Polonium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Polonium is a highly reactive silver-gray metal that is very soluble in acid and mildly soluble in alkalis. It is the only metallic element that exits in a simple cubic array with six bonds per atom. Many of its industrial applications involve the ability of the Polonium 210 Isotope to electrically charge ambient air. Statically charged dust particles are neutralized making them easier to remove. This has resulted in uses for Polonium 210, including as anti-static brushes and anti-static fans which can remove fine dust particulate from optical lenses, advanced laboratory weighing equipment, photographic film and in metal rolling and textile mills and in clean room environments. It is used in research as a source of Alfa radiation and has been alloyed with other metals, such as Beryllium, to produce a transferable neutron source. Polonium and its isotopes, such as Polonium 210, is a strong radioactive alpha emitter with no stable isotopes. American Elements therefore does not sell Polonium products. The AE IsotopeT product group contains only non-radioactive (stable) isotopes. Information, applications and properties for Polonium are provided.

In November 2006, it was used as an apparent assassination tool in the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko, a Russian dissident and former KGB agent. Previously, Polonium was used in the space programs of both the United States and the Soviet Union. The United States tested it as a thermoelectric power source for satellites. 140 watts of power can be produced per gram of Polonium 210. The U.S.S.R briefly used Polonium to provide heating to its Lunokhod moon rover. During World War II, it was used in the Manhattan project as a triggering device in the Fat Man atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.

(click on an element)

Polonium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of polonium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is[Xe]6s₂4f₁₄5d₁₀6p₄. In its elemental formpolonium's CAS number is 7440-08-6. The polonium atom has a radius of 168pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 197pm. Polonium is both toxic and radioactive.

It was discovered in commercially grown tobacco plants after U.S. tobacco growers began using phosphate fertilizers containing uranium bearing calcium phosphate ores which overtime release radon gas. The radon gas in turn caused other radioactive isotopes of Polonium and Lead to deposit on the leaves. The burning of the leaves in the smoking process causes the highly volatile Polonium 210 Isotope to form a gas. Because Polonium 210 is highly soluble (see above), it can then freely move through the body after ingestion. One Harvard medical study in the 1960's claimed that Polonium 210 radioactivity alone was sufficient to make it a contributing cause of lung cancer in smokers. Subsequently, the Surgeon General has said that 90% of tobacco-related lung cancer deaths are a result of radioactivity rather than tar and nicotine poisoning.

Polonium was first discovered by Madame Marie Curie in 1898 who extracted it from Pitchblende, a then known uranium source. She named it after her birthplace of Poland. Polonium has 12 isotopes. It is now commercially produced by neutron bombardment of bismuth 209 isotopes. Polonium's most stable isotope is Polonium 209 with a half life of 102 years. Polonium 210 has a half life of approximately 138.39 days.

Polonium

Polonium

Polonio

Polônio

Polonio

Polonium

The following table shows the abundance of polonium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:

Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for polonium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Polonium compounds have no biological role.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for polonium(the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

Conductivity. As to polonium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is0.40 µΩ·m and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.0. The thermal conductivity of radium is 0.2 W m^-1 K^-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for polonium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Recent Research & Development for Polonium

• The london polonium incident: lessons in risk communications. Rubin GJ, Amlôt R, Page L. Health Phys. 2011 Nov;101(5):545-50. PMID: 21979538 [PubMed - in process]
  
  
• Cigarette Smoke Radioactivity and Lung Cancer Risk. Karagueuzian HS, White C, Sayre J, Norman A. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011 Sep 27. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21956761 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
  
  
• Prevalence of and Risks for Internal Contamination among Hospital Staff Caring for a Patient Contaminated with a Fatal Dose of Polonium-210. le Polain de Waroux O, Cohuet S, Bishop L, Johnson S, Shaw K, Maguire H, Charlett A, Fraser G. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011 Oct;32(10):1010-5. Epub 2011 Aug 19. PMID: 21931252 [PubMed - in process]
  
  
• [Marie Curie, née Maria Sklodowska (1867-1934)--contribution to the development of radiology]. Babic RR, Babic GS. Med Pregl. 2011 Mar-Apr;64(3-4):229-33. Serbian. PMID: 21905607 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  
  
• Proceedings of the International Topical Meeting on Polonium and Radioactive Lead Isotopes. October 26-28, 2009. Seville, Spain. [No authors listed] J Environ Radioact. 2011 May;102(5):413-533. No abstract available. PMID: 21847813 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  
  
• Polonium and lung cancer. Zagà V, Lygidakis C, Chaouachi K, Gattavecchia E. J Oncol. 2011;2011:860103. Epub 2011 Jun 23. PMID: 21772848 [PubMed - in process]
  
  
• Investigation of magnetic nanoparticles for the rapid extraction and assay of alpha-emitting radionuclides from urine: demonstration of a novel radiobioassay method. O'Hara MJ, Carter JC, MacLellan JA, Warner CL, Warner MG, Addleman RS. Health Phys. 2011 Aug;101(2):196-208. PMID: 21709509 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  
  
• Rapid methods for the isolation of actinides Sr, Tc and Po from raw urine. McAlister DR, Horwitz EP, Harvey JT. Health Phys. 2011 Aug;101(2):176-9. PMID: 21709506 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  
  
• Epidemiology of internal contamination with polonium-210 in the London incident, 2006. Fraser G, Giraudon I, Cohuet S, Bishop L, Maguire H, Thomas HL, Mandal S, Anders K, Sanchez-Padilla E, Charlett A, Evans B, Gross R. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011 Jun 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21636613 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
  
  
• Natural radionuclide of Po²¹° in the edible seafood affected by coal-fired power plant industry in Kapar coastal area of Malaysia. Alam L, Mohamed CA. Environ Health. 2011 May 20;10:43. PMID: 21595985 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  
  
• The history of Radiumhemmet in Stockholm in the period 1895-1950. The transformation of an outpatient clinic to an academic department,. Kardamakis D, Gustavson-Kadaka E, Spiliopoulou E, Nilsson S. Vesalius. 2010 Dec;16(2):95-9. PMID: 21560611 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  
  
• Physical setting and natural sources of exposure to carcinogenic trace elements and radionuclides in Lahontan Valley, Nevada. Seiler R. Chem Biol Interact. 2011 Apr 22. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21536017 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
  
  
• Radionuclides in marine mammals off the Portuguese coast. Malta M, Carvalho FP. J Environ Radioact. 2011 May;102(5):473-8. Epub 2011 Apr 14. PMID: 21496976 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  
  
• Marie Curie: recipient of the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and discoverer of the chemical elements polonium and radium. Friedrich C, Remane H. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 May 16;50(21):4752-8. doi: 10.1002/anie.201008063. Epub 2011 Mar 29. No abstract available. PMID: 21472933 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  
  
• Biomonitoring of ²¹°Po and ²¹°Pb using lichens and mosses around coal-fired power plants in Western Turkey. Sert E, Ugur A, Ozden B, Saç MM, Camgöz B. J Environ Radioact. 2011 Jun;102(6):535-42. Epub 2011 Mar 31. PMID: 21458118 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  
  
• Carbon and nitrogen cycling in the Zhubi coral reef lagoon of the South China Sea as revealed by 210Po and 210Pb. Yang WF, Huang YP, Chen M, Qiu YS, Li HB, Zhang L. Mar Pollut Bull. 2011 May;62(5):905-11. Epub 2011 Mar 29. PMID: 21450313 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  
  
• A large excess of 210Po in the overlying water of the Zhubi Coral Reef flat, in the South China Sea. Yang WF, Huang YP, Chen M, Qiu YS, Li HB, Zhang L. Mar Pollut Bull. 2011 May;62(5):912-7. Epub 2011 Mar 27. PMID: 21444095 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  
  
• Changes in lognormal shape parameter guide design of patient-specific radiochemotherapy cocktails. Akudugu JM, Neti PV, Howell RW. J Nucl Med. 2011 Apr;52(4):642-9. Epub 2011 Mar 18. PMID: 21421713 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  
  
• Lognormal distribution of cellular uptake of radiopharmaceuticals: implications for biologic response in cancer treatment. Zanotti-Fregonara P, Hindié E. J Nucl Med. 2011 Apr;52(4):501-3. Epub 2011 Mar 18. No abstract available. PMID: 21421707 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  
  
• Early onset of ground state deformation in neutron deficient polonium isotopes. Cocolios TE, Dexters W, Seliverstov MD, Andreyev AN, Antalic S, Barzakh AE, Bastin B, Büscher J, Darby IG, Fedorov DV, Fedosseyev VN, Flanagan KT, Franchoo S, Fritzsche S, Huber G, Huyse M, Keupers M, Köster U, Kudryavtsev Y, Mané E, Marsh BA, Molkanov PL, Page RD, Sjoedin AM, Stefan I, Van de Walle J, Van Duppen P, Venhart M, Zemlyanoy SG, Bender M, Heenen PH. Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Feb 4;106(5):052503. Epub 2011 Feb 2. PMID: 21405388 [PubMed]