American Elements
   



Products
Carbon Nanoparticles
Carbon Nanotubes
Graphite, Natural Flake
Graphite, Micronized
Graphite, Expandable
Graphite, Spherical
Graphite, Natural Amorphous
Boron Carbide
Boron Carbide Nanoparticles
Silicon Carbide
Silicon Carbide Nanoparticles
Tungsten Carbide
Tungsten Carbide Nanoparticles
Graphene
Carbon Nanohorns
Carbon
Carbon information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Carbon in its elemental form is one of the softest (graphite) and hardest (diamond) materials found in nature. Applications for graphitic carbon include in lubricant formulations and as the replacement for lead in pencils. Diamond has numerous industrial applications due to its extreme hardness and resistance to heat and pressure. Graphene is a nanoscale ultra thin film or foil with thicknesses as small as 1 nanometer which can be produced from either silicon carbide or graphite flake processing. These include in drill bits and grinding media and grinding equipment. Carbon also finds application in steel alloys, in various filtering and purification technologies and as a neutron moderator in nuclear power plants. Carbon  is available as a nanoparticle and in single-walled, double-walled and multi-walled nanotubes with purities from 99% to 99.999% ( ultra-high purity ).

Carbon facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Carbon Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


(click on an element)
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Carbon is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Carbon is a Block P, Group 12, Period 2 element. The electronic configuration is [He] 2s2 2p2. In its elemental form carbon's CAS number is 7440-44-0. The carbon atom has a radius of 70.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 170.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Carbon compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Carbon was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825.

French Carbone German Kohlenstoff Italian carbonio Portuguese Carbono Spanish carbono Swedish Kol

Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of carbon and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
C-12
12
98.90
C-13
13.003354838
1.10
C-14
14.003241988
*

Safety Data. The safety data for carbon metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for carbon (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
1086.46 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
2352.65 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
4620.50 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to carbon's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 1375 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.55. The thermal conductivity of carbon is 5.7 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for carbon are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
105 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
710.9 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
711.2 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
C 6 12.0107(8) g.mol -1 2.55 2.267 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 4027-4427 °C 3727 °C 170.pm 0.05 nm 1086.46 kJ.mol-1

PRODUCT CATALOG U.S. Operations Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Foil
 
© 2001-2008. American Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark. All rights reserved.
This website and all pages, designs, concepts, logos, and color schemes herein are
the copyrighted proprietary rights and intellectual property of American Elements.


Recent Research & Development for Carbon

  • Impact of filter mud applications on the germination of sugarcane and small-seeded plants and on soil and sugarcane nitrogen contents. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jul;99(10):4164-8. Epub 2007 Oct 22.


  • Improvement of erythromycin production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea in molasses based medium through cultivation medium optimization. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jul;99(10):4263-8. Epub 2007 Oct 23.


  • Wheat bran biodegradation by Pleurotus ostreatus: A solid-state Carbon-13 NMR study. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jul;99(10):4279-84. Epub 2007 Oct 24.


  • The effect of propionic to acetic acid ratio on anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jul;99(10):4400-7. Epub 2007 Oct 4.


  • v Translocation of metals in pea plants grown on various amendment of electroplating industrial sludge. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jul;99(10):4467-75. Epub 2007 Sep 27.


  • Bio-electrochemical removal of nitrate from water and wastewater-A review. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jul;99(10):3965-74. Epub 2007 Jun 27.


  • Range and severity of a plant disease increased by global warming. J R Soc Interface. 2008 Jun 6;5(22):525-31.


  • Hydrolysis technology of biomass waste to produce amino acids in sub-critical water. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jun;99(9):3337-41. Epub 2007 Sep 27.


  • Effect of phenol on the biological treatment of wastewaters from a resin producing industry. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jun;99(9):3507-12. Epub 2007 Sep 25.


  • Utilization of rice bran as nutrient source for fermentative lactic acid production. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jun;99(9):3659-64. Epub 2007 Sep 24.


  • Improved phototrophic H(2) production with Rhodopseudomonas palustris WP3-5 using acetate and butyrate as dual carbon substrates. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jun;99(9):3609-16. Epub 2007 Sep 10.


  • Unraveling the effects of management regime and plant species on soil organic carbon and microbial phospholipid fatty acid profiles in grassland soils. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jun;99(9):3545-51. Epub 2007 Sep 10.


  • Decolorization of sugar syrups using commercial and sugar beet pulp based activated carbons. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jun;99(9):3528-33. Epub 2007 Sep 7.


  • Seasonal variations in composting process of dead poultry birds. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jun;99(9):3708-13. Epub 2007 Aug 31.


  • Optimization of conditions for protease production by Chryseobacterium taeanense TKU001. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jun;99(9):3700-7. Epub 2007 Aug 30.


  • The integration of methanogenesis with shortcut nitrification and denitrification in a combined UASB with MBR. Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jun;99(9):3714-20. Epub 2007 Aug 20.


  • Reduction of trihalomethane formation and detoxification of microcystins in tap water by ozonation. J Water Health. 2008 Jun;6(2):281-8.


  • Identification of the sources of Escherichia coli in a watershed using carbon-utilization patterns and composite data sets. J Water Health. 2008 Jun;6(2):197-207.


  • The immobilization of basic fibroblast growth factor on plasma-treated poly(lactide-co-glycolide). Biomaterials. 2008 May;29(15):2388-99. Epub 2008 Mar 7.


  • Anaerobic biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane by sludge enriched with iron-reducing microorganisms. Bioresour Technol. 2008 May;99(7):2483-7. Epub 2007 Sep 19.

 

 

 

 

American Elements Products can also be sourced at these sites:
 
 
 
electronics-ee.com