Titanium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Titanium primary uses come from two useful properties. Titanium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. In its metallic form it is not only very strong and light weight, but also highly resistant to corrosion. Thus it can be found in numerous aerospace and military applications. In its oxide form it used in low grades to produce a white pigment. Titanium is the bases for numerous commercially essential comound groups, such as barium titanates in electronic and di-electric formulations and in crystal growth for ruby and sapphire lasers.
Highly stable low oxidizing metals such as gold, iridium, aluminum and titanium are used in a host of medical applications, such as to create body implants and in regenerative medicine. Titanium was named after the word Titanos which is Greek for Titans.
Titanium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
 Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Titanium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Titanium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Titanium's shells is 2, 8, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d2 4s2. In its elemental form titanium's CAS number is 7440-32-6. The titanium atom has a radius of 144.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Titanium metal is not considered to be toxic although titanium as metal shavings or powder is considered a fire hazard.
All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Titanium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Titanium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791.
 titane |
 Titan |
 titanio |
 Titânio |
 titanio |
 Titan |
Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of titanium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Ti-46 |
45.952629 |
8.0 |
| Ti-47 |
46.951764 |
7.3 |
| Ti-48 |
47.947947 |
73.8 |
| Ti-49 |
48.947871 |
5.5 |
| Ti-50 |
49.944792 |
5.4 |
The following table shows the abundance of Titanium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
no data |
3000 ppb |
| by Atom |
no data |
80 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for titanium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Titanium compounds have no biological role but the metal is regarded as hypoallergenic.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for titanium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
658.82 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1309.85 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
2652.56 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to titanium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 42 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.54. The thermal conductivity of titanium is 21.9 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for titanium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
20.9 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
425.5 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
467.14 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Titanium
Anticancer efficacy enhancement and attenuation of side effects of doxorubicin with titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Chen Y, Wan Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Jiao Z.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:2321-6. Epub 2011 Oct 18.
PMID:
22072869
[PubMed - in process]
Keyhole Cochlear Implantation: Current Status.
Black B.
Otol Neurotol. 2011 Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22072266
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Characterization of a hydroxyapatite sputtered film subject to hydrothermal treatment using FE-SEM and STEM.
Ozeki K, Aoki H, Masuzawa T.
Biomed Mater Eng. 2011 Jan 1;21(3):179-89.
PMID:
22072082
[PubMed - in process]
In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity of permanent prosthetic materials.
Sabaliauskas V, Juciute R, Bukelskiene V, Rutkunas V, Trumpaite-Vanagiene R, Puriene A.
Stomatologija. 2011;13(3):75-80.
PMID:
22071414
[PubMed - in process]
Effect of ionic products of dicalcium silicate coating on osteoblast differentiation and collagen production via TGF-ß1 pathway.
Li J, Wei L, Sun J, Guan G.
J Biomater Appl. 2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22071351
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reconstruction of defects of maxillary sinus wall after removal of a huge odontogenic lesion using prebended 3D titanium-mesh and CAD/CAM technique - Methodology article -
Stoetzer M, Rana M, Von See C, Eckardt AM, Gellrich NC.
Head Face Med. 2011 Nov 9;7(1):21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22070833
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Total Synthesis of (-)-Virginiamycin M2: Application of Crotylsilanes Accessed by Enantioselective Rh(II) or Cu(I) Promoted Carbenoid Si-H Insertion.
Wu J, Panek JS.
J Org Chem. 2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22070230
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reduced stress shielding with limited micromotions using a carbon fibre composite biomimetic hip stem: a finite element model.
Caouette C, Yahia LH, Bureau MN.
Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2011 Sep;225(9):907-19.
PMID:
22070028
[PubMed - in process]
Numerical simulation of bone remodelling around dental implants.
Ojeda J, Martínez-Reina J, García-Aznar JM, Domínguez J, Doblaré M.
Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2011 Sep;225(9):897-906.
PMID:
22070027
[PubMed - in process]
[Application of titanium plate and Teflon patch in chest wall reconstruction after sternal. tumor resection].
Wu X, Chen M, Yu F.
Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2011 Oct;25(10):1224-6. Chinese.
PMID:
22069979
[PubMed - in process]
Pediatric bony craniovertebral junction abnormalities: Institutional experience of 10 years.
Kale SS, Ailawadhi P, Yerramneni VK, Chandra PS, Kumar R, Sharma BS, Mahapatra AK.
J Pediatr Neurosci. 2011 Oct;6(Suppl 1):S91-5.
PMID:
22069436
[PubMed]
Dietary Exposure Estimates of 14 Trace Elements in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, Two High Lung Cancer Incidence Areas in China.
Zhang L, Lv J, Liao C.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22068732
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Comparative approach to capture bacterial diversity of coastal waters.
Na H, Kim OS, Yoon SH, Kim Y, Chun J.
J Microbiol. 2011 Oct;49(5):729-40. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
PMID:
22068488
[PubMed - in process]
Combined Use of Titanium Mesh and Resorbable PLLA-PGA Implant in the Treatment of Large Orbital Floor Fractures.
Magana FG, Arzac RM, De Hilario Aviles L.
J Craniofac Surg. 2011 Nov 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22067850
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
No improvement in long-term wear and revision rates with the second-generation Biomet cup (RingLoc) in young patients.
Boesenach B, van der Heide HJ, Nelissen RG.
Acta Orthop. 2011 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22066563
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Clinical outcomes of TS-1 chemotherapy for advanced and recurrent gastric cancer.
Lee SR, Kim HO, Yoo CH.
J Korean Surg Soc. 2011 Sep;81(3):163-8. Epub 2011 Sep 26.
PMID:
22066117
[PubMed]
Melanosis ilei induced by prolonged charcoal ingestion.
Kim GM, Jun EJ, Kim YC, Park JM, Hong SI, Cheung DY, Kim JI, Lee YS.
J Korean Surg Soc. 2011 Jul;81(1):66-9. Epub 2011 Jul 11.
PMID:
22066103
[PubMed]
The mixed-valent titanium phosphate, Li(2)Ti(2)(PO(4))(3), dilithium dititanium(III/IV) tris-(orthophosphate).
Kee Y, Lee SS, Yun H.
Acta Crystallogr E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):i49. Epub 2011 Aug 17.
PMID:
22065701
[PubMed]
Transition from Anodic Titania Nanotubes to Nanowires: Arising from Nanotube Growth to Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.
Sun L, Zhang S, Wang X, Sun XW, Ong DY, Wang X, Zhao D.
Chemphyschem. 2011 Nov 7. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201100450. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22065460
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Influence of metal ions on human lymphocytes and the generation of titanium-specific T-lymphocytes.
Chan E, Cadosch D, Gautschi OP, Sprengel K, Filgueira L.
J Appl Biomater Biomech. 2011 May-Aug;9(2):137-43. doi: 10.5301/JABB.2011.8567.
PMID:
22065391
[PubMed - in process] |
