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Iron Nickel Metal
High Purity FeNi Metal
Product Product Code Order or Specifications
(5N) 99.999% Iron Nickel Powder FE-NI-05-P Contact American Elements
(5N) 99.999% Iron Nickel Ingot FE-NI-05-I Contact American Elements
(5N) 99.999% Iron Nickel Chunk FE-NI-05-CK Contact American Elements
(5N) 99.999% Iron Nickel Pellets FE-NI-05-PE Contact American Elements
(5N) 99.999% Iron Nickel Pieces FE-NI-05-PCS Contact American Elements
(5N) 99.999% Iron Nickel Lump FE-NI-05-L Contact American Elements
(5N) 99.999% Iron Nickel Sputtering Target FE-NI-05-ST Contact American Elements
Ultra High Purity Ingot of Dysprosium Metal by DistillationIron Nickel Metal is available as disc, granules, Ingot, pellets, powder, rod, wire, foil, and sputtering target. See research below. Ultra high purity and high purity forms also include metal powder, submicron powder and nanoscale, quantum dots, targets for thin film deposition, pellets for evaporation and single crystal or polycrystalline forms. Elements can also be introduced into alloys or other systems as compounds such as fluorides, oxides or chlorides or as solutions. Iron Nickel Metal is generally immediately available in most volumes.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.

Iron(Fe) atomic and molecular weight, atomic number and elemental symbolIron is a Block D, Group 8, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Iron's shells is 2, 8, 14, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d6 4s2. In its elemental form iron's CAS number is 7439-89-6. The iron atom has a radius of 124.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Iron is not toxic. Iron is the most commonly used metal for commercial applications due to its hardness, historical availability and low cost. Once used on its own, it is now alloyed with nickel and other elements to produce steel and other high strength, non-corrosive structural metals. Iron as a metal and as its Elemental Ironmany compounds has numerous uses. It is a primary colorant in glass and ceramics. It is a catalyst. It is the basis for low grade magnets and because of its magnetic properties is used extensively in memory tape. Recent applications for Iron nanoparticles includeIron Bohr Model in water treatment of carbon tetrachloride in contaminated groundwater, magnetic data storage and resonance imaging (MRI) and in certain alloy and catalyst applications. Iron can also be introduced into processes using iron foil, pellets, rod and wire by thin film Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes including Thermal and Electron Beam (E-Beam) Evaporation, Low Temperature Organic Evaporation, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Organometallic and Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) for specific applications such as fuel cells and solar energy. Iron is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Iron was first discovered by Early Man.See Iron research below.

Nickel(Ni) atomic and molecular weight, atomic number and elemental symbolNickel is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Nickel's shells is 2, 8, 16, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar]3d8 4s2. In its elemental form nickel's CAS number is 7440-02-0. Nickel is sometimes found free in nature but is more commonly found in ores. The nickel atom has a radius of 149.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 163.pm. Nickel and its compounds are considered to be carcinogenic. Nickel carbonyl is a very toxic gas. It is extensively alloyed with iron, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and other metals produce stainless and other anti-corrosive steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys. It is highly electronically conductive and has many applications as a result. It is the basis of the nickel hydride battery. Most recently, its Nickel Bohr Model conductive properties have Elemental Nickelmade it an ideal component for ceramic anode formulations used in oxygen generation and solid oxide fuel cell applications. Catalytic nickel is used to hydrogenate vegetable oils. Nickel additions to glass and ceramic glazes impart a bright green. It is also used in pigments for this purpose. Nickel information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Nickel was first discovered by Alex Constedt in 1751. The name originates from the German word 'kupfernickel' which means false copper from the illusory copper color of the ore. See Nickel research below.

Formula CAS No.
Ni
Fe		 7440-02-0
7439-89-6
PRODUCT CATALOG AE Alloys™ Foil Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Home

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Recent Research & Development for Nickel

  • In situ Raman studies during sulfidation, and operando Raman-GC during ammoxidation reaction using nickel-containing catalysts: a valuable tool to identify the transformations of catalytic species. Guerrero-Pérez MO, Rojas E, Gutiérrez-Alejandre A, Ramírez J, Sánchez-Minero F, Fernández-Vargas C, Bañares MA. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Apr 6. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21472171 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Effect of Magnesium Deficiency on Various Mineral Concentrations in Rat Liver. Kim KH, Ishizaki N, Iguchi E, Funaba M, Matsui T. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Apr 5. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21465284 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Electronic Structures, Vibrational and Thermochemical Properties of Neutral and Charged Niobium Clusters Nb(n), n = 7-12. Nhat PV, Ngan VT, Tai TB, Nguyen MT. J Phys Chem A. 2011 Apr 21;115(15):3523-35. Epub 2011 Mar 29. PMID: 21446686 [PubMed - in process]

  • Surface structure of niobium-doped potassium tantalate KTa(1 - x)Nb(x)O(3) obtained from helium atom scattering studies. Trelenberg TW, Fatema R, Li JA, Akhadov EA, Van Winkle DH, Skofronick JG, Safron SA, Flaherty FA, Boatner LA. J Phys Condens Matter. 2010 Aug 4;22(30):304009. Epub 2010 Jul 13. PMID: 21399341 [PubMed - in process]

  • Structure and diffusion of intrinsic defect complexes in LiNbO(3) from density functional theory calculations. Xu H, Lee D, Sinnott SB, Dierolf V, Gopalan V, Phillpot SR. J Phys Condens Matter. 2010 Apr 7;22(13):135002. Epub 2010 Feb 25. PMID: 21389505 [PubMed - in process]

  • Lithium niobate nanowires for photocatalytic water splitting. Saito K, Koga K, Kudo A. Dalton Trans. 2011 Apr 21;40(15):3909-13. Epub 2011 Mar 8. PMID: 21384053 [PubMed - in process]

  • Simultaneous Spectroscopic and Topographic Near-Field Imaging of TiO(2) Single Surface States and Interfacial Electronic Coupling. Sevinc PC, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang D, Meixner AJ, Lu HP. Nano Lett. 2011 Apr 13;11(4):1490-4. Epub 2011 Mar 4. PMID: 21375338 [PubMed - in process]

  • Matrix isolation spectroscopic and theoretical study of water adsorption and hydrolysis on molecular tantalum and niobium oxides. Zhou M, Zhuang J, Wang G, Chen M. J Phys Chem A. 2011 Mar 24;115(11):2238-46. Epub 2011 Feb 28. PMID: 21355623 [PubMed - in process]

  • Defect chemistry, redox kinetics, and chemical diffusion of lithium deficient lithium niobate. Shi J, Fritze H, Borchardt G, Becker KD. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Apr 21;13(15):6925-30. Epub 2011 Feb 23. PMID: 21347483 [PubMed - in process]

  • Effects of distortion of metal-oxygen octahedra on photocatalytic water-splitting performance of RuO2-loaded niobium and tantalum phosphate bronzes. Nishiyama H, Kobayashi H, Inoue Y. ChemSusChem. 2011 Feb 18;4(2):208-15. doi: 10.1002/cssc.201000294. PMID: 21328551 [PubMed - in process]

  • The influence of surface energy of titanium-zirconium alloy on osteoblast cell functions in vitro. Sista S, Wen C, Hodgson PD, Pande G. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2011 Feb 9. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.33013. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21308982 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Trialkyl imido niobium and tantalum compounds: synthesis, structural study and migratory insertion reactions. Galajov M, García C, Gómez M, Gómez-Sal P. Dalton Trans. 2011 Mar 28;40(12):2797-804. Epub 2011 Feb 7. PMID: 21298197 [PubMed - in process]

  • A series of new phases in the alkali metal-Nb(V)/Ta(V)-Se(IV)/Te(IV)-O systems. Gu QH, Hu CL, Zhang JH, Mao JG. Dalton Trans. 2011 Mar 21;40(11):2562-9. Epub 2011 Feb 4. PMID: 21293821 [PubMed - in process]

  • An ultralow noise current amplifier based on superconducting quantum interference device for high sensitivity applications. Granata C, Vettoliere A, Russo M. Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 Jan;82(1):013901. PMID: 21280839 [PubMed - in process]

  • Bijvoet in solution reveals unexpected stereoselectivity in a Michael addition. Sun H, d'Auvergne EJ, Reinscheid UM, Dias LC, Andrade CK, Rocha RO, Griesinger C. Chemistry. 2011 Feb 7;17(6):1811-7. doi: 10.1002/chem.201002520. Epub 2011 Jan 12. PMID: 21274932 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

  • Synthesis and reactivity of niobium complexes having a tripodal triaryloxide ligand in bidentate, tridentate, and tetradentate coordination modes. Akagi F, Ishida Y, Matsuo T, Kawaguchi H. Dalton Trans. 2011 Mar 14;40(10):2375-82. Epub 2011 Jan 20. PMID: 21249259 [PubMed - in process]

  • Bijvoet in Solution Reveals Unexpected Stereoselectivity in a Michael Addition. Sun H, d'Auvergne EJ, Reinscheid UM, Carlos Dias L, Kleber Z Andrade C, Oliveira Rocha R, Griesinger C. Chemistry. 2011 Jan 12. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21229527 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of perovskite niobium oxynitrides with wide visible-light absorption bands. Siritanaratkul B, Maeda K, Hisatomi T, Domen K. ChemSusChem. 2011 Jan 17;4(1):74-8. doi: 10.1002/cssc.201000207. Epub 2010 Nov 4. PMID: 21226214 [PubMed - in process]

  • Synthesis and catalytic activity of group 5 metal amides with chiral biaryldiamine-based ligands. Zhang F, Song H, Zi G. Dalton Trans. 2011 Feb 21;40(7):1547-66. Epub 2011 Jan 10. PMID: 21218246 [PubMed - in process]

  • Sulfates of the refractory metals: crystal structure and thermal behavior of Nb2O2(SO4)3, MoO2(SO4), WO(SO4)2, and two modifications of Re2O5(SO4)2. Betke U, Wickleder MS. Inorg Chem. 2011 Feb 7;50(3):858-72. Epub 2011 Jan 5. PMID: 21207946 [PubMed - in process]

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Recent Research & Development for Iron

  • Cytochrome b mutation Y268S conferring the atovaquone resistance phenotype in the malaria parasite results in reduced parasite bc1 catalytic turnover and protein expression. Fisher N, Abd Majid R, Antoine T, Al-Helal M, Warman AJ, Johnson DJ, Lawrenson AS, Ranson H, O'Neill PM, Ward SA, Biagini GA. J Biol Chem. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22282497 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Serum ferritin levels and endocrinopathy in medically treated patients with ß thalassemia major. Belhoul KM, Bakir ML, Saned MS, Kadhim AM, Musallam KM, Taher AT. Ann Hematol. 2012 Jan 28. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22281991 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Iron supplementation to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Besarab A, Coyne DW. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012 Jan 27;8(2):63. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2011.217. No abstract available. PMID: 22281971 [PubMed - in process]

  • Anemia in Critical Illness: Insights into Etiology, Consequences and Management. Hayden SJ, Albert TJ, Watkins TR, Swenson ER. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22281832 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • IRON fMRI measurements of CBV and implications for BOLD signal. Mandeville JB. Neuroimage. 2012 Jan 16. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22281669 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Fatal idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis in association with pregnancy - Medico-legal evaluation. Töro K, Herjavecz I, Vereckei E, Kovács M. J Forensic Leg Med. 2012 Feb;19(2):101-104. Epub 2011 Oct 24. PMID: 22281220 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Reduction of Fe(III)EDTA(-) in a NO(x) scrubbing solution by magnetic Fe(3)O(4)-chitosan microspheres immobilized mixed culture of iron-reducing bacteria. Jing G, Zhou J, Zhou Z, Lin T. Bioresour Technol. 2011 Dec 27. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22281145 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Reactive oxygen species are involved in ferroportin degradation induced by ceruloplasmin mutant Arg701Trp. Persichini T, Francesco GD, Capone C, Cutone A, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Colasanti M, Musci G. Neurochem Int. 2012 Jan 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22281056 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Effects of hypoxic preconditioning on the expression of iron influx and efflux proteins in primary neuron culture. Du F, Fan M, Gong Q, Zhu LL, Zhu ZJ, Lu L, Ke Y. Neurochem Int. 2012 Jan 18. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22281055 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Iron deposition of the deep grey matter in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica: A control quantitative study by 3D-enhanced susceptibility-weighted angiography (ESWAN). Chen X, Zeng C, Luo T, Ouyang Y, Lv F, Rumzan R, Wang Z, Li Q, Wang J, Hou H, Huang F, Li Y. Eur J Radiol. 2012 Jan 24. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22280874 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Iron golf club with improved mass properties and vibration damping. Roach RL. J Acoust Soc Am. 2012 Jan;131(1):643. No abstract available. PMID: 22280652 [PubMed - in process]

  • Stability analysis of ultrasound thick-shell contrast agents. Lu X, Chahine GL, Hsiao CT. J Acoust Soc Am. 2012 Jan;131(1):24. PMID: 22280568 [PubMed - in process]

  • Role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in altering the endothelial metal concentration during preeclampsia. Padmini E, Uthra V. Placenta. 2012 Jan 24. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22280558 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • A polar corundum oxide displaying weak ferromagnetism at room temperature. Li MR, Adem U, McMitchell SR, Xu Z, Thomas CI, Warren JE, Giap DV, Niu HJ, Wan X, Palgrave RG, Schiffmann F, Cora F, Slater B, Burnett TL, Cain MG, Abakumov AM, Van Tendeloo G, Thomas MF, Rosseinsky MJ, Claridge JB. J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22280499 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Targeting Vascular Changes in Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Karlik SJ, Roscoe WA, Patinote C, Contino-Pépin C. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2012 Jan 25. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22280405 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • [Transformation of copper and chromium in co-contaminated soil and its influence on bioavailability for pakchoi (Brassica chinensis)]. Wang D, Wei W, Liang DL, Wang SS, Hu B. Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2011 Oct;32(10):3113-20. Chinese. PMID: 22279932 [PubMed - in process]

  • [Distribution characteristic and assessment of soil heavy metal pollution in the iron mining of Baotou in Inner Mongolia]. Guo W, Zhao RX, Zhang J, Bao YY, Wang H, Yang M, Sun XL, Jin F. Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2011 Oct;32(10):3099-105. Chinese. PMID: 22279930 [PubMed - in process]

  • [Study of inactivating sulfate reducing bacteria with zero-valent iron nanoparticles]. Shu ZY, Wang J, Huang Y. Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2011 Oct;32(10):3040-4. Chinese. PMID: 22279921 [PubMed - in process]

  • [Combination of intersticial cystitis and adenomyosis in females suffering from chronic pelvic pain syndrome]. [No authors listed] Urologiia. 2011 Sep-Oct;(5):10, 12-4. Russian. PMID: 22279779 [PubMed - in process]

  • [Antidiabetes drug metformin is a donor of nitric oxide: ESR measurement of efficiency]. [No authors listed] Biofizika. 2011 Nov-Dec;56(6):1125-33. Russian. PMID: 22279758 [PubMed - in process]

Recent Research & Development for Alloys

  • Tailoring nanostructured, graded, and particle-reinforced Al laminates by accumulative roll bonding. Göken M, Höppel HW. Adv Mater. 2011 Jun 17;23(22-23):2663-8. PMID: 21823248 [PubMed - in process]

  • Highly monodisperse core-shell particles created by solid-state reactions. Radmilovic V, Ophus C, Marquis EA, Rossell MD, Tolley A, Gautam A, Asta M, Dahmen U. Nat Mater. 2011 Aug 7. doi: 10.1038/nmat3077. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21822262 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Aerosol Deposition of Hydroxyapatite and 4-Hexylresorcinol Coatings on Titanium Alloys for Dental Implants. Kim SG, Hahn BD, Park DS, Lee YC, Choi EJ, Chae WS, Baek DH, Choi JY. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21821331 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Progress in the Removal of Di-[2-Ethylhexyl]-Phthalate as Plasticizer in Blood Bags. Simmchen J, Ventura R, Segura J. Transfus Med Rev. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21820855 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Antibacterial effect of silver-platinum coating for orthodontic appliances. Ryu HS, Bae IH, Lee KG, Hwang HS, Lee KH, Koh JT, Cho JH. Angle Orthod. 2011 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21810004 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Influence of metal alloy and the profile of coronary stents in patients with multivessel coronary disease. Abreu Filho LM, Forte AA, Sumita MK, Favarato D, Meireles GC. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(6):985-9. PMID: 21808863 [PubMed - in process]

  • A combined arc-melting and tilt-casting furnace for the manufacture of high-purity bulk metallic glass materials. Soinila E, Pihlajama¨ki T, Bossuyt S, Ha¨nninen H. Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 Jul;82(7):073901. PMID: 21806193 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Waste-recycling Monte Carlo with optimal estimates: Application to free energy calculations in alloys. Adjanor G, Athe`nes M, Rodgers JM. J Chem Phys. 2011 Jul 28;135(4):044127. PMID: 21806110 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Role of electronic excitation in the amorphization of ge-sb-te alloys. Li XB, Liu XQ, Liu X, Han D, Zhang Z, Han XD, Sun HB, Zhang SB. Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Jul 1;107(1):015501. Epub 2011 Jun 29. PMID: 21797549 [PubMed - in process]

  • Prediction of the operating point of dendrites growing under coupled thermosolutal control at high growth velocity. Mullis AM. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2011 Jun;83(6-1):061601. Epub 2011 Jun 2. PMID: 21797374 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Metal Anion-Alkyl Ammonium Complexes as Direct Write Precursors to Produce Nanopatterns of Metals, Nitrides, Oxides, Sulfides, And Alloys. Radha B, Kiruthika S, Kulkarni GU. J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Jul 26. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21790160 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Characteristics of InGaN-based concentrator solar cells operating under 150X solar concentration. Yang CC, Jang CH, Sheu JK, Lee ML, Tu SJ, Huang FW, Yeh YH, Lai WC. Opt Express. 2011 Jul 4;19 Suppl 4:A695-700. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.00A695. PMID: 21747536 [PubMed - in process]

  • Determination of the magnetic ground state in the martensite phase of Ni-Mn-Z (Z = In, Sn and Sb) off-stoichiometric Heusler alloys by nonlinear AC susceptibility. Umetsu RY, Fujita A, Ito W, Kanomata T, Kainuma R. J Phys Condens Matter. 2011 Aug 17;23(32):326001. Epub 2011 Jul 25. PMID: 21785185 [PubMed - in process]

  • Effects of phase constitution on magnetic susceptibility and mechanical properties of Zr-rich Zr-Mo alloys. Suyalatu, Kondo R, Tsutsumi Y, Doi H, Nomura N, Hanawa T. Acta Biomater. 2011 Jul 19. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21784180 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Bioactive glass microspheres as osteopromotive inlays in macrotextured surfaces of Ti and CoCr alloy bone implants: Trapezoidal surface grooves without inlay most efficient in resisting torsional forces. Keränen P, Moritz N, Alm JJ, Ylänen H, Kommonen B, Aro HT. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2011 Oct;4(7):1483-91. Epub 2011 May 30. PMID: 21783158 [PubMed - in process]

  • Effect of the combination of dithiooctanoate monomers and acidic adhesive monomers on adhesion to precious metals, precious metal alloys and non-precious metal alloys. Ikemura K, Kojima K, Endo T, Kadoma Y. Dent Mater J. 2011 Jul 28;30(4):469-77. Epub 2011 Jul 21. PMID: 21778614 [PubMed - in process]

  • Nanoporous PtAg and PtCu alloys with hollow ligaments for enhanced electrocatalysis and glucose biosensing. Xu C, Liu Y, Su F, Liu A, Qiu H. Biosens Bioelectron. 2011 Sep 15;27(1):160-6. Epub 2011 Jul 7. PMID: 21778046 [PubMed - in process]

  • Pt/Cr and Pt/Ni catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: to alloy or not to alloy? Escaño MC, Gyenge E, Nakanishi H, Kasai H. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Apr;11(4):2944-51. PMID: 21776658 [PubMed - in process]

  • In vitro evaluation of the electrochemical behaviour of stainless steel and Ni-Ti orthodontic archwires at different temperatures. Pakshir M, Bagheri T, Kazemi MR. Eur J Orthod. 2011 Jul 19. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21771804 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Multifrequency atomic force microscopy: compositional imaging with electrostatic force measurements. Magonov S, Alexander J. Microsc Microanal. 2011 Aug;17(4):587-97. Epub 2011 Jul 19. PMID: 21771386 [PubMed - in process]

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