Titanium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Titanium primary uses come from two useful properties. Titanium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. In its metallic form it is not only very strong and light weight, but also highly resistant to corrosion. Thus it can be found in numerous aerospace and military applications. In its oxide form it used in low grades to produce a white pigment. Titanium is the bases for numerous commercially essential comound groups, such as barium titanates in electronic and di-electric formulations and in crystal growth for ruby and sapphire lasers.
Highly stable low oxidizing metals such as gold, iridium, aluminum and titanium are used in a host of medical applications, such as to create body implants and in regenerative medicine. Titanium was named after the word Titanos which is Greek for Titans.
Titanium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
 Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Titanium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Titanium is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Titanium's shells is 2, 8, 10, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d2 4s2. In its elemental form titanium's CAS number is 7440-32-6. The titanium atom has a radius of 144.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Titanium metal is not considered to be toxic although titanium as metal shavings or powder is considered a fire hazard.
All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Titanium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Titanium is found in igneous rocks and the sediments derived from them. Titanium was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791.
 titane |
 Titan |
 titanio |
 Titânio |
 titanio |
 Titan |
Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of titanium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Ti-46 |
45.952629 |
8.0 |
| Ti-47 |
46.951764 |
7.3 |
| Ti-48 |
47.947947 |
73.8 |
| Ti-49 |
48.947871 |
5.5 |
| Ti-50 |
49.944792 |
5.4 |
The following table shows the abundance of Titanium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
no data |
3000 ppb |
| by Atom |
no data |
80 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for titanium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Titanium compounds have no biological role but the metal is regarded as hypoallergenic.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for titanium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
658.82 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1309.85 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
2652.56 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to titanium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 42 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.54. The thermal conductivity of titanium is 21.9 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for titanium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
20.9 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
425.5 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
467.14 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Titanium
Facile synthesis of nanostructured reduced titanium oxides using borohydride toward the creation of oxide-based fuel cell electrodes.
Tominaka S.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2012 Jul 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22760777
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Mortality after local allergic response to titanium cranioplasty.
Hettige S, Norris JS.
Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2012 Jul 4. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
22760606
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Physiological effect of anatase TiO(2) nanoparticles on Lemna minor.
Song G, Gao Y, Wu H, Hou W, Zhang C, Ma H.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2012 Jul 3. doi: 10.1002/etc.1933. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22760594
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Highly Conductive Nanostructured C-TiO(2) Electrodes with Enhanced Electrochemical Stability and Double Layer Charge Storage Capacitance.
Mole F, Wang J, Clayton DA, Xu C, Pan S.
Langmuir. 2012 Jul 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22757967
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effect of autoclaving on the surfaces of TiN -coated and conventional nickel-titanium rotary instruments.
Spagnuolo G, Ametrano G, D'Antò V, Rengo C, Simeone M, Riccitiello F, Amato M.
Int Endod J. 2012 Jun 1. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02088.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22757632
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
TH-E-218-01: Dual-Energy CBCT Imaging for Metal Artifact Reduction and Contrast Enhancement.
Li H, Giles W, Ren L, Bowsher J, Yin F.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):4017.
PMID:
22757470
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
WE-G-217BCD-01: BEST IN PHYSICS (IMAGING) - High-Quality CT Imaging in the Presence of Surgical Instrumentation Using Spectral System Models and Knowledge of Implanted Devices.
Zbijewski W, Stayman J, Otake Y, Carrino J, Khanna A, Siewerdsen J.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3972-3973.
PMID:
22757296
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
WE-C-BRB-01: Dosimetric Changes Realized from Extended Bit-Depth and Metal Artifact Reduction in CT.
Glide-Hurst C, Zhong H, Altman M, Chen D, Chetty I.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3943.
PMID:
22757179
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
WE-A-BRB-02: Characterization of a New Cervical Applicator for Use with the Axxent 50kVp EBx Source.
Kelley L, Holt R, Rusch T, Walawalkar A, Lum A.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3931.
PMID:
22757129
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
SU-E-T-510: Calculation of High Resolution and Material-Specific Photon Energy Deposition Kernels.
Huang J, Childress N, Kry S.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3822-3823.
PMID:
22756689
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
SU-E-T-502: Dose Perturbation Effects Near Implant Surfaces Caused by Secondary Electron Transport in Photon-Beam Therapy.
Chofor N, Poppe B, Harder D.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3820-3821.
PMID:
22756681
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
SU-E-T-492: The Dosimetric and Clinical Impact of the Metallic Dental Implants on Radiation Dose Distributions in IMRT Head and Neck Cancer Patients.
Wang L, Xing L, Le Q.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3818.
PMID:
22756671
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
SU-E-T-319: Monte Carlo Characterization of a New Directional Pd-103 High Dose Rate Source for Brachytherapy Application.
Heredia A, Robinson A, Henderson D, Thomadsen B.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3777.
PMID:
22756498
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
SU-E-T-311: Dose Perturbation Due to Thin Layers of High-Z in HDR Ir-192 Source Dose Delivery.
Zhang H, Das I.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3775.
PMID:
22756490
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
SU-E-T-307: Quantitative Assessment of the Source Attenuation for the New CT-Compatible Titanium Fletcher-Suit-Delclos (FSD) Gynecologic Applicator.
Soni N, Gautam B, Shvydka D, Parsai E.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3774.
PMID:
22756486
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
SU-E-T-303: Practical Considerations for Maximizing Heat Production in Novel Thermo-Brachytherapy Seed Prototype.
Gautam B, Shvydka D, Parsai E.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3773.
PMID:
22756482
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
SU-E-T-138: Quantification of Dwell Position Inaccuracy in Varian GammaMed HDR Titanium Ring Applicators.
Iftimia I, Cirino E, Mower H, McKee A.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3735.
PMID:
22756318
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
SU-E-T-65: Dose Enhancement Measurements at High-Z Dental Materials Using Radiochromic EBT-2 Films.
Schoenfeld A, Poppinga D, Poppe B, Chofor N.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3717.
PMID:
22756245
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
SU-E-J-213: Comparison of the Effect of Metal Implants in Three Different Radiation Therapy Modalities; IMXT, Tomotherapy, and Proton Therapy.
Chung K, Cho S, Min B, Lim Y, Shin D, Lee S, Park S, Cho K.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3701-3702.
PMID:
22756180
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
SU-E-J-176: Clinical Evaluations of a Novel Metal Artifact Reduction Technique for Treatment Planning in Radiation Therapy.
Li H, Noel C, Thorstad W, Li H, Yu L, Low D, Moore K, Mutic S.
Med Phys. 2012 Jun;39(6):3693.
PMID:
22756144
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
