| Carbon information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Carbon In its elemental form is one of the softest (graphite) and hardest (diamond) materials found in nature. Applications for graphitic carbon include in lubricant formulations and as the replacement for lead in pencils. Diamond has numerous industrial applications due to its extreme hardness and resistance to heat and pressure. Graphene is a nanoscale ultra thin film or foil with thicknesses as small as 1 nanometer which can be produced from either silicon carbide or graphite flake processing. These include in drill bits and grinding media and grinding equipment. Carbon also finds application in steel alloys, in various filtering and purification technologies and as a neutron moderator in nuclear power plants. Carbon is available as a nanoparticle and in single-walled, double-walled and multi-walled nanotubes with purities from 99% to 99.999% ( ultra-high purity ). Carbon in its purest form has very low toxicity. Carbon black dust, such as soot or coal dust can cause irritation and damage to the lungs when inhaled in large quantities.
Conductivity. As to carbon's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 1375 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.55. The thermal  conductivity of carbon is 5.7 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for carbon are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
105 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
710.9 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
711.2 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for CarbonCatalytic Asymmetric [4 + 2] Additions with Aliphatic Nitroalkenes.
Bartelson KJ, Singh RP, Foxman BM, Deng L.
Chem Sci. 2011 Oct;2(10):1940-1944.
PMID:
22174973
[PubMed]
Environmental forcing of nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical and sub-tropical north atlantic ocean.
Rijkenberg MJ, Langlois RJ, Mills MM, Patey MD, Hill PG, Nielsdóttir MC, Compton TJ, Laroche J, Achterberg EP.
PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28989. Epub 2011 Dec 13.
PMID:
22174940
[PubMed - in process]
Revealing the Functions of the Transketolase Enzyme Isoforms in Rhodopseudomonas palustris Using a Systems Biology Approach.
Hu CW, Chang YL, Chen SJ, Kuo-Huang LL, Liao JC, Huang HC, Juan HF.
PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28329. Epub 2011 Dec 8.
PMID:
22174789
[PubMed - in process]
Prediction of Protein Modification Sites of Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid Using mRMR Feature Selection and Analysis.
Zheng LL, Niu S, Hao P, Feng K, Cai YD, Li Y.
PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28221. Epub 2011 Dec 9.
PMID:
22174779
[PubMed - in process]
Plant Community Diversity Influences Allocation to Direct Chemical Defence in Plantago lanceolata.
Mraja A, Unsicker SB, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Roscher C.
PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28055. Epub 2011 Dec 9.
PMID:
22174766
[PubMed - in process]
Structural Insights into the Inhibition of Cytosolic 5'-Nucleotidase II (cN-II) by Ribonucleoside 5'-Monophosphate Analogues.
Gallier F, Lallemand P, Meurillon M, Jordheim LP, Dumontet C, Périgaud C, Lionne C, Peyrottes S, Chaloin L.
PLoS Comput Biol. 2011 Dec;7(12):e1002295. Epub 2011 Dec 8.
PMID:
22174667
[PubMed - in process]
Topological anisotropy of stone-wales waves in graphenic fragments.
Ori O, Cataldo F, Putz MV.
Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(11):7934-49. Epub 2011 Nov 15.
PMID:
22174641
[PubMed - in process]
Environmental signals and regulatory pathways that influence exopolysaccharide production in rhizobia.
Janczarek M.
Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(11):7898-933. Epub 2011 Nov 15.
PMID:
22174640
[PubMed - in process]
Fatty Acid Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Seed Oil Extracted by Optimized Supercritical Carbon Dioxide.
Wang Y, Sun D, Chen H, Qian L, Xu P.
Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(11):7708-19. Epub 2011 Nov 8.
PMID:
22174626
[PubMed - in process]
A sandwich electrochemical immunosensor using magnetic DNA nanoprobes for carcinoembryonic antigen.
Gan N, Jia L, Zheng L.
Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(11):7410-23. Epub 2011 Oct 28.
PMID:
22174606
[PubMed - in process]
Review of crystalline structures of some selected homologous series of rod-like molecules capable of forming liquid crystalline phases.
Zugenmaier P.
Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(11):7360-400. Epub 2011 Oct 28.
PMID:
22174604
[PubMed - in process]
The Southern Ocean's Role in Carbon Exchange During the Last Deglaciation.
Burke A, Robinson LF.
Science. 2011 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22174131
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Consequences of resource limitation for recovery from repeated defoliation in Eucalyptus globulus Labilladiere.
Barry KM, Quentin A, Eyles A, Pinkard EA.
Tree Physiol. 2011 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22174093
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Are Unsaturated Isocyanides so Different from the Corresponding Nitriles?
Chrostowska A, Matrane A, Maki D, Khayar S, Ushiki H, Graciaa A, Belachemi L, Guillemin JC.
Chemphyschem. 2011 Dec 15. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201100672. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22174079
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Supramolecular Materials: Photosensitized Hydrogen Evolution from Water Using a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Fullerodendron/SiO(2) Coaxial Nanohybrid (Adv. Mater. 48/2011).
Tajima T, Sakata W, Wada T, Tsutsui A, Nishimoto S, Miyake M, Takaguchi Y.
Adv Mater. 2011 Dec 22;23(48):5749. doi: 10.1002/adma.201190195.
PMID:
22174015
[PubMed - in process]
Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Mannich Reactions of Synthetically Flexible Ketimines with Secondary Amine Organocatalysts.
Kano T, Song S, Kubota Y, Maruoka K.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Dec 15. doi: 10.1002/anie.201107375. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22173941
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A computational and experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of single ZnTe nanowires.
Davami K, Mortazavi B, Ghassemi HM, Yassar RS, Lee JS, Rémond Y, Meyyappan M.
Nanoscale. 2011 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22173853
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Preparation and characterization of hybrid conducting polymer-carbon nanotube yarn.
Foroughi J, Spinks GM, Ghorbani SR, Kozlov ME, Safaei F, Peleckis G, Wallace GG, Baughman RH.
Nanoscale. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22173836
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Simultaneous determination of the quantity and isotopic signature of dissolved organic matter from soil water using high-performance liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
Scheibe A, Krantz L, Gleixner G.
Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2012 Jan 30;26(2):173-80. doi: 10.1002/rcm.5311.
PMID:
22173805
[PubMed - in process]
High-temperature pyrolysis/gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry: simultaneous measurement of the stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon in cellulose.
Woodley EJ, Loader NJ, McCarroll D, Young GH, Robertson I, Heaton TH, Gagen MH, Warham JO.
Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2012 Jan 30;26(2):109-14. doi: 10.1002/rcm.5302.
PMID:
22173798
[PubMed - in process] |
