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Carbon
Carbon information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Carbon in its elemental form is one of the softest (graphite) and hardest (diamond) materials found in nature. Applications for graphitic carbon include in lubricant formulations and as the replacement for lead in pencils. Diamond has numerous industrial applications due to its extreme hardness and resistance to heat and pressure. Graphene is a nanoscale ultra thin film or foil with thicknesses as small as 1 nanometer which can be produced from either silicon carbide or graphite flake processing. These include in drill bits and grinding media and grinding equipment. Carbon also finds application in steel alloys, in various filtering and purification technologies and as a neutron moderator in nuclear power plants. Carbon  is available as a nanoparticle and in single-walled, double-walled and multi-walled nanotubes with purities from 99% to 99.999% ( ultra-high purity ).

Carbon facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Carbon Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


(click on an element)
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Carbon is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Carbon is a Block P, Group 12, Period 2 element. The electronic configuration is [He] 2s2 2p2. In its elemental form carbon's CAS number is 7440-44-0. The carbon atom has a radius of 70.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 170.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Carbon compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Carbon was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825.

French Carbone German Kohlenstoff Italian carbonio Portuguese Carbono Spanish carbono Swedish Kol

Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of carbon and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
C-12
12
98.90
C-13
13.003354838
1.10
C-14
14.003241988
*

Safety Data. The safety data for carbon metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for carbon (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
1086.46 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
2352.65 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
4620.50 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to carbon's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 1375 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.55. The thermal conductivity of carbon is 5.7 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for carbon are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
105 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
710.9 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
711.2 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
C 6 12.0107(8) g.mol -1 2.55 2.267 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 4027-4427 °C 3727 °C 170.pm 0.05 nm 1086.46 kJ.mol-1

PRODUCT CATALOG U.S. Operations Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Foil
 
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Recent Research & Development for Carbon

  • Dynamic flexibility in the structure and function of photosystem II in higher plant thylakoid membranes: the grana enigma. Photosynth Res. 2008 Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18998237 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]2: Related ArticlesMadejón P, Burgos P, Murillo JM, Cabrera F, Madejón E.


  • Bioavailability and accumulation of trace elements in soils and plants of a highly contaminated estuary (Domingo Rubio tidal channel, SW Spain). Environ Geochem Health. 2008 Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18998215 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]3: Related ArticlesWang HY, Gao HW.


  • Preparation of calcium oxalate-bromopyrogallol red inclusion sorbent and application to treatment of cationic dye and heavy metal wastewaters. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2008 Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18998184 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]4: Related ArticlesQuerido JS, Rupert JL, McKenzie DC, Sheel AW.


  • Effects of intermittent hypoxia on the cerebrovascular responses to submaximal exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008 Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18998153 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]5: Related ArticlesJiang X, Yan R, Tay JH.


  • Transient-state biodegradation behavior of a horizontal biotrickling filter in co-treating gaseous H(2)S and NH (3). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008 Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18998123 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]6: Related ArticlesIslam R, Cicek N, Sparling R, Levin D.


  • Influence of initial cellulose concentration on the carbon flow distribution during batch fermentation by Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008 Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18998122 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]7: Related ArticlesZaher M, Ravelet C, Baussanne I, Ravel A, Grosset C, Décout JL, Peyrin E.


  • Chiral ligand-exchange chromatography of amino acids using porous graphitic carbon coated with a dinaphthyl derivative of neamine. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2008 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18998115 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]8: Related ArticlesSu JW, Fu SJ, Gwo S, Lin KJ.


  • Fabrication of porous carbon nanotube network. Chem Commun (Camb). 2008 Nov 21;(43):5631-2. Epub 2008 Oct 8. PMID: 18997975 [PubMed - in process]9: Related ArticlesWang X, Maeda K, Thomas A, Takanabe K, Xin G, Carlsson JM, Domen K, Antonietti M.


  • A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light. Nat Mater. 2008 Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18997776 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]10: Related ArticlesRedding KE, Cole DG.


  • Chlamydomonas: a sexually active, light-harvesting, carbon-reducing, hydrogen-belching 'planimal'. Conference on the Cell & Molecular Biology of Chlamydomonas. EMBO Rep. 2008 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 18997729 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]11: Related ArticlesHelmstaedter V, Engel A, Huttenbrink KB, Guntinas-Lichius O.


  • Carbon Dioxide Laser Endoscopic Diverticulotomy for Zenker's Diverticulum: Results and Complications in a Consecutive Series of 40 Patients. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2008 Nov 10;71(1):40-44. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18997480 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]12: Related ArticlesIsobe M, Kuse M, Tani N, Fujii T, Matsuda T.


  • Cysteine-390 is the binding site of luminous substance with symplectin, a photoprotein from Okinawan squid, Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2008;84(9):386-92. PMID: 18997450 [PubMed - in process]13: Related ArticlesPaulino AT, Vargas AM, Santos LB, Nozaki J, Muniz EC, Tambourgi EB.


  • Square wave voltammetry in the determination of ni(2+) and al(3+) in biological sample. Anal Sci. 2008;24(11):1443-7. PMID: 18997373 [PubMed - in process]14: Related ArticlesKatano H, Tatsumi H, Hibi T, Ikeda T, Tsukatani T.


  • Application of Polyammonium Cations to Enzyme-immobilized Electrode: Voltammetric Behavior of Polycation-hexacyanoferrate Anion Complexes and Applicability as Electron-Transfer Mediator. Anal Sci. 2008;24(11):1415-9. PMID: 18997368 [PubMed - in process]15: Related ArticlesNojiri K, Iwakawa M, Ichikawa Y, Imadome K, Sakai M, Nakawatari M, Ishikawa KI, Ishikawa A, Togo S, Tsujii H, Shimada H, Imai T.


  • The proangiogenic factor Ephrin-A1 is up-regulated in radioresistant murine tumor by irradiation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18997097 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]16: Related ArticlesBalinotti JE, Tiller CJ, Llapur CJ, Jones MH, Kimmel RN, Coates CE, Katz BP, Nguyen JT, Tepper RS.


  • Growth of the Lung Parenchyma Early in Life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18996997 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]17: Related ArticlesWang J, Zhao L, Hu Y, Guo Q, Zhang L, Wang X, Li N, You Q.


  • Studies on chemical structure modification and biology of a natural product, Gambogic acid (I): Synthesis and biological evaluation of oxidized analogues of gambogic acid. Eur J Med Chem. 2008 Oct 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18996626 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]18: Related ArticlesSung J, Barone PW, Kong H, Strano MS.


  • Sequential delivery of dexamethasone and VEGF to control local tissue response for carbon nanotube fluorescence based micro-capillary implantable sensors. Biomaterials. 2008 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18996588 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]19: Related ArticlesLasagni M, Collina E, Grandesso E, Piccinelli E, Pitea D.


  • Kinetics of carbon degradation and PCDD/PCDF formation on MSWI fly ash. Chemosphere. 2008 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18996567 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]20: Related ArticlesGupta PK, Gupta V, Sharma C, Das SN, Purkait N, Adhya TK, Pathak H, Ramesh R, Baruah KK, Venkatratnam L, Singh G, Iyer CS.


  • Development of methane emission factors for Indian paddy fields and estimation of national methane budget. Chemosphere. 2008 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18996564 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

 

 

 

 

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