Gadolinium
About Gadolinium

Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac discovered an oxide of an unknown element in a sample of gadolinite in 1880 and subsequently named the oxide “gadolinia”. The mineral had been named for Finnish chemist and geologist Johan Gadolin, who had discovered the first rare earth element, yttrium, in 1794. Thus gadolinium, named from its oxide, was only the second element to be named after an individual--the first being samarium, discovered just a year earlier, and which was also named after a mineral that had been named after a geologist.
Gadolinium has several properties that are key to its unique applications. It is probably best known for its magnetic properties. Gadolinium is ferromagnetic below 20 degrees Celsius and paramagnetic above this temperature. Due to these properties, gadolinium compounds are used to enhance contrast between normal and healthy tissue during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning. Gadolinium containing garnets have useful properties which lend them to applications in magneto-optical computer memory devices, however these types of computer memory have been replaced for most applications with alternative technologies that are faster and cheaper. Thin films of the magneto-optical material gadolinium-terbium-iron may also be use for these types of memory devices. Gadolinium also exhibits the magnetocaloric effect, meaning it experiences temperature changes when entering or exiting a magnetic field. This property is exploited gadolinium compounds used in magnetic refrigeration devices. Currently these devices are used primarily in research and industrial settings for ultra low temperature applications, however research developments may eventually make magnetic refrigeration a viable replacement for current commercial refrigeration technology.
An additional notable property of gadolinium is its high adsorption rate of neutrons. In nuclear energy applications, gadolinium is used in radiation shielding and in varying capacities to control the rate of the nuclear reaction. Gadolinium may also be used in neutron radiography, an imaging technology that uses neutrons much in the way x-rays are used in x-ray imaging. This technology is often used in industry for quality control when making precision parts. Gadolinium screens are used in neutron imaging to convert the neutrons that successfully pass through the imaged object into high-energy electrons which can then produce an image on x-ray film.
Gadolinium can also be used to produce compounds which exhibit luminescence either in response to the absorption of visible or near-visible light--these compounds are typically called phosphors--or in response to the absorption of ionizing radiation--these compounds are most often called scintillators. Gadolinium phosphors are used for green light in color display screens. Scintillator compounds containing gadolinium are used in sensors that detect X-rays or neutrons. These sensors are essential for the operation of medical imaging devices such as computed tomography scanners.
Gadolinium-153 is a radioactive isotope that is used in testing and calibration of medical imaging devices, bone density measurements, and in Lixiscope portable x-ray systems. Additionally, it has been investigated for potential use in radiotherapy for cancer.
In a few contexts, gadolinium is used in small quantities to alter the properties of a host material. In metallic alloys, gadolinium is used to to improve the workability of the material and increase resistance to high temperatures and oxidation. Gadolinium-doped garnets can be used in magneto-optical applications as previously mentioned, or may be used in microwave optical communications devices, lasers, or as imitation gemstones. Finally, gadolinium-doped ceria is an important potential electrolyte material for fuel cells, especially as it has higher ion conductivity and lower operating temperatures than the more commonly used yttria stabilized zirconia.
Several gadolinium compounds have been investigated for use as superconductors. Other uses currently in development for gadolinium include luminescent oxygen and temperature sensing compounds, novel high-k dielectrics for semiconductor devices, high temperature piezoelectric compounds for pressure and force detecting sensors, and compounds which can be used to immobilize and thus contain radioactive waste.
Gadolinium is a rare earth element that can be found in varying quantities in most rare-earth containing minerals. It is most commonly extracted from monazite and bastnasite.
Products
Compounds
- Gadolinia Doped Ceria
- Gadolinia Doped Ceria Paste
- Gadolinium Acetate
- Gadolinium Acetate Solution
- Gadolinium(III) Acetate Hydrate
- Gadolinium(III) Acetate Tetrahydrate
- Gadolinium Aluminide
- Gadolinium Arsenate
- Gadolinium Boride
- Gadolinium Bromide
- Gadolinium(III) Bromide Hydrate
- Gadolinium Bromide, Ultra Dry
- Gadolinium Carbide
- Gadolinium Carbonate
- Gadolinium Carbonate Hydrate
- Gadolinium Chloride
- Gadolinium Chloride Hexahydrate
- Gadolinium Chloride Hydrate
- Gadolinium Chloride Solution
- Gadolinium Chloride, Ultra Dry
- Gadolinium Fluoride
- Gadolinium Gallium Oxide
- Gadolinium Hydride GdH2
- Gadolinium Hydride GdH3
- Gadolinium Hydroxide
- Gadolinium(III) Hydroxide Hydrate
- Gadolinium(III) Iodide
- Gadolinium(III) Iodide, Ultra Dry
- Gadolinium Nitrate
- Gadolinium(III) Nitrate Hydrate
- Gadolinium Nitrate Hexahydrate
- Gadolinium Nitrate Pentahydrate
- Gadolinium Nitrate Solution
- Gadolinium Oxalate
- Gadolinium(III) Oxalate Hydrate
- Gadolinium Oxide
- Gadolinium Perchlorate
- Gadolinium Selenate
- Gadolinium Silicide GdSi2
- Gadolinium Silicide Gd5Si4
- Gadolinium Sulfate
- Gadolinium Sulfate Solution
- Gadolinium(III) Sulfate Octahydrate
- Gadolinium Titanate
- Gadolinium Zirconate
- Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite Ferrite - Gadolinium Doped Ceria (LSCF-GDC)
- Lanthanum Strontium Manganite - Gadolinium Doped Ceria (LSM20-GDC10)
- Nickel Oxide - Gadolinium Doped Ceria
- Sm-Eu-Gd Concentrate
Metallic Forms
- Gadolinium Balls
- Gadolinium Bands
- Gadolinium Bars
- Gadolinium Chips
- Gadolinium Chunk
- Gadolinium Coil
- Gadolinium Concentrate
- Gadolinium Cylinder
- Gadolinium Disc
- Gadolinium Ferrite
- Gadolinium Flake
- Gadolinium Flanges
- Gadolinium Foil
- Gadolinium Granules
- Gadolinium Ingot
- Gadolinium Lump
- Gadolinium Mesh
- Gadolinium Metal
- Gadolinium Microfoil
- Gadolinium Microleaf
- Gadolinium Particles
- Gadolinium Parts
- Gadolinium Pellets
- Gadolinium Pieces
- Gadolinium Plates
- Gadolinium Powder
- Gadolinium Puck
- Gadolinium Ribbon
- Gadolinium Rings
- Gadolinium Rod
- Gadolinium Samples
- Gadolinium Shaving
- Gadolinium Sheets
- Gadolinium Shot
- Gadolinium Single Crystal
- Gadolinium Sleeves
- Gadolinium Slugs
- Gadolinium Specimens
- Gadolinium Spheres
- Gadolinium Spring
- Gadolinium Strip
- Gadolinium Tape
- Gadolinium Tube
- Gadolinium Wafer
- Gadolinium Wire
- Ultra Thin Gadolinium Foil
Alloys
- Aluminum Gadolinium Alloy
- Aluminum Gadolinium Foil
- Cerium Gadolinium Alloy
- Cerium Gadolinium Foil
- Cobalt Gadolinium Alloy
- Cobalt Gadolinium Foil
- Cobalt Iron Gadolinium Alloy
- Cobalt Iron Gadolinium Foil
- Copper Gadolinium Alloy
- Gadolinium Iron Alloy
- Gadolinium Iron Cobalt Alloy
- Gadolinium Iron Cobalt Foil
- Gadolinium Iron Foil
- Gadolinium Iron Molybdenum Alloy
- Gadolinium Silicon Germanium Alloy
- Gadolinium Terbium Alloy
- Gadolinium Terbium Foil
- Gadolinium Titanium Alloy
- Gadolinium Titanium Foil
- Magnesium Gadolinium Alloy
- Magnesium Gadolinium Foil
Oxide Forms
Organometallics
- Gadolinium 6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedionate
- Gadolinium 2-Ethylhexanoate
- Gadolinium Acetylacetonate
- Gadolinium Acetylacetonate Hydrate
- Gadolinium(III) Isopropoxide
- Gadolinium Methoxyethoxide
- Gadolinium Octanoate
- Gadolinium Trifluoromethanesulfonate
- Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)gadolinium(III)
- Tris(cyclopentadienyl)gadolinium(III)
- Tris(ethylcyclopentadienyl)gadolinium(III)
- Tris(isopropylcyclopentadienyl)gadolinium
- Tris(methylcyclopentadienyl)gadolinium(III)
- Tris(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) gadolinium(III)
- Tris[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amide] gadolinium(III)
Nanomaterials
- Cerium Oxide Gadolinium doped Nanoparticle Dispersion
- Cerium Oxide, Gadolinium doped Nanopowder
- Gadolinium Gd3@C82 Endohedral Fullerene
- Gadolinium Gd3N@C80 Endohedral Fullerene
- Gadolinium Nanoparticles
- Gadolinium Nanoparticle Dispersion
- Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersion
- Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles
Semiconductor & Optical
- Er:GDVO4
- Gadolinium Arsenide
- Gadolinium doped Zinc Oxide Gd:ZnO
- Gadolinium Gallium Garnet GGG
- Gadolinium Nitride GdN
- Gadolinium Nitride GdN3
- Gadolinium Oxysulfide
- Gadolinium Oxysulfide, Terbium-doped
- Gadolinium Phosphide
- Gadolinium Scandium Oxide
- Gadolinium Selenide
- Gadolinium(II) Sulfide
- Gadolinium Sulfide
- Gadolinium Telluride
- Ho:GDVO4
- Neodymium doped Gadolinium Orthovanadate
- Neodymium doped Potassium-Gadolinium Tungstate
- Potassium Gadolinium Tungstate (KGW)
- Tm:GDVO4
- Yb:GDVO4
- Ytterbium doped Potassium-Gadolinium Tungstate
Sputtering Targets
- Aluminum Gadolinium Sputtering Target
- Cerium Gadolinium Sputtering Target
- Cobalt Gadolinium Sputtering Target
- Cobalt Iron Gadolinium Sputtering Target
- Gadolinia doped Ceria Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Barium Copper Oxide Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Boride Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Cerium Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Erbium Silicon Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Fluoride Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Gallium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Iron Cobalt Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Iron Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium(III) Nitride GdN Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Nickel Oxide Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Oxide Rotatable Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Phosphide Sputtering Targets
- Gadolinium Rotatable Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Selenide Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Telluride Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Terbium Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Titanium Sputtering Target
- Gadolinium Zirconate Sputtering Target
- Gold-Gadolinium Sputtering Target
- Iron Gadolinium Sputtering Target
- Magnesium Gadolinium Sputtering Target
- Neodymium Gadolinium Oxide Sputtering Target
- Terbium Iron Gadolinium Cobalt Sputtering Target
- Zirconium Gadolinium Sputtering Target
CUSTOMER ADVISORY: American Elements does not supply gadolinium for use in ANY form of GBCA (“Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent”) or for ANY medical, pharmaceutical or nutritional use whatsoever or for the manufacture, testing, or development of ANY such products.
Gadolinium is utilized for both its high magnetic moment (7.94µB) and in phosphors and scintillator materials. When complexed with EDTA ligands, it is used as an injectable contrast agent for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. With its high magnetic moment, gadolinium can reduce
relaxation times and thereby enhance signal intensity. The extra stable half-full 4f electron shell with no low lying energy levels creates applications as an inert phosphor host. Gadolinium can therefore act as hosts for x-ray cassettes and in scintillator materials for computer tomography. Gadolinium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity). Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Oxides are available in powder and dense pellet form for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Gadolinium is also available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds can be manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Gadolinium Properties
Gadolinium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element.
The number of electrons in each of Gadolinium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 and its electron configuration is [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2. The gadolinium atom has a radius of 180.pm and its Van der Waals radius is 237.pm. In its elemental form, CAS 7440-54-2, gadolinium has a silvery-white appearance. Gadolinium was discovered by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in 1880 and first isolated by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886. The element is named after the Finnish chemist and geologist Johan Gadolin.
General Properties
Symbol: | Gd |
---|---|
Atomic Number: | 64 |
Atomic Weight: | 157.25 |
Element Category: | Lanthanide |
Group, Period, Block: | n/a, 6, f |
Color: | silvery-white |
Other Names: | Gadolinio, Gadolíneo |
Physical Properties
Melting Point: | 1313°C, 2395.4°F, 1586.15 K |
---|---|
Boiling Point: | 3273 °C, 5923.4 °F, 3546.15 K |
Density: | 7901 kg·m3 |
Liquid Density @ Melting Point: | 7.4 g·cm3 |
Density @ 20°C: | 7.895 g/cm3 |
Density of Solid: | 7901 kg·m3 |
Specific Heat: | 0.055 Cal/g/K @ 25°C |
Superconductivity Temperature: | 1.083 [or -272.067 °C (-457.72 °F)] K |
Triple Point: | N/A |
Critical Point: | N/A |
Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol-1): | 15.5 |
Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol-1): | 301 |
Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol-1): | 398.94 |
Thermal Conductivity: | 0.105 W/cm/K @ 298.2 K |
Thermal Expansion: | (100 °C, poly) 9.4 µm/(m·K) |
Electrical Resistivity: | 140.5 µΩ-cm @ 25°C |
Tensile Strength: | N/A |
Molar Heat Capacity: | 37.03 J·mol-1·K-1 |
Young's Modulus: | (? form) 54.8 GPa |
Shear Modulus: | (? form) 21.8 GPa |
Bulk Modulus: | (? form) 37.9 GPa |
Poisson Ratio: | (? form) 0.259 |
Mohs Hardness: | N/A |
Vickers Hardness: | 570 MPa |
Brinell Hardness: | N/A |
Speed of Sound: | (20 °C) 2680 m·s-1 |
Pauling Electronegativity: | 1.2 |
Sanderson Electronegativity: | N/A |
Allred Rochow Electronegativity: | 1.11 |
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity: | N/A |
Allen Electronegativity: | N/A |
Pauling Electropositivity: | 2.8 |
Reflectivity (%): | N/A |
Refractive Index: | N/A |
Chemical Properties
Electrons: | 64 |
---|---|
Protons: | 64 |
Neutrons: | 93 |
Electron Configuration: | [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 |
Atomic Radius: | 180 pm |
Atomic Radius, non-bonded (Å): | 2.34 |
Covalent Radius: | 196±6 pm |
Covalent Radius (Å): | 1.82 |
Van der Waals Radius: | 237 pm |
Oxidation States: | 1, 2, 3 (mildly basic oxide) |
Phase: | Solid |
Crystal Structure: | hexagonal close-packed |
Magnetic Ordering: | ferromagnetic/paramagnetic |
Electron Affinity (kJ·mol-1) | Unknown |
1st Ionization Energy: | 593.40 kJ·mol-1 |
2nd Ionization Energy: | 1166.52 kJ·mol-1 |
3rd Ionization Energy: | 1990.51 kJ·mol-1 |
Identifiers
CAS Number: | 7440-54-2 |
---|---|
EC Number: | 231-162-2 |
MDL Number: | MFCD00011022 |
Beilstein Number: | N/A |
SMILES Identifier: | [Gd] |
InChI Identifier: | InChI=1S/Gd |
InChI Key: | UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
PubChem CID: | 23982 |
ChemSpider ID: | 22418 |
Abundance
Earth - Total: | 286 ppb |
---|---|
Mercury - Total: | 220 ppb |
Venus - Total: | 300 ppb |
Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight: | 0.0007 |
Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms: | 0.000028 |
Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight: | 5200 |
Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms: | 680 |
Sun - Total, ppb by weight: | 2 |
Sun - Total, ppb by atoms: | 0.01 |
Stream, ppb by weight: | 0.04 |
Stream, ppb by atoms: | 0.0003 |
Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight: | 230 |
Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms: | 30 |
Typical Human Body, ppb by weight: | N/A |
Typical Human Body, ppb by atom: | N/A |
Universe, ppb by weight: | 2 |
Universe, ppb by atom: | 0.02 |
History
Discovered By: | Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac |
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Discovery Date: | 1880 |
First Isolation: | Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1886) |
Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Gadolinium
Gadolinium can be very toxic. Safety data for Gadolinium and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the Products tab. The following applies to elemental (metallic) Gadolinium.
Safety Data | |
---|---|
Signal Word | Warning |
Hazard Statements | H261 |
Hazard Codes | F |
Risk Codes | 15 |
Safety Precautions | 43 |
RTECS Number | N/A |
Transport Information | UN 3208 4.3 / PGIII |
WGK Germany | 3 |
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling (GHS) | ![]() |
Review and Print SDS for Gadolinium Metal
SAFETY DATA SHEET
SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION
Product Name: Gadolinium Metal
Product Number: All applicable American Elements product codes, e.g. GD-M-02, GD-M-03, GD-M-04, GD-M-05
CAS #: 7440-54-2
Relevant identified uses of the substance: Scientific research and development
Supplier details:
American Elements
1093 Broxton Ave. Suite 2000
Los Angeles, CA 90024
Tel: +1 310-208-0551
Fax: +1 310-208-0351
Emergency telephone number:
Domestic, North America +1 800-424-9300
International +1 703-527-3887
SECTION 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
Classification of the substance or mixture
Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
The substance is not classified as hazardous to health or the environment according to the CLP regulation.
Classification according to Directive 67/548/EEC or Directive 1999/45/EC
Not applicable
Information concerning particular hazards for human and environment:
No information known.
Hazards not otherwise classified
No information known.
Label elements
Labelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Not applicable
Hazard pictograms
Not applicable
Signal word
Not applicable
Hazard statements
Not applicable
WHMIS classification
Not controlled
Classification system
HMIS ratings (scale 0-4)
(Hazardous Materials Identification System)
HEALTH
FIRE
REACTIVITY
1
1
1
Health (acute effects) = 1
Flammability = 1
Physical Hazard = 1
Other hazards
Results of PBT and vPvB assessment
PBT: Not applicable.
vPvB: Not applicable.
SECTION 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
Chemical characterization: Substances
CAS# Description:
7440-54-2 Gadolinium
Identification number(s):
EC number: 231-162-2
SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES
Description of first aid measures
After inhalation
Supply fresh air. If required, provide artificial respiration. Keep patient warm.
Seek immediate medical advice.
After skin contact
Immediately wash with water and soap and rinse thoroughly.
Seek immediate medical advice.
After eye contact
Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. Then consult a doctor.
After swallowing
Seek medical treatment.
Information for doctor
Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed
No further relevant information available.
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
No further relevant information available.
SECTION 5. FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
Extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing agents
Special powder for metal fires. Do not use water.
For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agents
Water
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
If this product is involved in a fire, the following can be released:
Metal oxide fume
Advice for firefighters
Protective equipment:
Wear self-contained respirator.
Wear fully protective impervious suit.
SECTION 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Wear protective equipment. Keep unprotected persons away.
Ensure adequate ventilation
Environmental precautions:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Do not allow product to reach sewage system or any water course.
Do not allow to penetrate the ground/soil.
Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:
Pick up mechanically.
Prevention of secondary hazards:
No special measures required.
Reference to other sections
See Section 7 for information on safe handling
See Section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.
See Section 13 for disposal information.
SECTION 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling
Precautions for safe handling
Handle under dry protective gas.
Keep container tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.
Information about protection against explosions and fires:
No information known.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Storage
Requirements to be met by storerooms and receptacles:
No special requirements.
Information about storage in one common storage facility:
Do not store together with oxidizing and acidic materials.
Store away from air.
Store away from water/moisture.
Further information about storage conditions:
Store under dry inert gas.
This product is moisture sensitive.
This product is air sensitive.
Keep container tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.
Protect from humidity and water.
Specific end use(s)
No further relevant information available.
SECTION 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION
Additional information about design of technical systems:
Properly operating chemical fume hood designed for hazardous chemicals and having an average face velocity of at least 100 feet per minute.
Control parameters
Components with limit values that require monitoring at the workplace:
The product does not contain any relevant quantities of materials with critical values that have to be monitored at the workplace.
Additional information:
No data
Exposure controls
Personal protective equipment
General protective and hygienic measures
The usual precautionary measures for handling chemicals should be followed.
Keep away from foodstuffs, beverages and feed.
Remove all soiled and contaminated clothing immediately.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of work.
Maintain an ergonomically appropriate working environment.
Breathing equipment:
Use suitable respirator when high concentrations are present.
Protection of hands:
Impervious gloves
Check protective gloves prior to each use for their proper condition.
The selection of suitable gloves not only depends on the material, but also on quality. Quality will vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.
Penetration time of glove material (in minutes)
Not determined
Eye protection:
Safety glasses
Body protection:
Protective work clothing.
SECTION 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Information on basic physical and chemical properties
General Information
Appearance:
Form: Solid in various forms
Color: Silver-colored
Odor: Not determined
Odor threshold: Not determined.
pH-value: Not applicable.
Change in condition
Melting point/Melting range: 1312 °C (2394 °F)
Boiling point/Boiling range: 3273 °C (5923 °F)
Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined
Flammability (solid, gaseous): Not determined.
Ignition temperature: Not determined
Decomposition temperature: Not determined
Auto igniting: Not determined.
Danger of explosion: Not determined.
Explosion limits:
Lower: Not determined
Upper: Not determined
Vapor pressure at 20 °C (68 °F): 0 hPa
Density at 20 °C (68 °F): 7.9 g/cm³ (65.926 lbs/gal)
Relative density: Not determined.
Vapor density: Not applicable.
Evaporation rate: Not applicable.
Solubility in / Miscibility with Water: Not determined
Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water): Not determined.
Viscosity:
dynamic: Not applicable.
kinematic: Not applicable.
Other information
No further relevant information available
SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Reactivity
No information known.
Chemical stability
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:
Decomposition will not occur if used and stored according to specifications.
Possibility of hazardous reactions
Spontaneously flammable in air.
Conditions to avoid
No further relevant information available.
Incompatible materials:
Air
Oxidizing agents
Water/moisture
Hazardous decomposition products:
Metal oxide fume
SECTION 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Information on toxicological effects
Acute toxicity: No effects known.
LD/LC50 values that are relevant for classification: No data
Skin irritation or corrosion: May cause irritation
Eye irritation or corrosion: May cause irritation
Sensitization: No sensitizing effects known.
Germ cell mutagenicity: No effects known.
Carcinogenicity:
No classification data on carcinogenic properties of this material is available from the EPA, IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH.
Reproductive toxicity: No effects known.
Specific target organ system toxicity - repeated exposure: No effects known.
Specific target organ system toxicity - single exposure: No effects known.
Aspiration hazard: No effects known.
Subacute to chronic toxicity: No effects known.
Additional toxicological information:
To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.
SECTION 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Toxicity
Aquatic toxicity:
No further relevant information available.
Persistence and degradability
No further relevant information available.
Bioaccumulative potential
No further relevant information available.
Mobility in soil
No further relevant information available.
Additional ecological information:
General notes:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Do not allow undiluted product or large quantities to reach ground water, water course or sewage system.
Avoid transfer into the environment.
Results of PBT and vPvB assessment
PBT: Not applicable.
vPvB: Not applicable.
Other adverse effects
No further relevant information available.
SECTION 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Waste treatment methods
Recommendation
Consult state, local or national regulations to ensure proper disposal.
Uncleaned packagings:
Recommendation:
Disposal must be made according to official regulations.
SECTION 14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION
UN-Number
DOT, ADN, IMDG, IATA
Not applicable
UN proper shipping name
DOT, ADN, IMDG, IATA
Not applicable
Transport hazard class(es)
DOT, ADR, ADN, IMDG, IATA
Class
Not applicable
Packing group
DOT, IMDG, IATA
Not applicable
Environmental hazards:
Not applicable.
Special precautions for user
Not applicable.
Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC Code
Not applicable.
Transport/Additional information:
DOT
Marine Pollutant (DOT):
No
UN ""Model Regulation"":
-
SECTION 15. REGULATORY INFORMATION
Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture
National regulations
All components of this product are listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical substance Inventory.
All components of this product are listed on the Canadian Non-Domestic Substances List (NDSL).
SARA Section 313 (specific toxic chemical listings)
Substance is not listed.
California Proposition 65
Prop 65 - Chemicals known to cause cancer
Substance is not listed.
Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity
Substance is not listed.
Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, female
Substance is not listed.
Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, male
Substance is not listed.
Information about limitation of use:
For use only by technically qualified individuals.
Other regulations, limitations and prohibitive regulations
Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) accord
ing to the REACH Regulations (EC) No. 1907/2006.
Substance is not listed.
The conditions of restrictions according to Article 67 and Annex XVII of the Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) for the manufacturing, placing on the market and use must be observed.
Substance is not listed.
Annex XIV of the REACH Regulations (requiring Authorisation for use)
Substance is not listed.
REACH - Pre-registered substances
Substance is listed.
Chemical safety assessment:
A Chemical Safety Assessment has not been carried out.
16. OTHER INFORMATION
Safety Data Sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH). The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a guide. The information in this document is based on the present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the product. American Elements shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. See reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional terms and conditions of sale. COPYRIGHT 1997-2016 AMERICAN ELEMENTS. LICENSED GRANTED TO MAKE UNLIMITED PAPER COPIES FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY.
Gadolinium Isotopes
Gadolinium (Gd) has 6 stable isotopes: 154Gd, 155Gd, 156Gd, 157Gd, 158Gd and 160Gd.
Nuclide | Isotopic Mass | Half-Life | Mode of Decay | Nuclear Spin | Magnetic Moment | Binding Energy (MeV) | Natural Abundance (% by atom) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
134Gd | 133.95537(43)# | 0.4# s | Unknown | 0+ | N/A | 1057.32 | - |
135Gd | 134.95257(54)# | 1.1(2) s | Unknown | 3/2- | N/A | 1065.4 | - |
136Gd | 135.94734(43)# | 1# s [>200 ns] | ß+ to 136Eu | N/A | N/A | 1082.79 | - |
137Gd | 136.94502(43)# | 2.2(2) s | ß+ to 137Eu | 7/2+# | N/A | 1090.87 | - |
138Gd | 137.94012(21)# | 4.7(9) s | ß+ to 138Eu | 0+ | N/A | 1098.95 | - |
139Gd | 138.93824(21)# | 5.7(3) s | ß+ to 139Eu | 9/2-# | N/A | 1116.34 | - |
140Gd | 139.93367(3) | 15.8(4) s | ß+ to 140Eu | 0+ | N/A | 1124.42 | - |
141Gd | 140.932126(21) | 14(4) s | ß+ to 141Eu; ß+ + p to 140Sm | (1/2+) | N/A | 1132.5 | - |
142Gd | 141.92812(3) | 70.2(6) s | ß+ to 142Eu | 0+ | N/A | 1149.89 | - |
143Gd | 142.92675(22) | 39(2) s | ß+ to 143Eu | (1/2)+ | N/A | 1157.97 | - |
144Gd | 143.92296(3) | 4.47(6) min | ß+ to 144Eu | 0+ | N/A | 1166.05 | - |
145Gd | 144.921709(20) | 23.0(4) min | ß+ to 145Eu | 1/2+ | N/A | 1174.13 | - |
146Gd | 145.918311(5) | 48.27(10) d | EC to 146Eu | 0+ | N/A | 1191.53 | - |
147Gd | 146.919094(3) | 38.06(12) h | EC to 147Eu | 7/2- | 1 | 1199.6 | - |
148Gd | 147.918115(3) | 74.6(30) y | a to 144Sm | 0+ | N/A | 1207.68 | - |
149Gd | 148.919341(4) | 9.28(10) d | EC to 149Eu; a to 145Sm | 7/2- | 0.9 | 1215.76 | - |
150Gd | 149.918659(7) | 1.79(8)E+6 y | a to 146Sm | 0+ | N/A | 1223.84 | - |
151Gd | 150.920348(4) | 124(1) d | EC to 151Eu; a to 147Sm | 7/2- | 0.8 | 1222.6 | - |
152Gd | 151.9197910(27) | 1.08(8)E+14 y | a to 148Sm | 0+ | N/A | 1240 | 0.2 |
153Gd | 152.9217495(27) | 240.4(10) d | EC to 153Eu | 3/2- | 0.4 | 1238.76 | - |
154Gd | 153.9208656(27) | Observationally Stable | - | 0+ | N/A | 1246.84 | 2.18 |
155Gd | 154.9226220(27) | Observationally Stable | - | 3/2- | -0.2591 | 1254.92 | 14.8 |
156Gd | 155.9221227(27) | STABLE | - | 0+ | N/A | 1263 | 20.47 |
157Gd | 156.9239601(27) | STABLE | - | 3/2- | -0.3399 | 1271.08 | 15.65 |
158Gd | 157.9241039(27) | STABLE | - | 0+ | N/A | 1279.15 | 24.84 |
159Gd | 158.9263887(27) | 18.479(4) h | ß- to 159Tb | 3/2- | -0.44 | 1287.23 | - |
160Gd | 159.9270541(27) | Observationally Stable | - | 0+ | N/A | 1295.31 | 21.86 |
161Gd | 160.9296692(29) | 3.646(3) min | ß- to 161Tb | 5/2- | N/A | 1303.39 | - |
162Gd | 161.930985(5) | 8.4(2) min | ß- to 162Tb | 0+ | 2 | 1302.15 | - |
163Gd | 162.93399(32)# | 68(3) s | ß- to 163Tb | 7/2+# | N/A | 1310.23 | - |
164Gd | 163.93586(43)# | 45(3) s | ß- to 164Tb | 0+ | 1.9 | 1318.31 | - |
165Gd | 164.93938(54)# | 10.3(16) s | ß- to 165Tb | 1/2-# | N/A | 1326.39 | - |
166Gd | 165.94160(64)# | 4.8(10) s | ß- to 166Tb | 0+ | 1.8 | 1325.15 | - |
167Gd | 166.94557(64)# | 3# s | ß- to 167Tb | 5/2-# | N/A | 1333.23 | - |
168Gd | 167.94836(75)# | 300# ms | ß- to 168Tb | 0+ | 1.4 | 1341.31 | - |
169Gd | 168.95287(86)# | 1# s | ß- to 169Tb | 7/2-# | N/A | 1340.07 | - |