxalate: Tb(C2O4)3·10H2O Terbium sulfate: Tb2(SO4)3·8H2O Thallium: Tl Thallium acetate: TlC2H3O2 Thallium bromide: TlBr Thallium chloride: TlCl Thallium iodide: TlI Thallium nitrate: TlNO3 Thallium sulfate: Tl2SO4 Thorium: Th Thorium metal: Th Thorium nitrate: Th(NO3)4·xH2O Thorium oxide: ThO2 Thulium: Tm Thulium metal: Tm Thulium oxide: Tm2O3 Thulium acetate: Tm(C2H3O2)3·xH2O Thulium bromide: TmBr3 Thulium carbonate: Tm2(CO3)3·xH2O Thulium chloride: TmCl3·6H2O Thulium fluoride: TmF3 Thulium nitrate: Tm(NO3)3·5H2O Thulium oxalate: Tm(C2O4)3·6H2O Thulium sulfate: Tm(SO4)3·8H2O Tin: Sn Tin metal: Sn (Ingot, Solder) Tin oxide: SnO2 Tin chloride: SnCl2 Ammonium hexafluorostannate: (NH4)2SnF6 Tin Ingot: Sn Tin Chunk: Sn Tin Shaped Charge: Sn Tin Arsenide Polycrystalline Chunk: SnAs Tin Selenide Polycrystalline Ingot: SnSe Tin Selenide Polycrystalline Chunk: SnSe Tin Selenide Targets: SnSe Tin Selenide Shaped Charge: SnSe Tin Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: SnTe Tin Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: SnTe Tin Telluride Targets: SnTe Tin Telluride Shaped Charge: SnTe   Titanium: Ti Titanium metal: Ti Titanium oxide: TiO2 Ammonium hexafluorotitanate: (NH4)2TiF6 Ammonium titanyl oxalate: (NH4)2TiO(C2O4)2·H2O Tungsten: W Tungsten metal: W Ferrotungsten: Fe-W Tungsten carbide: WC Tungsten oxide: WO3 Ammonium tetrathiotungstate: (NH4)2WS4 Ammonium tungstate: (NH4)2WO4 Sodium tungstate: NH2WO4·2H2O Vanadium: V Ferrovanadium: Fe-V Vanadium oxide: V2O5 Ammonium metavanadate: NH4VO3 Potassium metavanadate: KVO3 Vanadyl sulfate: VOSO4·xH2O Ytterbium: Yb Ytterbium metal: Yb Ytterbium oxide: Yb2O3 Ytterbium acetate: Yb(C2H3O2)2·4H2O Ytterbium bromide: YbBr3·6H2O Ytterbium carbonate: Yb2(CO3)3·xH2O Ytterbium chloride: YbCl3·6H2O Ytterbium fluoride: YbF3 Ytterbium nitrate: Yb2(NO3)3·5H2O Ytterbium oxalate: Yb2(C2O4)3·10H2O Ytterbium sulfate: Yb2(SO4)3·8H2O Yttrium: Y Yttrium metal: Y Yttrium-aluminum alloy: Y-Al Yttrium oxide: Y2O3 Yttrium stabilized zirconia: Y2O3 + ZrO2 Yttrium nitrate Yttrium chloride Yttrium acetate: Y(C2H3O2)3·4H2O Yttrium carbonate: Y2(CO3)3·3H2O Yttrium fluoride: YF3 Yttrium oxalate: Y2(C2O4)3·9H2O Yttrium sulfate: Y(SO4)3·8H2O Zinc: Zn Zinc metal: Zn Zinc oxide: ZnO Zinc acetate: Zn(OAC)2·xH2O Zinc bromide: ZnBr2 Zinc chloride: ZnCl2 Zinc fluoride: ZnF2 Zinc iodide: ZnI2 Zinc nitrate: Zn(NO3)2·6H2O Zinc sulfate: ZnSO4 Zinc Ingot: Zn Zinc Chunk: Zn Zinc Shaped Charge: Zn Zinc Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: ZnTe Zinc Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: ZnTe Zinc Telluride Targets: ZnTe Zinc Telluride Shaped Charge: ZnT