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Thulium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Thulium is representative of the other lanthanides (rare earths) similar in chemistry to Yttrium. Thulium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Tm emits blue upon excitation. Flat panel screens depend critically on bright blue emitters. Also, under X-ray bombardment emissions are in both the 375 nm (ultra violet) and 465 (visible blue) wave lengths. This gives the material useful applications in low radiation detection for detection badges and similar uses. It is also used in other luminescence applications, such as halide discharge lamps. Flat panel screens depend critically on bright blue emitters.

Thulium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Thulium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Thulium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The electronic configuration is [Xe]4f136s2. In its elemental form thulium's CAS number is 7440-30-4. The thulium atom has a radius of 172.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Thulium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Thulium was first discovered by Theodore Cleve in 1879.

French thulium German Thulium Italian tulio Portuguese Túlio Spanish tulio Swedish Tulium

Thulium Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of Thulium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Tm-169
168.934
100

Thulium Safety Data. The safety data for Thulium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for Thulium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
59.70 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1162.66 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
2284.79 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to Thulium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 79 µOcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.25. The thermal conductivity of Thulium is 16.8 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties of Thulium. The melting point and boiling point for Thulium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
18.4 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
247 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
233.43 kJ mol-1



 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Tm 69 168.93 g.mol -1 1.2 9.3 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 1545 °C 1947 °C unknown unknown 595.3 kJ.mol-1

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Recent Research & Development for Thulium

  • Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond Cr(2+):ZnSe laser at 2420 nm. Cizmeciyan MN, Cankaya H, Kurt A, Sennaroglu A. Opt Lett. 2009 Oct 15;34(20):3056-8. doi: 10.1364/OL.34.003056. PMID: 19838224 [PubMed - in process]

  • Zeeman slowing of thulium atoms. Chebakov K, Sokolov A, Akimov A, Sukachev D, Kanorsky S, Kolachevsky N, Sorokin V. Opt Lett. 2009 Oct 1;34(19):2955-7. doi: 10.1364/OL.34.002955. PMID: 19794780 [PubMed - in process]

  • Optimized MRI contrast for on-resonance proton exchange processes of PARACEST agents in biological systems. Li AX, Suchy M, Jones CK, Hudson RH, Menon RS, Bartha R. Magn Reson Med. 2009 Sep 24. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19780147 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Laser treatments of the prostate vs TURP/ open prostatectomy: systematic review of urodynamic data. Herrmann TR, Georgiou A, Bach T, Gross AJ, Oelke M. Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2009 Sep;61(3):309-24. PMID: 19773731 [PubMed - in process]

  • Dose response of CaF2:Tm to charged particles of different LET. Moyers MF, Nelson GA. Med Phys. 2009 Aug;36(8):3714-23. PMID: 19746804 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • BaLn2Se4 (Ln = Er, Tm and Yb). Bugaris DE, Ibers JA. Acta Crystallogr C. 2009 Sep;65(Pt 9):i60-2. Epub 2009 Aug 22. PMID: 19726843 [PubMed - in process]

  • Thulium:YAG laser enucleation (VapoEnucleation) of the prostate: safety and durability during intermediate-term follow-up. Bach T, Netsch C, Haecker A, Michel MS, Herrmann TR, Gross AJ. World J Urol. 2009 Aug 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19669645 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Transurethral 2-mum laser in the treatment of urethral stricture. Guo FF, Lu H, Wang GJ, Tan SF, He XF, Wang JM, Liu HJ, Zhu WB. World J Urol. 2009 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19649639 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) partial nephrectomy in a porcine model. Boylu U, Oommen M, Joshi V, Thomas R, Lee BR. Surg Endosc. 2009 Jul 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19585068 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • A rapid hydrothermal synthesis of rare earth oxide activated Y (OH)3 and Y2O3 nanotubes. Devaraju MK, Yin S, Sato T. Nanotechnology. 2009 Jul 29;20(30):305302. Epub 2009 Jul 7. PMID: 19581697 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Passive mode-locking of a Tm-doped bulk laser near 2 microm using a carbon nanotube saturable absorber. Cho WB, Schmidt A, Yim JH, Choi SY, Lee S, Rotermund F, Griebner U, Steinmeyer G, Petrov V, Mateos X, Pujol MC, Carvajal JJ, Aguiló M, Díaz F. Opt Express. 2009 Jun 22;17(13):11007-12. PMID: 19550500 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Absolute temperature MR imaging with thulium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (TmDOTMA-). James JR, Gao Y, Miller MA, Babsky A, Bansal N. Magn Reson Med. 2009 Aug;62(2):550-6. PMID: 19526494 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • (170)Tm-EDTMP: a potential cost-effective alternative to (89)SrCl(2) for bone pain palliation. Das T, Chakraborty S, Sarma HD, Tandon P, Banerjee S, Venkatesh M, Pillai MR. Nucl Med Biol. 2009 Jul;36(5):561-8. Epub 2009 May 7. PMID: 19520297 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Isolation and Structural Characterization of Two Very Large, and Largely Empty, Endohedral Fullerenes: Tm@C(3v)-C(94) and Ca@C(3v)-C(94). Che Y, Yang H, Wang Z, Jin H, Liu Z, Lu C, Zuo T, Dorn HC, Beavers CM, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Inorg Chem. 2009 Jun 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19507844 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Lanthanide Complexes of Triethylenetetramine Tetra-, Penta-, and Hexaacetamide Ligands as Paramagnetic Chemical Exchange-Dependent Saturation Transfer Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Nona- versus Decadentate Coordination. Burdinski D, Pikkemaat JA, Lub J, de Peinder P, Nieto Garrido L, Weyhermu¨ller T. Inorg Chem. 2009 Jun 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19507818 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Near-infrared luminescence of Nd3+ and Tm3+ ions doped ZnO nanocrystals. Liu Y, Luo W, Li R, Zhu H, Chen X. Opt Express. 2009 Jun 8;17(12):9748-53. PMID: 19506624 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • [Comparison of holmium and thulium laser in transurethral enucleation of the prostate] Shao Q, Zhang FB, Shang DH, Tian Y. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2009 Apr;15(4):346-9. Chinese. PMID: 19472910 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Thulium laser versus standard transurethral resection of the prostate: A randomized prospective trial. Dubey D, Muruganandham K. Indian J Urol. 2008 Jul;24(3):428-9. No abstract available. PMID: 19468488 [PubMed - in process]

  • Pain and non-pain processing during hypnosis: a thulium-YAG event-related fMRI study. Vanhaudenhuyse A, Boly M, Balteau E, Schnakers C, Moonen G, Luxen A, Lamy M, Degueldre C, Brichant JF, Maquet P, Laureys S, Faymonville ME. Neuroimage. 2009 Sep;47(3):1047-54. Epub 2009 May 19. PMID: 19460446 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Hexanedioic acid mediated surface-ligand-exchange process for transferring NaYF4:Yb/Er (or Yb/Tm) up-converting nanoparticles from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. Zhang Q, Song K, Zhao J, Kong X, Sun Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Zeng Q, Zhang H. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2009 Aug 1;336(1):171-5. Epub 2009 Apr 14. PMID: 19428023 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

 

 

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