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Polonium


Polonium is a highly reactive silver-gray metal that is very soluble in acid and mildly soluble in alkalis. It is the only metallic element that exits in a simple cubic array with six bonds per atom. Many of its industrial applications involve the ability of the Polonium 210 Isotope to electrically charge ambient air. Statically charged dust particles are neutralized making them easier to remove. This has resulted in uses for Polonium 210, including as anti-static brushes and anti-static fans which can remove fine dust particulate from optical lenses, advanced laboratory weighing equipment, photographic film and in metal rolling and textile mills and in clean room environments. It is used in research as a source of Alfa radiation and has been alloyed with other metals, such as Beryllium, to produce a transferable neutron source. Polonium and its isotopes, such as Polonium 210, is a strong radioactive alpha emitter with no stable isotopes. American Elements therefore does not sell Polonium products. The AE IsotopeT product group contains only non-radioactive (stable) isotopes. Information, applications and properties for Polonium are provided.

In November 2006, it was used as an

 

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apparent assassination tool in the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko, a Russian dissident and former KGB agent. Previously, Polonium was used in the space programs of both the United States and the Soviet Union. The United States tested it as a thermoelectric power source for satellites. 140 watts of power can be produced per gram of Polonium 210. The U.S.S.R briefly used Polonium to provide heating to its Lunokhod moon rover. During World War II, it was used in the Manhattan project as a triggering device in the Fat Man atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.

It was discovered in commercially grown tobacco plants after U.S. tobacco growers began using phosphate fertilizers containing uranium bearing calcium phosphate ores which overtime release radon gas. The radon gas in turn caused other radioactive isotopes of Polonium and Lead to deposit on the leaves. The burning of the leaves in the smoking process causes the highly volatile Polonium 210 Isotope to form a gas. Because Polonium 210 is highly soluble (see above), it can then freely move through the body after ingestion. One Harvard medical study in the 1960's claimed that Polonium 210 radioactivity alone was sufficient to make it a contributing cause of lung cancer in smokers. Subsequently, the Surgeon General has said that 90% of tobacco-related lung cancer deaths are a result of radioactivity rather than tar and nicotine poisoning.

Polonium was first discovered by Madame Marie Curie in 1898 who extracted it from Pitchblende, a then known uranium source. She named it after her birthplace of Poland. Polonium has 12 isotopes. It is now commercially produced by neutron bombardment of bismuth 209 isotopes. .Polonium's most stable isotope is Polonium 209 with a half life of 102 years. Polonium 210 has a half life of approximately 138.39 days.



French Polonium German Polonium Italian Polonio Portuguese Polônio Spanish Polonio Swedish Polonium



Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Po 84 210 2.0 9.51 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 254 °C 962°C 0.164 nm 0.102 nm (+4) 813.0 kJ.mol-1

 

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  • Internal dose assessment of (210)Po using biokinetic modeling and urinary excretion measurement. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2007 Sep 25; [Epub ahead of print]

  • Polonium-210: The Public Health Response Electromagnetic & Optical Radiation Safety-The EU Directives and what they mean to you Chernobyl Health Consequences. J Radiol Prot. 2007 Sep;27(3):367-73. Epub 2007 Aug 29. No abstract available.

  • Why is polonium simple cubic and so highly anisotropic? Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Jul 6;99(1):016402. Epub 2007 Jul 6.

  • Polonium-210 in news: an allegory of a misappropriated science. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Jun 6; [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.

  • [Chemistry and toxicology of cigarette smoke in the lungs] Pneumologia. 2007 Jan-Mar;56(1):41, 43-6. Review. Romanian.

  • Accumulation of polonium 210Po in tissues and organs of deer carvidae from Northern Poland. J Environ Sci Health B. 2007 Mar-Apr;42(3):335-41.

  • Tuning the formation of cadmium(II) urocanate frameworks by control of reaction conditions: crystal structure, properties, and theoretical investigation. Chem Asian J. 2006 Oct 20;1(4):536-43.

  • Lung cancer mortality at a UK tin smelter. Occup Med (Lond). 2007 Jun;57(4):238-45. Epub 2007 Apr 16.

  • Occurrence and distribution of 210Pb and 210Po in selected California groundwater wells. Health Phys. 2007 May;92(5):432-41.

  • Ushering in the era of nuclear terrorism. Crit Care Med. 2007 Mar;35(3):953-4. No abstract available.

  • Estimation of radiation doses to members of the public in Italy from intakes of some important naturally occurring radionuclides (238U, 234U, 235U, 226Ra, 228Ra, 224Ra and (210)Po) in drinking water. Appl Radiat Isot. 2007 Jul;65(7):849-57. Epub 2007 Feb 27.

  • Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of alpha radiation in cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells. Int J Radiat Biol. 2007 Mar;83(3):171-9.

  • (238)U, (234)U, (226)Ra, (210)Po concentrations of bottled mineral waters in Italy and their dose contribution. J Environ Radioact. 2007;94(2):86-97. Epub 2007 Mar 6.

  • Polonium-210 as a poison. J Radiol Prot. 2007 Mar;27(1):17-40. Epub 2007 Mar 6. Review.

  • The polonium-210 poisoning in London. J Radiol Prot. 2007 Mar;27(1):1-3. Epub 2007 Mar 6. No abstract available.

  • Radiation-induced leukemia: lessons from history. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2007 Mar;20(1):109-18. Review.

  • UK: pulling the polonium ad. Tob Control. 2007 Feb;16(1):4-5. No abstract available.

  • Radiation protection and international intrigue. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2007;123(1):1-2. Epub 2007 Feb 2. No abstract available.

  • Log normal distribution of cellular uptake of radioactivity. J Nucl Med. 2007 Feb;48(2):327; author reply 327-8. No abstract available.

  • Bioaccumulation of polonium 210Po in marine birds. J Environ Radioact. 2007;93(2):119-26. Epub 2007 Jan 30. PMID: 17267081 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  •  

    PRODUCT LIST

    • Aluminum: Al
      • Scandium-aluminum alloy: Sc-Al
      • Yttrium-aluminum alloy: Y-Al
      • Aluminum oxide: Al2O3
      • Aluminum metal: Al
      • Aluminum ammonium sulfate: NH4Al2(SO4)12·2H2O
      • Aluminum chloride: Al2Cl6·3H2O
      • Aluminum fluoride: AlF3·3H2O
      • Aluminum isopropoxide: (CH3)2CHO3Al
      • Aluminum nitrate : Al2(NO3)9·3H2O
      • Aluminum phosphate: AlPO4
      • Aluminum potassium sulfate: AlK(SO4)12·2H2O
      • Aluminum sulfate: Al2(SO4)3
    • Antimony: Sb
      • Antimony metal: Sb
      • Antimony oxide: Sb2O3
      • Antimony sulfide: Sb2S3
      • Antimony Iodide: SbI3
      • Potassium Antimonyl Tartrate: K(SbO)C4H4O1/2·6H2O
      • Antimony Polycrystalline Ingot: Sb
      • Antimony Polycrystalline Chunk: Sb
      • Antimony Targets: Sb
      • Antimony Shaped Charge: Sb
      • Antimony Selenide Polycrystalline Ingot: Sb2Se3
      • Antimony Selenide Polycrystalline Chunk: Sb2Se3
      • Antimony Selenide Targets: Sb2Se3
      • Antimony Selenide Shaped Charge: Sb2Se3
      • Antimony Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: Sb2Te3
      • Antimony Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: Sb2Te3
      • Antimony Telluride Targets: Sb2Te3
      • Antimony Telluride Shaped Charge: Sb2Te3
    • Arsenic: As
      • Arsenic metal: As
      • Arsenic oxide: As2O3
    • Barium: Ba
      • Barium acetate: Ba(C2H3O2)2
      • Barium bromide: BaBr2
      • Barium carbonate: BaCO3
      • Barium chloride: BaCl2
      • Barium fluoride: BaF2
      • Barium hydroxide: Ba(OH8)2·2H2O
      • Barium nitrate: Ba(NO3)2
      • Barium sulfate: BaSO4
    • Beryllium: Be
      • Beryllium metal: Be
      • Beryllium-copper alloy: Be-Cu
      • Beryllium oxide: BeO
      • Beryllium acetate basic: Be4O(C2H3O2)6
      • Beryllium nitrate: Be(NO3)2
      • Beryllium sulfate: BeSO4·4H2O
    • Bismuth: Bi
      • Bismuth metal: Bi
      • Bismuth fluoride: BiF3
      • Bismuth iodide: BiI3
      • Bismuth nitrate: Bi(NO3)3·5H2O
      • Bismuth oxide: Bi2O3
      • Bismuth oxychloride: BiOCL
      • Bismuth oxynitrate: BiONO3
      • Bismuth Polycrystalline Ingot: Bi
      • Bismuth Polycrystalline Chunk: Bi
      • Bismuth Targets: Bi
      • Bismuth Shaped Charge: Bi
      • Bismuth Selenide Polycrystalline Ingot: Bi2Se3
      • Bismuth Selenide Polycrystalline Chunk: Bi2Se3
      • Bismuth Selenide Targets: Bi2Se3
      • Bismuth Selenide Shaped Charge: Bi2Se3
      • Bismuth Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: Bi2Te3
      • Bismuth Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: Bi2Te3
      • Bismuth Telluride Targets: Bi2Te3
      • Bismuth Telluride Shaped Charge: Bi2Te3
    • Boron: B
      • Ferroboron: Fe-B
      • Boron carbide: B4C
      • Boron nitride: BN
      • Boric Acid: H3BO3
      • Boron Phosphate: BPO4
      • Potassium Tetrafluoroborate: KBF4
    • Cadmium: Cd
      • Cadmium metal: Cd
      • Cadmium Acetate: Cd(C2H3O2)2·xH2O
      • Cadmium Bromide: CdBr2
      • Cadmium Chloride: CdCl2
      • Cadmium Fluoride: CdF2
      • Cadmium Iodide: CdI2
      • Cadmium Nitrate: Cd(NO3)2·4H2O
      • Cadmium Oxide: CdO
      • Cadmium Sulfate: CdSO4·xH2O
      • Cadmium Polycrystalline Ingot: Cd
      • Cadmium Polycrystalline Chunk: Cd
      • Cadmium Targets: Cd
      • Cadmium Shaped Charge: Cd
      • Cadmium Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: CdTe
      • Cadmium Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: CdTe
      • Cadmium Telluride Targets: CdTe
      • Cadmium Telluride Shaped Charge: CdTe
    • Calcium: Ca
      • Calcium metal: Ca
      • Calcium-magnesium alloy: Ca-Mg
      • Calcium-aluminum alloy: Ca-Al
      • Calcium-silicon alloy: Ca-Si
      • Calcium hydrade: CaH2
      • Calcium stabilized zirconia: CaO + ZrO2
      • Calcium acetate: Ca(C2H3O2)2·xH2O
      • Calcium bromide: CaBr2·xH2O
      • Calcium carbonate: CaCO3
      • Calcium chloride: CaCl2·6H2O
      • Calcium fluoride: CaF2
      • Calcium nitrate: Ca(NO3)2·4H2O
      • Calcium oxalate: CaC2O4
      • Calcium oxide: CaO
      • Calcium sulfate: CaSO4
    • Carbon: C
      • Graphite: C (Electrode, Powder Crystalline Flake, Amorphous)
      • Boron carbide: B4C
      • Silicon carbide: SiC
      • Tungsten carbide: WC
    • Cerium: Ce
      • Cerium metal: Ce
      • Ce-rich mischmetal:
      • Cerium oxide: CeO2
      • Cerium acetate: Ce(C2H3O2)3
      • Cerium carbonate: Ce)2 CO3)3
      • Cerium hydrate: Ce(OH)4
      • Cerium nitrate: Ce(NO3)3
      • Cerium ammonium nitrate: (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6
      • Cerium chloride: CeCl3
      • Cerium fluoride: CeF3
      • Cerium 55 concentrate: CeO2
      • Cerium-Rich rare earth carbonate: (Ce,La,Nd,Pr)2(CO3)3
      • Cerium bromide: CeBr3
      • Cerium oxalate: Ce(C2O4)3·xH2O
      • Cerium sulfate: Ce(SO4)3·8H2O
    • Cesium: Cs
      • Cesium acetate: CsC2H3O2
      • Cesium bromide: CsBr
      • Cesium carbonate: Cs2CO3
      • Cesium chloride: CsCl
      • Cesium fluoride: CsF
      • Cesium iodide: CsI
      • Cesium nitrate: CsNO3
      • Cesium sulfate: Cs2SO4
    • Chromium: Cr
      • Chromium metal: Cr
      • Feerochromium: Fe-Cr
      • Chromium silicon alloy: Cr-Si
      • Ammonium dichromate: (NH4)2Cr2O7
      • Chromium chloride: [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2·2H2O
      • Chromium nitrate: Cr(NO3)3·9H2O
      • Chromium oxide: Cr2O3
      • Chromium potassium sulfate: CrK(SO4)2·12H2O
      • Potassium dichromate: K2Cr2O7
    • Cobalt: Co
      • Cobalt metal: Co
      • Samarium-Cobalt Alloys: Co
      • Cobalt oxide: Co2O3
      • Cobalt oxalate: CoC2O4·2H2O
      • Samarium-Cobalt Magnets
      • Cobalt acetate: Co(C2H3O2)2
      • Cobalt bromide: CoBr2
      • Cobalt carbonate: CoCO3·xH2O
      • Cobalt chloride: CoCl2
      • Cobalt fluoride: CoF2·4H2O
      • Cobalt nitrate: Co(NO3)2·6H2O
      • Sodium hexanitrocobaltate: Na3Co(NO2)6
    • Dysprosium: Dy
      • Dysprosium metal: Dy
      • Dysprosium oxide: Dy2O3
      • Dysprosium fluoride: DyF3
      • Dysprosium acetate: Dy(C2H3O2)3·4H2O
      • Dysprosium bromide: DyBr3·xH2O
      • Dysprosium carbonate: Dy2(CO3)3·xH2O
      • Dysprosium chloride: DyCl3·6H2O
      • Dysprosium nitrate: Dy(NO3)3·5H2O
      • Dysprosium oxalate: Dy2(C2O4)3·xH2O
      • Dysprosium sulfate: Dy2(SO4)3·8H2O
    • Erbium: Er
      • Erbium metal: Er
      • Erbium oxide: Er2O3
      • Erbium fluoride: ErF3
      • Erbium acetate: Er(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
      • Erbium carbonate: Er(CO3)3·xH2O
      • Erbium chloride: ErCl3·6H2O
      • Erbium nitrate: Er(NO3)3·5H2O
      • Erbium oxalate: Er(C2O4)3·xH2O
      • Erbium sulfate: Er(SO4)3·8H2O
    • Europium: Eu
      • Europium metal: Eu
      • Europium oxide: Eu2O3
      • Europium acetate: Eu(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
      • Europium carbonate: Eu2(CO3)3·xH2O
      • Europium chloride: EuCl3·6H2O
      • Europium chloride: EuCl2
      • Europium fluoride: EuF3
      • Europium nitrate: Eu(NO3)3·5H2O
      • Europium oxalate: Eu2(C2O4)3·xH2O
      • Europium sulfate: Eu2(SO4)3·8H2O
    • Gallium: Ga
      • Gallium metal: Ga
      • Gallium chloride: GaCl3
      • Gallium fluoride: GaF3
      • Gallium nitrate: Ga(NO3)3·xH2O
      • Gallium oxide: Ga2O3
      • Gallium sulfate: Ga2(SO4)3·xH2O
      • Gallium Polyethylene Bottles: GaSb
      • Gallium Antimonide Polycrystalline Ingot: GaSb
      • Gallium Antimonide Polycrystalline Chunk: GaSb
      • Gallium Antimonide Targets: GaSb
      • Gallium Antimonide Shaped Charge: GaSb
      • Gallium Antimonide Single Crystal: GaSb
      • Gallium Arsenide Polycrystalline Ingot: GaAs
      • Gallium Arsenide Polycrystalline Chunk: GaAs
      • Gallium Arsenide Targets: GaAs
      • Gallium Arsenide Shaped Charge: GaAs
      • Gallium Arsenide Single Crystal: GaAs
      • Gallium Arsenide Test Grade Wafers: GaAs
      • Gallium Indium Antimonide Twinned/Single Crystal
      • Gallium Indium Arsenide Twinned/Single Crystal
      • Gallium Phosphide Polycrystalline Chunk: GaP
      • Gallium(II) Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: GaTe
      • Gallium(II) Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: GaTe
      • Gallium(II) Telluride Targets: GaTe
      • Gallium(II) Telluride Shaped Charge: GaTe
      • Gallium(II) Telluride Single Crystal: GaTe
      • Gallium(III) Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: Ga2Te3
      • Gallium(III) Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: Ga2Te3
      • Gallium(III) Telluride Targets: Ga2Te3
      • Gallium(III) Telluride Shaped Charge: Ga2Te3
      • Gallium(III) Telluride Single Crystal: Ga2Te3
    • Gadolinium: Gd
      • Gadolinium metal: Gd
      • Gadolinium oxide: Gd2O3
      • Gadolinium acetate: Gd(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
      • Gadolinium bromide: GdBr3·xH2O
      • Gadolinium carbonate: Gd2(CO3)3·xH2O
      • Gadolinium chloride: GdCl3·6H2O
      • Gadolinium fluoride: GdF3
      • Gadolinium nitrate: Gd(NO3)3·6H2O
      • Gadolinium oxalate: Gd2(C2O4)3·xH2O
      • Gadolinium sulfate: Gd2(SO4)3·xH2O
    • Germanium Ge
      • Germanium metal: Ge
      • Germanium oxide: GeO2
      • Germanium chloride: GeCl4
      • Ammonium hexafluorogerminate: (NH4)2GeF6
      • Germanium Polycrystalline Ingot: Ge
      • Germanium Polycrystalline Chunk: Ge
      • Germanium Targets: Ge
      • Germanium Shaped Charge: Ge
      • Germanium Single Crystal: Ge
      • Germanium Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: GeTe
      • Germanium Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: GeTe
      • Germanium Telluride Targets: GeTe
      • Germanium Telluride Shaped Charge: GeTe
    • Gold: Au
      • Gold metal: Au
      • Barium ammonium tetrachloroaurate: NH4AuCl4·xH2O
      • Gold chloride: AuCl3
      • Gold cyanide: AuCN
      • Gold hydroxide: Au(OH)3
      • Gold iodide: AuI
      • Gold sulfide: Au2S3
      • Hydrogentetrachloroaurate: HAuCl4·xH2O
      • Potassium dicyanoaurate: KAu(CN)2
      • Potassium tetrabromoaurate: KAuBr4
      • Potassium tetrachloroaurate: KAuCl4
      • Sodium tetrachloroaurate: NaAuCl4·xH2O
      • Gold Shaped Charge: Au
      • Gold Foil: Au
      • Gold Sputtering Target: Au
    • Hafnium: Hf
      • Hafnium oxide: HfO2
      • Hafnium oxychloride: HfOCl2·8H2O
      • Hafnium sulfate: Hf(SO4)2
    • Holmium: Ho
      • Holmium metal: Ho
      • Holmium oxide: Ho2O3
      • Holmium chloride: HoCl3
      • Holmium nitrate: Ho(NO3)3
      • Holmium acetate: Ho(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
      • Holmium bromide: HoBr3·xH2O
      • Holmium carbonate: Ho(CO3)3·xH2O
      • Holmium fluoride: HoF3
      • Holmium oxalate: Ho(C2O4)3·xH2O
      • Holmium sulfate: Ho2(SO4)3·8H2O
    • Indium: In
      • Indium metal: In
      • Indium oxide: In2O3
      • Indium acetate: In2(C2H3O2)2·xH2O
      • Indium bromide: InBr3
      • Indium chloride: InCl3
      • Indium fluoride: InF3
      • Indium nitrate: In(NO3)3·5H2O
      • Indium sulfate: In2(SO4)3·xH2O
      • Indium Ingot: In
      • Indium Targets: In
      • Indium Shaped Charge: In
      • Indium Foil: In
      • Indium Antimonide Polycrystalline Ingot: InSb
      • Indium Antimonide Polycrystalline Chunk: InSb
      • Indium Antimonide Targets: InSb
      • Indium Antimonide Shaped Charge: InSb
      • Indium Antimonide Single Crystal: InSb
      • Indium Arsenide Polycrystalline Ingot: InAs
      • Indium Arsenide Polycrystalline Chunk: InAs
      • Indium Arsenide Targets: InAs
      • Indium Arsenide Shaped Charge: InAs
      • Indium Arsenide Single Crystal Ingot: InAs
      • Indium Phosphide Polycrystalline Ingot: InP
      • Indium Phosphide Polycrystalline Chunk: InP
      • Indium Phosphide Targets: InP
      • Indium Phosphide Shaped Charge: InP
      • Indium Phosphide Single Crystal Ingot: InP
      • Indium Phosphide Wafers: InP
      • Indium Phosphide Arsenide Twinned/Single
      • Indium Phosphide Arsenide Crystal
      • Indium Selenide Polycrystalline Ingot: In2Se3
      • Indium Selenide Polycrystalline Chunk: In2Se3
      • Indium Selenide Targets: In2Se3
      • Indium Selenide Shaped Charge: In2Se3
      • Indium Sulfide Polycrystalline Ingot: In2S3
      • Indium Sulfide Polycrystalline Chunk: In2S3
      • Indium Sulfide Targets: In2S3
      • Indium Sulfide Shaped Charge: In2S3
      • Indium Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: In2Te3
      • Indium Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: In2Te3
      • Indium Telluride Targets: In2Te3
      • Indium Telluride Shaped Charge: In2Te3
    • Iodine: I
      • Iodine acid: HIO3
      • Iodine oxide: I2O5
      • Periodic acid: H5IO3
    • Iridium: Ir
      • Iridium metal: Ir
      • Ammonium hexachloroiridate: (NH4)3IrCl6
      • Iridium chloride: IrCl3·xH2O
      • Iridium oxide: IrO2
      • Potassium hexachloroiridate: K2IrCl6
    • Iron: Fe
      • Iron metal: Fe
      • Ammonium trisoxaltoferrate: (NH4)3Fe(C2O4)3·3H2O
      • Ammonium iron sulfate: (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O
      • Iron chloride: FeCl2·4H2O
      • Iron fluoride: FeF2·4H2O
      • Iron nitrate: Fe(NO3)3·9H2O
      • Iron oxide: Fe2O3
      • Iron sulfate: FeSO4·7H2O
      • Potassium ferrocyanide hydrate: K4Fe(CN)6·xH2O
      • Ferroboron: Fe-B
      • Ferrochromium: Fe-Cr
      • Ferromanganese: Fe-Mn
      • Ferromolybdenum: Fe-Mo
      • Ferrosilicon: Fe-Si
      • Ferrovanadium: Fe-V
      • Ferrotungsten: Fe-W
    • Lanthanum: La
      • Lanthanum metal: La
      • La-rich mischmetal
      • Lanthanum oxide: La2O3
      • Lanthanum acetate: La(C2H3O2)3
      • Lanthanum bromide: LaBr3·xH20
      • Lanthanum carbonate: La2(CO3)3
      • La-rich rare earth carbonate
      • Lanthanum nitrate La(NO3)3
      • Lanthanum chloride: LaCl3
      • Lanthanum fluoride: LaF3
      • Lanthunum-rich lanthanide chloride: (Ln,La)Cl3
      • Lanthanum-rich lanthanide nitrate: (Ln,La)(NO3)3
      • Lanthanum sulfate: La2(SO4)3·xH20
    • Lithium: Li
      • Lithium metal: Li
      • Lithium chloride: LiCl
      • Lithium carbonate: Li2CO3
      • Lithium hydroxide: LiOH·H2O
      • Lithium acetate: Li2C2H3O2·2H2O
      • Lithium bromide: LiBr
      • Lithium fluoride: LiF
      • Lithium nitrate: LiNO3
      • Lithium sulfate: Li2SO4
    • Lutetium: Lu
      • Lutetium metal: Lu
      • Lutetium oxide: Lu2O3
      • Lutetium acetate: Lu(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
      • Lutetium carbonate: Lu2(CO3)3·xH2O
      • Lutetium chloride: LuCl3·6H2O
      • Lutetium fluoride: LuF3
      • Lutetium nitrate: Lu(NO3)3·xH2O
      • Lutetium sulfate: Lu(SO4)3·8H2O
    • Magnesium: Mg
      • Magnesium metals: Mg
      • Magnesium oxide: MgO
      • Fused magnesite
      • Caustic calcined magnesite
      • Dead burned magnesite
      • Magnesium aluminate spinel
      • Magnesium acetate: Mg(C2H3O2)2·4H2O
      • Magnesium bromide: MgBr2·6H2O
      • Magnesium chloride: MgCl2·6H2O
      • Magnesium fluoride: MgF2
      • Magnesium nitrate: Mg(NO3)2·6H2O
      • Magnesium sulfate: MgSO4
    • Manganese: Mn
      • Manganese metal: Mn
      • Ferromanganese: Fe-Mn
      • Manganese oxide: MnO2
      • Manganese carbonate: MnCO3
      • Manganese acetate: Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O
      • Manganese nitrate: Mn(NO3)2
      • Manganese bromide: MnBr2·4H2O
      • Manganese chloride: MnCl2·4H2O
      • Manganese sulfate: MnSO4·xH2O
    • Molybdenum: Mo
      • Molybdenum metal: Mo
      • Molybdenum oxide: MoO3
      • Ferromolybdenum: Fe-Mo
      • Sodium molybdenum oxide: Na2MoO4·2H2O
      • Ammonium molybdate: (NH4)2Mo2O7
      • Sodium molybdenum: NaMoO4·2H2O
    • Neodymium: Nd
      • Neodymium metal: Nd
      • Neodymium oxide: Nd2O3
      • Neodymium acetate: Nd(C2H3O2)3
      • Neodymium carbonate: Nd2(CO3)3
      • Neodymium hydrate: Nd(OH)3
      • Neodymium nitrate: Nd(NO3)3
      • Neodymium chloride: NdCl3
      • Neodymium fluoride: NdF3
      • Neodymium oxalate: Nd2(C2O4)3·xH2O
      • Neodymium sulfate: Nd2(SO4)3·8H2O
    • Nickel: Ni
      • Nickel metal: Ni
      • Nickel oxide: NiO
      • Ammonium nickel sulfate: (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2·6H2O
      • Hexaamminenickel bromide: {Ni(NH3)6}Br2
      • Hexaamminenickel chloride: {Ni(NH3)6}Cl2
      • Hexaamminenickel iodide: {Ni(NH3)6}I2
      • Nickel acetate: Ni(C2H3O2)2·4H2O
      • Nickel bromide anhydrous: NiBr2
      • Nickel carbonate: NiCO3
      • Nickel chloride: NiCl2
      • Nickel nitrate: Ni(NO3)2·6H2O
      • Nickel oxalate: NiC2O4·2H2O
      • Nickel sulfate: NiSO4·7H2O
      • Potassium tetracyanonickelate: K2Ni(CN)4·xH2O
    • Niobium: Nb
      • Niobium metal: Nb
      • Niobium oxide: Nb2O5
      • Ammonium hexafluoroniobate: NH4Nb2F5
    • Osmium: Os
      • Ammonium hexachloroosmate: (NH4)2OsCl6
    • Palladium: Pd
      • Pallidium metal: Pd
      • Ammonium hexachloropalladate: (NH4)2PdCl6
      • Trans-Diamminedichloropalladium: Pd(NH3)2Cl2
      • Trans-Diamminedinitropalladium: Pd(NH3)2(NO2)2
      • Palladium bromide: PdBr2
      • Palladium chloride: PdCl2
      • Palladium iodide: PdI2
      • Palladium nitrate: Pd(NO3)2
      • Palladium oxide: PdO
      • Potassium hexachloropalladate: K2PdCl6
      • Potassium tetrabromopalladate: K2PdBr4
      • Potassium tetranitropalladate: K2Pd(NO2)4
      • Tetraamminepalladium chloride: [Pd(NH3)]4Cl2·H2O
      • Tetraamminepalladium nitrate: [Pd(NH3)4](NO3)2
    • Phosphor also see Y2O3, Eu2O3, Gd2O3, and Tb2O3.
      • Phosphor for trichromatic lamp: (Blue, Red, Green)
      • Phosphor for color TV screen: (Blue, Red, Green)
    • Platinum: Pt
      • Platinum metal: Pt
      • Ammonium hexabromoplatinate: (NH4)2PtBr6
      • Ammonium hexachloroplatinate: (NH4)2PtCl6
      • Cis-diaamminedichloroplatinum: Pt(NH3)2Cl2
      • Trans-diaamminedichloroplatinum: Pt(NH3)2Cl2
      • Trans-diaamminedinitroplatinum: Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2
      • Platinum chloride: PtCl2
      • Platinum oxide hydrate: PtO2
      • Platinum sulfide: PtS2
      • Tetraammineplatinum chloride: [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2·xH2O
      • Tetraammineplatinum nitrate: Pt(NH3)4(NO3)2·xH2O
      • Tetraammineplatinum tetrachloroplatinate: [Pt(NH3)4][PtCl4]
    • Potassium: K
      • Potassium hexabromoplatinate: K2PtBr6
      • Potassium hexachloroplatinate: K2PtCl6
      • Potassium tetrabromoplatinate: K2PtBr4
      • Potassium tetrachloroplatinate: K2PtCl4
      • Potassium tetracyanoplatinate: K2Pt(CN)4
      • Potassium acetate: KC2H3O2
      • Potassium bromide: KBr
      • Potassium carbonate: K2CO
      • Potassium chloride: KCl
      • Potassium dihydrogen phosphate: KH2PO4
      • Potassium fluoride: KF
      • Potassium iodide: KI
      • Potassium nitrate: KNO3
      • Potassium oxalate: K2C2O4·H2O
      • Potassium perchlorate: KClO4
      • Potassium periodate: KIO4
      • Potassium persulfate: K2S2O8
      • Potassium sulfate: K2SO4
    • Praseodymium: Pr
      • Praseodymium metal: Pr
      • Praseodymium oxide: Pr6O11
      • Praseodymium fluoride: PrF3
      • Praseodymium acetate: Pr(C2H3O2)3·3H2O
      • Praseodymium bromide: PrB3
      • Praseodymium carbonate: Pr2(CO3)3·8H2O
      • Praseodymium chloride: PrCl3·7H2O
      • Praseodymium nitrate: Pr(NO3)3·6H2O
      • Praseodymium oxalate: Pr2(C2O4)3·xH2O
      • Praseodymium sulfate: Pr2(SO4)3·xH2O
    • Rhenium: Re
      • Rhenium metal: Re
      • Ammonium perrhenate: NH4ReO4
      • Perrhenic acid: HReO4
      • Potassium hexabromorhenate: K2ReBr6
      • Potassium hexachlororhenate: K2ReCl6
      • Rhenium sulfide: Re2S7
    • Rhodium: Rh
      • Rhodium metal: Rh
      • Ammonium hexachlororhodate: (NH4)3RhCl6
      • Chlorocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium: [RhCl(CO)((C6H5)3P)2]
      • Chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium: [RhCl(C6H5)3P)3]
      • Chloropentaamminerhodium chloride: [Rh(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
      • Potassium hexachlororhodate: K3RhCl6
      • Rhodium acetylacetonate: Rh(C5H7O2)3
      • Rhodium chloride: RhCl3·xH2O
      • Rhodium oxide: Rh2O3
      • Sodium hexachlororhodate: Na3RhCl6
    • Rubidium: Rb
      • Rubidium bromide: RbBr
      • Rubidium chloride: RbCl
      • Rubidium nitrate: RbNO3
      • Rubidium perchlorate: RbClO4
      • Rubidium sulfate: Rb2SO4
    • Ruthenium: Ru
      • Ruthenium metal: Ru
      • Ammonium hexachlororuthenate: (NH4)2RuCl6
      • Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium: [RuCl2((C6H5)3P)3]
      • Hexaammineruthenium chloride: {Ru(NH3)6}Cl2
      • Potassium hexachlororuthenate: K2RuCl6
      • Ruthenium chloride: RuCl3·xH2O
      • Ruthenium oxide: RuO2·xH2O
    • Samarium: Sm
      • Samarium metal: Sm
      • Samarium-cobalt alloy: Sm-Co
      • Samarium oxide: Sm2O3
      • Samarium acetate: Sm(C2H3O2)3·3H2O
      • Samarium bromide: SmBr3·6H2O
      • Samarium carbonate: Sm2(CO3)2·xH2O
      • Samarium chloride: SmCl3·6H2O
      • Samarium fluoride: SmF3
      • Samarium nitrate: Sm(NO3)3·6H2O
      • Samarium oxalate: Sm2(C2O3)3·xH2O
      • Samarium sulfate: Sm2(SO4)3·8H2O
    • Scandium: Sc
      • Scandium metal: Sc
      • Scandium-aluminum alloy: Al-Sc
      • Scandium oxide: Sc2O3
      • Scandium acetate: Sc(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
      • Scandium chloride: ScCl3·xH2O
      • Scandium fluoride: ScF3
      • Scandium nitrate: Sc(NO3)3·5H2O
      • Scandium oxalate: Sc(C2O4)3·5H2O
      • Scandium sulfate: Sc2(SO4)3·5H2O
    • Selenium: Se
      • Selenium metal: Se
      • Selenious acid: H2SeO3
      • Selenium dioxide: SeO2
    • Silicon: Si
      • Silicon metal: Si (monocrystal, polycrystal)
      • Silicon Carbide: SiC
      • Ferrosilicon: Fe-Si
      • Calcium-silicon alloy: Ca-Si
      • Chromium-silicon alloy: Cr-Si
      • Silicon oxide: SiO2
      • Silicon Polycrystalline Ingot: Si
      • Silicon Polycrystalline Chunk: Si
      • Silicon Targets: Si
      • Silicon Shaped Charge: Si
      • Silicon Cylinders: Si
      • Silicon Wafers: Si
      • Silicon Arsenide Polycrystalline Ingot: SiAs
      • Silicon Arsenide Polycrystalline Chunk: SiAs
      • Silicon Phosphide Polycrystalline Ingot: SiP
      • Silicon Phosphide Polycrystalline Chunk: SiP
    • Silver: Ag
      • Silver acetate: AgC2H3O2
      • Silver bromide: AgBr
      • Silver carbonate: Ag2CO3
      • Silver chloride: AgCl
      • Silver fluoride: AgF
      • Silver iodide: AgI
      • Silver nitrate: AgNO3
      • Silver oxide: Ag2O
      • Silver perrhenate: AgReO4
      • Silver phosphate: Ag3PO4
      • Silver sulfate: Ag2SO4
      • Silver triocyanate: AgSCN
      • Potassium dicyanoargentate: KAg(CN)2
    • Sodium: Na
      • Sodium acetate: NaC2H3O2
      • Sodium bromide: NaBr
      • Sodium carbonate: Na2CO3
      • Sodium chloride: NaCl
      • Sodium dihydrogen phosphate: NaH2PO4
      • Sodium fluoride: NaF
      • Sodium hydrogen sulfate: NaHSO4
      • Sodium nitrate: NaNO3
      • Sodium oxalate: Na2CO4
      • Sodium sulfate: NaSO4
    • Strontium: Sr
      • Strontium acetate: Sr(C2H3O2)2
      • Strontium bromide: SrBr2
      • Strontium carbonate: SrCO3
      • Strontium chloride: SrCl2·6H2O
      • Strontium fluoride: SrF2
      • Strontium nitrate: Sr(NO3)2
      • Strontium sulfate: SrSO4
    • Tantalum: Ta
      • Tantalum metal: Ta
      • Tantalum oxide: Ta2O5
      • Potassium tantalfluoride: K2TaF7
    • Tellurium: Te
      • Tellurium metal: Te
      • Tellurium oxide: TeO2
      • Tellurium Polycrystalline Chunk: Te
      • Tellurium Shaped Charge: Te
    • Terbium: Tb
      • Terbium metal: Tb
      • Terbium oxide: Tb4O7
      • Terbium acetate: Tb(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
      • Terbium bromide: TbBr2·xH2O
      • Terbium carbonate: Tb2(CO3)3·xH2O
      • Terbium chloride: TbCl3·6H2O
      • Terbium fluoride: TbF3
      • Terbium nitrate: Tb(NO3)3·6H2O
      • Terbium oxalate: Tb(C2O4)3·10H2O
      • Terbium sulfate: Tb2(SO4)3·8H2O
    • Thallium: Tl
      • Thallium acetate: TlC2H3O2
      • Thallium bromide: TlBr
      • Thallium chloride: TlCl
      • Thallium iodide: TlI
      • Thallium nitrate: TlNO3
      • Thallium sulfate: Tl2SO4
    • Thorium: Th
      • Thorium metal: Th
      • Thorium nitrate: Th(NO3)4·xH2O
      • Thorium oxide: ThO2
    • Thulium: Tm
      • Thulium metal: Tm
      • Thulium oxide: Tm2O3
      • Thulium acetate: Tm(C2H3O2)3·xH2O
      • Thulium bromide: TmBr3
      • Thulium carbonate: Tm2(CO3)3·xH2O
      • Thulium chloride: TmCl3·6H2O
      • Thulium fluoride: TmF3
      • Thulium nitrate: Tm(NO3)3·5H2O
      • Thulium oxalate: Tm(C2O4)3·6H2O
      • Thulium sulfate: Tm(SO4)3·8H2O
    • Tin: Sn
      • Tin metal: Sn (Ingot, Solder)
      • Tin oxide: SnO2
      • Tin chloride: SnCl2
      • Ammonium hexafluorostannate: (NH4)2SnF6
      • Tin Ingot: Sn
      • Tin Chunk: Sn
      • Tin Shaped Charge: Sn
      • Tin Arsenide Polycrystalline Chunk: SnAs
      • Tin Selenide Polycrystalline Ingot: SnSe
      • Tin Selenide Polycrystalline Chunk: SnSe
      • Tin Selenide Targets: SnSe
      • Tin Selenide Shaped Charge: SnSe
      • Tin Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: SnTe
      • Tin Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: SnTe
      • Tin Telluride Targets: SnTe
      • Tin Telluride Shaped Charge: SnTe
      •  
    • Titanium: Ti
      • Titanium metal: Ti
      • Titanium oxide: TiO2
      • Ammonium hexafluorotitanate: (NH4)2TiF6
      • Ammonium titanyl oxalate: (NH4)2TiO(C2O4)2·H2O
    • Tungsten: W
      • Tungsten metal: W
      • Ferrotungsten: Fe-W
      • Tungsten carbide: WC
      • Tungsten oxide: WO3
      • Ammonium tetrathiotungstate: (NH4)2WS4
      • Ammonium tungstate: (NH4)2WO4
      • Sodium tungstate: NH2WO4·2H2O
    • Vanadium: V
      • Ferrovanadium: Fe-V
      • Vanadium oxide: V2O5
      • Ammonium metavanadate: NH4VO3
      • Potassium metavanadate: KVO3
      • Vanadyl sulfate: VOSO4·xH2O
    • Ytterbium: Yb
      • Ytterbium metal: Yb
      • Ytterbium oxide: Yb2O3
      • Ytterbium acetate: Yb(C2H3O2)2·4H2O
      • Ytterbium bromide: YbBr3·6H2O
      • Ytterbium carbonate: Yb2(CO3)3·xH2O
      • Ytterbium chloride: YbCl3·6H2O
      • Ytterbium fluoride: YbF3
      • Ytterbium nitrate: Yb2(NO3)3·5H2O
      • Ytterbium oxalate: Yb2(C2O4)3·10H2O
      • Ytterbium sulfate: Yb2(SO4)3·8H2O
    • Yttrium: Y
      • Yttrium metal: Y
      • Yttrium-aluminum alloy: Y-Al
      • Yttrium oxide: Y2O3
      • Yttrium stabilized zirconia: Y2O3 + ZrO2
      • Yttrium nitrate
      • Yttrium chloride
      • Yttrium acetate: Y(C2H3O2)3·4H2O
      • Yttrium carbonate: Y2(CO3)3·3H2O
      • Yttrium fluoride: YF3
      • Yttrium oxalate: Y2(C2O4)3·9H2O
      • Yttrium sulfate: Y(SO4)3·8H2O
    • Zinc: Zn
      • Zinc metal: Zn
      • Zinc oxide: ZnO
      • Zinc acetate: Zn(OAC)2·xH2O
      • Zinc bromide: ZnBr2
      • Zinc chloride: ZnCl2
      • Zinc fluoride: ZnF2
      • Zinc iodide: ZnI2
      • Zinc nitrate: Zn(NO3)2·6H2O
      • Zinc sulfate: ZnSO4
      • Zinc Ingot: Zn
      • Zinc Chunk: Zn
      • Zinc Shaped Charge: Zn
      • Zinc Telluride Polycrystalline Ingot: ZnTe
      • Zinc Telluride Polycrystalline Chunk: ZnTe
      • Zinc Telluride Targets: ZnTe
      • Zinc Telluride Shaped Charge: ZnT

     

     

     

     

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