PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES |
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
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Recent Research & Development for Gadolinium
- T(1) assessment of hip joint cartilage following intra-articular
gadolinium injection: A pilot study. Bittersohl B, Hosalkar HS, Kim YJ, Werlen S, Trattnig S, Siebenrock KA,
Mamisch TC. Magn Reson Med. 2010 Oct;64(4):1200-7.
PubMed PMID: 20872764.
- The
time window of MRI of murine atherosclerotic plaques after administration of CB2
receptor targeted micelles: inter-scan variability and relation between plaque
signal intensity increase and gadolinium content of inversion recovery prepared
versus non-prepared fast spin echo. Te Boekhorst BC, Bovens SM, van de Kolk CW, Cramer MJ, Doevendans PA, Ten Hove
M, van der Weerd L, Poelmann R, Strijkers GJ, Pasterkamp G, van Echteld CJ. NMR Biomed. 2010 Oct;23(8):939-51. PubMed
PMID: 20878972.
- Coordination chemistry of amide-functionalised
tetraazamacrocycles: structural, relaxometric and cytotoxicity studies. Martinelli J, Balali-Mood B, Panizzo R, Lythgoe MF, White AJ, Ferretti P,
Steinke JH, Vilar R. Dalton
Trans. 2010 Sep 28. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20877892.
- Gadolinium released from MR contrast
agents is deposited in brain tumors: in situ demonstration using scanning
electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Xia D, Davis RL, Crawford JA, Abraham JL. Acta Radiol. 2010
Sep 26. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20868305.
- Midregional
pro-atrial natriuretic peptide: a novel marker of myocardial fibrosis in patients
with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Elmas E, Doesch C, Fluechter S, Freundt M, Weiss C, Lang S, Kälsch T, Haghi D,
Papassotiriou J, Kunde J, Schoenberg SO, Borggrefe M, Papavassiliu T. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010 Sep 26. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20872251.
- Translocator Protein PET
Imaging for Glial Activation in Multiple Sclerosis. Oh U, Fujita M, Ikonomidou VN, Evangelou IE, Matsuura E, Harberts E, Ohayon J,
Pike VW, Zhang Y, Zoghbi SS, Innis RB, Jacobson S. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2010
Sep 25. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20872081.
- Influence of small caliber coronary arteries on the diagnostic accuracy of
adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Pilz G, Heer T, Graw M, Ali E, Klos M, Scheck R, Zeymer U, Höfling B. Clin Res Cardiol. 2010 Sep
24. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20862587.
- Reference region-based pharmacokinetic modeling in quantitative dynamic
contract-enhanced MRI allows robust treatment monitoring in a rat liver tumor
model despite cardiovascular changes. Steingoetter A, Svensson J, Kosanke Y, Botnar RM, Schwaiger M, Rummeny E,
Braren R. Magn Reson Med. 2010 Sep 24. [Epub ahead of
print] PubMed PMID: 20872863.
- Comparison of half-dose and full-dose
gadolinium MR contrast on the enhancement of bone and soft tissue tumors.
Costelloe CM, Murphy WA Jr, Haygood TM, Kumar R, McEnery KW, Stafford RJ, Roy
A, Bassett RL Jr, Harrell RK, Madewell JE. Skeletal Radiol. 2010 Sep 24. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20862469.
- Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MR
imaging: Evaluation of biliary and renal excretion in normal and cirrhotic
livers. Tamada T, Ito K, Sone T, Kanki A, Sato T, Higashi H. Eur J Radiol. 2010 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20869827.
- Increases
in the number of brain metastases detected at frame-fixed, thin-slice MRI for
gamma knife surgery planning. Nagai A, Shibamoto Y, Mori Y, Hashizume C, Hagiwara M, Kobayashi T. Neuro Oncol. 2010 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 20864500.
- BOLD
cardiovascular magnetic resonance at 3.0 tesla in myocardial ischemia. Manka R, Paetsch I, Schnackenburg B, Gebker R, Fleck E, Jahnke C. J
Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010 Sep 22;12(1):54. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20860792.
- Revisiting an old friend: manganese-based MRI contrast agents. Pan D, Caruthers SD, Senpan A, Schmieder AH, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Wiley Interdiscip
Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2010 Sep 21. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20860051.
- Childhood cholesteatoma. Nevoux J, Lenoir M, Roger G, Denoyelle F, Ducou Le Pointe H, Garabédian EN.Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2010
Sep;127(4):143-50. Epub 2010 Aug 11. PubMed PMID: 20860924.
- Comparison of portal venous and delayed phases of
gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging study of cirrhotic liver for the
detection of contrast washout of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma. Cereser L, Furlan A, Bagatto D, Girometti R, Como G, Avellini C, Orsaria M,
Zuiani C, Bazzocchi M. J Comput
Assist Tomogr. 2010 Sep-Oct;34(5):706-11. PubMed PMID: 20861773.
- Three-dimensional multiphase time-resolved low-dose
contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography using TWIST on a 32-channel coil
at 3 T: a quantitative and qualitative comparison of a conventional gadolinium
chelate with a high-relaxivity agent. Giesel FL, Runge V, Kirchin M, Mehndiratta A, Gerigk L, Corell B, von Gall C,
Kauczor HU, Essig M. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2010
Sep-Oct;34(5):678-83. PubMed PMID: 20861769.
- [Accessory nerve schwannoma
of the intracisternal type: a case report.]. Sadatomo T, Yuki K, Migita K, Hidaka T, Kurisu K. No Shinkei Geka. 2010
Sep;38(9):831-7. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 20864772.
- Use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate cardiac
structure, function and fibrosis in children with infantile Pompe disease on
enzyme replacement therapy. Barker PC, Pasquali SK, Darty S, Ing RJ, Li JS, Kim RJ, Dearmey S, Kishnani
PS, Campbell MJ. Mol Genet Metab. 2010 Jul 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 20875764.
- Differential diagnosis and
prognosis of T1-weighted post-gadolinium intralabyrinthine hyperintensities. Dubrulle F, Kohler R, Vincent C, Puech P, Ernst O. Eur
Radiol. 2010 Jun 10. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20862477.
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Recent Research & Development for Nanoparticles
- Feasibility of Using MR Enterography (MRE) for the Assessment of Terminal Ileitis and Inflammatory Activity in Children with Crohn's Disease (CD).
Silverstein J, Grand D, Kawatu D, Shah SA, Steinkeler J, Leleiko N.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22241511
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- [Pleomorphic adenoma of parotid gland: MR imaging findings].
Zhang B, Shi HM.
Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2011 Dec;20(6):648-52. Chinese.
PMID:
22241320
[PubMed - in process]
- CMR With Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Genotype Positive-Phenotype Negative Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.
Rowin EJ, Maron MS, Lesser JR, Maron BJ.
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012 Jan;5(1):119-22. No abstract available.
PMID:
22239901
[PubMed - in process]
- Peptide-mediated nanoengineering of inorganic particle sur-faces: A general route toward surface functionalization via peptide adhesion domains.
Schwemmer T, Baumgartner J, Faivre D, Boerner HG.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22239472
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Aqueductal developmental venous anomaly as an unusual cause of congenital hydrocephalus: a case report and review of the literature.
Paulson D, Hwang SW, Whitehead WE, Curry DJ, Luerssen TG, Jea A.
J Med Case Reports. 2012 Jan 11;6(1):7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22236945
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- MR Imaging and CT Evaluation of Congenital Pulmonary Vein Abnormalities in Neonates and Infants.
Vyas HV, Greenberg SB, Krishnamurthy R.
Radiographics. 2012 Jan;32(1):87-98.
PMID:
22236895
[PubMed - in process]
- In vivo MRI Characterization of Progressive Cardiac Dysfunction in the mdx Mouse Model of Muscular Dystrophy.
Stuckey DJ, Carr CA, Camelliti P, Tyler DJ, Davies KE, Clarke K.
PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e28569. Epub 2012 Jan 3.
PMID:
22235247
[PubMed - in process]
- Impact of inflammation on brain volume in multiple sclerosis.
Cheriyan J, Kim S, Wolansky LJ, Cook SD, Cadavid D.
Arch Neurol. 2012 Jan;69(1):82-8.
PMID:
22232347
[PubMed - in process]
- A calcium-permeable non-selective cation channel in the thick ascending limb apical membrane of the mouse kidney.
Guinamard R, Paulais M, Lourdel S, Teulon J.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Dec 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22230350
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma: toward improved treatment decisions.
Murakami T, Imai Y, Okada M, Hyodo T, Lee WJ, Kim MJ, Kim T, Choi BI.
Oncology. 2011;81 Suppl 1:86-99. Epub 2011 Dec 22.
PMID:
22212941
[PubMed - in process]
- Diagnostic imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma: recent progress.
Kudo M.
Oncology. 2011;81 Suppl 1:73-85. Epub 2011 Dec 22.
PMID:
22212940
[PubMed - in process]
- Usefulness of combination of imaging modalities in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using sonazoid®-enhanced ultrasound, gadolinium diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic Acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography.
Alaboudy A, Inoue T, Hatanaka K, Chung H, Hyodo T, Kumano S, Murakami T, Moustafa EF, Kudo M.
Oncology. 2011;81 Suppl 1:66-72. Epub 2011 Dec 22.
PMID:
22212939
[PubMed - in process]
- Gd(2)O(3) nanoparticles in hematopoietic cells for MRI contrast enhancement.
Hedlund A, Ahrén M, Gustafsson H, Abrikossova N, Warntjes M, Jönsson JI, Uvdal K, Engström M.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:3233-40. Epub 2011 Dec 9.
PMID:
22228991
[PubMed - in process]
- Hepatic Uptake of Tc-99m DPD on Bone Scintigraphy: The Influence of the Interval With Gadolinium-Containing Contrast of MRI.
Pak K, Kim SJ, Kim IJ, Suh KT.
Clin Nucl Med. 2012 Feb;37(2):134-6.
PMID:
22228334
[PubMed - in process]
- Hepatic parenchymal enhancement at Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging: correlation with morphological grading of severity in cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis.
Kanki A, Tamada T, Higaki A, Noda Y, Tanimoto D, Sato T, Higashi H, Ito K.
Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22227353
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- A simple way to acquire T(1)-weighted MR images of rat liver with respiratory triggering.
Morikawa S, Murayama H, Fujimoto S, Shiino A, Inubushi T.
Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22227350
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Firategrast for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Miller DH, Weber T, Grove R, Wardell C, Horrigan J, Graff O, Atkinson G, Dua P, Yousry T, Macmanus D, Montalban X.
Lancet Neurol. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22226929
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Potential of the gastric motility drug lorglumide in prostate cancer imaging.
Sturzu A, Sheikh S, Klose U, Echner H, Kalbacher H, Deeg M, Nägele T, Horger M, Schwentner C, Ernemann U, Heckl S.
Eur J Pharm Sci. 2011 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22226647
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Assessment of Distribution and Evolution of Mechanical Dyssynchrony in a Porcine Model of Myocardial Infarction by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.
Abd-Elmoniem KZ, Santaularia Tomas M, Sasano T, Soleimanifard S, Vonken EJ, Youssef A, Agarwal H, Dimaano VL, Calkins H, Stuber M, Prince JL, Abraham TP, Abraham MR.
J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012 Jan 6;14(1):1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22226320
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Hyperpolarized 13C spectroscopy detects early changes in tumor vasculature and metabolism after VEGF neutralization.
Bohndiek SE, Kettunen MI, Hu DE, Brindle KM.
Cancer Res. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22223844
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Material Safety Data Sheet |
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1 Identification of substance
- Product details
- Trade name Gadolinium Nanoparticles
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2 Composition/Data on components:
- Chemical characterization:
Designation: (CAS#)
Gadolinium (CAS# 7440-54-2), 100%
- Identification number(s):
- EINECS Number: 231-160-1
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3 Hazards identification
- Hazard designation: F Highly flammable
- Information pertaining to particular dangers for man and environment
R 11 Highly flammable.
R 15 Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
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4 First aid measures
- After inhalation
Supply fresh air. If required, provide artificial respiration. Keep patient warm. Consult doctor if symptoms persist.
Seek immediate medical advice.
- After skin contact
Instantly wash with water and soap and rinse thoroughly.
Seek immediate medical advice.
- After eye contact
Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. Then consult doctor.
- After swallowing Seek immediate medical advice.
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5 Fire fighting measures
- Suitable extinguishing agents Extinguishing powder. Do not use water.
- For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agents
Water.
Halocarbon extinguisher
- Special hazards caused by the material, its products of combustion or
flue gases:
Contact with water releases hydrogen (explosive).
- Protective equipment:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
Wear full protective suit.
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6 Accidental release measures
- Person-related safety precautions:
Wear protective equipment. Keep unprotected persons away.
Ensure adequate ventilation
Keep away from ignition sources
- Measures for environmental protection:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
- Measures for cleaning/collecting:
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Do not flush with water or aqueous cleansing agents
Keep away from ignition sources.
- Additional information:
See Section 7 for information on safe handling
See section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.
See Section 13 for information on disposal.
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7 Handling and storage
- Handling
- Information for safe handling:
Keep containers tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.
Ensure good ventilation/exhaustion at the workplace.
Open and handle container with care.
- Information about protection against explosions and fires:
Keep ignition sources away - Do not smoke.
Protect against electrostatic charges.
Fumes can combine with air to form an explosive mixture.
- Storage
- Requirements to be met by storerooms and containers:
Store in cool location.
- Information about storage in one common storage facility:
Store away from water.
Do not store together with oxidizing and acidic materials.
Store away from halogens.
- Further information about storage conditions:
Store in petroleum or under dry argon.
Protect from humidity and keep away from water.
Keep container tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.
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8 Exposure controls and personal protection
- Additional information about design of technical systems:
Properly operating chemical fume hood designed for hazardous chemicals and having an average face velocity of at least 100 feet per minute.
- Components with critical values that require monitoring at the
workplace:
Not required.
- Additional information: No data
- Personal protective equipment
- General protective and hygienic measures
The usual precautionary measures should be adhered to in handling the chemicals.
Keep away from foodstuffs, beverages and food.
Instantly remove any soiled and impregnated garments.
Wash hands during breaks and at the end of the work.
- Breathing equipment: Use breathing protection with high concentrations.
- Protection of hands: Impervious gloves
- Eye protection:
Safety glasses
Full face protection
Face protection
- Body protection: Protective work clothing.
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9 Physical and chemical properties:
- General Information
- Form: Nanopowder
- Colour: Black
- Smell: Odourless
- Value/Range Unit Method
- Change in condition
- Melting point/Melting range: 1312 ° C
- Boiling point/Boiling range: 3000 ° C
- Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined
- Flash point: Not applicable
- Inflammability (solid, gaseous) Highly flammable.
Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
- Ignition temperature: Not determined
- Decomposition temperature: Not determined
- Critical values for explosion:
- Lower: Not determined
- Upper: Not determined
- Steam pressure: Not determined
- Density at 20 ° C 7.89 g/cm³
- Solubility in / Miscibility with
- Water: Not determined
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10 Stability and reactivity
- Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:
No decomposition if used and stored according to specifications.
- Materials to be avoided:
Oxidizing agents
Water/moisture
Acids
Halogens
Air
- Dangerous reactions: Contact with water releases flammable gases
- Dangerous products of decomposition: Hydrogen
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11 Toxicological information
- Acute toxicity:
- Primary irritant effect:
- on the skin: Irritant for skin and mucous membranes.
- on the eye: Irritant effect.
- Sensitization: No sensitizing effect known.
- Additional toxicological information:
To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.
No classification data on carcinogenic properties of this material is available from the EPA, IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH.
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12 Ecological information:
- General notes:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Water hazard class 1 (Self-assessment): slightly hazardous for water.
Do not allow undiluted product or large quantities of it to reach ground water, water bodies or sewage system.
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13 Disposal considerations
- Product:
- Recommendation
Consult state, local or national regulations for proper disposal.
Hand over to disposers of hazardous waste.
Must be specially treated under adherence to official regulations.
- Uncleaned packagings:
- Recommendation:
Disposal must be made according to official regulations.
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14 Transport information
- Land transport ADR/RID and GGVS/GGVE (cross-border/domestic)
- ADR/RID-GGVS/E Class: 4.1 (F3) Flammable solids.
- Kemler Number: 40
- UN-Number: 3178
- Packaging group: III
- Label 4.1
- Designation of goods: 3178 FLAMMABLE SOLID, INORGANIC, N.O.S.
(gadolinium)
- Maritime transport IMDG/GGVSea:
- IMDG/GGVSea Class: 4.1
- UN Number: 3178
- Label 4.1
- Packaging group: III
- Correct technical name: FLAMMABLE SOLID, INORGANIC, N.O.S.
(gadolinium)
- Air transport ICAO-TI and IATA-DGR:
- ICAO/IATA Class: 4.1
- UN/ID Number: 3178
- Label 4.1
- Packaging group: III
- Correct technical name: FLAMMABLE SOLID, INORGANIC, N.O.S.
(gadolinium)
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15 Regulatory information
- Designation according to EC guidelines:
- Code letter and hazard designation of product: F Highly flammable
- Risk phrases:
11 Highly flammable.
15 Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
- National regulations
- Information about limitation of use:
For use only by technically qualified individuals.
Employment restrictions concerning young persons must be observed.
- Water hazard class:
Water hazard class 1 (Self-assessment): slightly hazardous for water.
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16 Other information:
Employers should use this information only as a supplement to other information gathered by them, and should make independent judgement of suitability of this information to ensure proper use and protect the health and safety of employees. This information is furnished without warranty, and any use of the product not in conformance with this Material Safety Data Sheet, or in combination with any other product or process, is the responsibility of the user.
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| American Elements is a copyrighted U.S. Trademark. All rights reserved. |
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Gadolinium (Gd) Nanoparticles, nanodots or nanopowder are black spherical high surface area particles. Nanoscale Gadolinium Particles are typically 10 - 45 nanometers (nm) with specific surface area (SSA) in the 30 - 50 m 2 /g range and also available in with an average particle size of 75 - 90 nm range with a specific surface area of approximately 5 - 10 m 2 /g. Nano Gadolinium Particles are also available in passivated and Ultra high purity and high purity and coated and dispersed forms. They are also available as a nanofluid through the AE Nanofluid production group. Nanofluids are generally defined as suspended nanoparticles in solution either using surfactant or surface charge technology. Nanofluid dispersion and coating selection technical guidance is also available. Other nanostructures include nanorods, nanowhiskers, nanohorns, nanopyramids and other nanocomposites. Surface functionalized nanoparticles allow for the particles to be preferentially adsorbed at the surface interface using chemically bound polymers. Development research is underway in Nano Electronics and Photonics materials, such as MEMS and NEMS, Bio Nano Materials, such as Biomarkers, Bio Diagnostics & Bio Sensors, and Related Nano Materials, for use in Polymers, Textiles, Fuel Cell Layers, Composites and Solar Energy materials. Nanopowders are analyzed for chemical composition by ICP, particle size distribution (PSD) by laser diffraction, and for Specific Surface Area (SSA) by BET multi-point correlation techniques. Novel nanotechnology applications also include Quantum Dots. High surface areas can also be achieved using solutions and using thin film by sputtering targets and evaporation technology using pellets, rod and foil.. Research into applications for gadolinium nanocrystals has focused on use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by targeting coated gadolinium particles at tumors in an attempt to detect or label early stage cancer, particularly breast cancer, for Neutron Capture Therapy and for MRI Contrast Enhancement, as a dopant in glass and for their potential electrical, dielectric, magnetic, optical, catalytic, biomedical and bioscience properties and for use in coatings, plastics, nanowire, nanofiber and textiles and in alloy and catalyst applications . Gadolinium Nano Particles are generally immediately available in most volumes. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available.
Gadolinium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Gadolinium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2. In its elemental form gadolinium's CAS number is 7440-54-2. The gadolinium atom has a radius of 178.7.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Gadolinium is very toxic. Gadolinium is utilized for both its high magnetic moment (7.94µB) and in phosphors and 
scintillator material. When complexed with EDTA ligands, it is used as an injectable contrast agent for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. With its high magnetic moment, gadolinium can reduce relaxation times and thereby enhance signal intensity. The extra stable half-full 4f electron shell with no low lying energy levels creates applications as an inert phosphor host. Gadolinium can therefore act as hosts for x-ray cassettes and in scintillator materials for computer tomography. Gadolinium is available as metal and compounds 
with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Gadolinium was first discovered by Jean de Marignac in 1880. The element is named after the Finnish chemist and geologist Johan Gadolin. See Gadolinium research below. 
