See research below. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Nickel Chromium Silicon Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Nickel as rods, powder and plates. Other shapes are available by request.
Nickel is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Nickel's shells is 2, 8, 16, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar]3d8 4s2. In its elemental form nickel's CAS number is 7440-02-0. Nickel is sometimes found free in nature but is more commonly found in ores. The nickel atom has a radius of 149.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 163.pm. Nickel and its compounds are considered to be carcinogenic. Nickel carbonyl is a very toxic gas. It is extensively alloyed with iron, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and other metals produce stainless and other anti-corrosive steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys. It is highly electronically conductive and has many applications as a result. It is the basis of the nickel hydride battery. Most recently, its conductive properties have made it an ideal component for ceramic anode formulations used in oxygen generation and solid oxide fuel cell applications. Catalytic nickel is used to hydrogenate vegetable oils. Nickel additions to glass and ceramic glazes impart a bright green. It is also used in pigments for this purpose. Nickel information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Nickel was first discovered by Alex Constedt in 1751. The name originates from the German word 'kupfernickel' which means false copper from the illusory copper color of the ore. See Nickel research below.
Chromium is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s1. In its elemental form chromium's CAS number is 7440-47-3. The chromium atom has a radius of 124.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Hexavalent chromium is toxic. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion. This has led to its use in numerous alloying and steel producing applications. When chromium is added to glass or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green. Chromium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used as a paint pigment for this purpose.Although chromium metal is an essential trace element, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic. Recently, chromites have formed the basis for cathode compositions for oxygen generation and fuel cell applications. Chromium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Chromium was first discovered by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. Due to its various colorful compounds, Chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color. See Chromium research below.
Silicon is a Block P, Group 14, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Silicon's shells is 2, 8, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p2. In its elemental form silicon's CAS number is 7440-21-3. The silicon atom has a radius of 117.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 210.pm. Silicon is not toxic but can cause chronic respiratory problems if inhaled as a fine silica or silicate dust. Asbestos silicates are carcinogenic. Silicon is one of man's most useful elements. It makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Silicon is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ultra high purity silicon can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus , or arsenic to produce silicon for use in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silcones are important products of silicon. They range from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Silicon was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1823. The name Silicon originates from the Latin word "silex" which means flint or hard stone. See Silicon research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Regioselective Cycloaddition of 3-Azetidinones and 3-Oxetanones with Alkynes through Nickel-Catalysed Carbon-Carbon Bond Activation.
Y T Ho K, Aïssa C.
Chemistry. 2012 Feb 22. doi: 10.1002/chem.201200167. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22359347
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The hydrogen evolution reaction in a room temperature ionic liquid: mechanism and electrocatalyst trends.
Meng Y, Aldous L, Belding SR, Compton RG.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Feb 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22358388
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A cytosolic Ni(II) sensor in a cyanobacterium: Nickel-detection follows nickel-affinity across four families of metal-sensors.
Foster AW, Patterson CJ, Pernil R, Hess CR, Robinson NJ.
J Biol Chem. 2012 Feb 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22356910
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Incorporation of metal and color alteration of enamel in the presence of orthodontic appliances.
Gurgel Maia LH, de Lima Filho HL, Araújo MV, de Oliveira Ruellas AC, de Souza Araújo MT.
Angle Orthod. 2012 Feb 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22356704
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Nickel(II) and Palladium(II) Thiaethyneporphyrins. Intramolecular Metal(II)-?(2)-CC Interaction inside a Porphyrinoid Frame.
Nojman E, Berlicka A, Szterenberg L, Latos-Grazynski L.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Feb 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22356285
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
General preparation for Pt-based alloy nanoporous nanoparticles as potential nanocatalysts.
Wang D, Zhao P, Li Y.
Sci Rep. 2011;1:37. Epub 2011 Jul 14.
PMID:
22355556
[PubMed - in process]
Pentacoordinate Ni(II) Complexes: Preparation, Magnetic Measurements, and Ab Initio Calculations of the Magnetic Anisotropy Terms.
Costes JP, Maurice R, Vendier L.
Chemistry. 2012 Feb 22. doi: 10.1002/chem.201103641. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22354459
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Measurement of carbon dioxide in emergency medicine].
Timmermann A, Brokmann JC, Fitzka R, Nickel EA.
Anaesthesist. 2012 Feb;61(2):148-55. German.
PMID:
22354403
[PubMed - in process]
[Care Counselling - The Client's Expectations.]
Nickel W, Hanns S, Brähler E, Born A.
Gesundheitswesen. 2012 Feb 21. [Epub ahead of print] German.
PMID:
22354362
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Community-based partnered research: new directions in mental health services research.
Alegría M, Wong Y, Mulvaney-Day N, Nillni A, Proctor E, Nickel M, Jones L, Green B, Koegel P, Wright A, Wells KB.
Ethn Dis. 2011 Summer;21(3 Suppl 1):S1-8-16.
PMID:
22352075
[PubMed - in process]
Inverse Suspension Polymerization as a New Tool for the Synthesis of Ion-Imprinted Polymers.
Meouche W, Branger C, Beurroies I, Denoyel R, Margaillan A.
Macromol Rapid Commun. 2012 Feb 21. doi: 10.1002/marc.201200039. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22351426
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Isolation and characterization of Bacillus cereus IST105 from electroplating effluent for detoxification of hexavalent chromium.
Naik UC, Srivastava S, Thakur IS.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2012 Feb 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22351260
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Production of a his-tagged canecystatin in transgenic sugarcane.
Henrique-Silva F, Soares-Costa A.
Methods Mol Biol. 2012;847:437-50.
PMID:
22351027
[PubMed - in process]
Seasonal variation in heavy metal contamination in water and sediments of river Sabarmati and Kharicut canal at Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
Kumar RN, Solanki R, Kumar JI.
Environ Monit Assess. 2012 Feb 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22350445
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dakin-West reaction on 1-thyminyl acetic acid for the synthesis of 1,3-bis(1-thyminyl)-2-propanone, a heteroaromatic compound with nucleopeptide-binding properties.
Roviello GN, Roviello G, Musumeci D, Bucci EM, Pedone C.
Amino Acids. 2012 Feb 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22349760
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The chain structure of [Ni(C(4)H(2)O(4))(C(12)H(8)N(2))(H(2)O)](n) with different types of fumarate bridging.
Uhrinová A, Kuchár J, Cernák J.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 Feb 1;68(Pt 2):m92-3. Epub 2012 Jan 7.
PMID:
22346891
[PubMed - in process]
trans-Tetra-aqua-bis-(isonicotinamide-?N)nickel(II) bis-(3-hy-droxy-benzoate) tetra-hydrate.
Zaman IG, Caylak Delibas N, Necefoglu H, Hökelek T.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 Feb 1;68(Pt 2):m200-1. Epub 2012 Jan 21.
PMID:
22346867
[PubMed - in process]
{4,4',6,6'-Tetra-chloro-2,2'-[2,2-dimethyl-propane-1,3-diylbis(nitrilo-methanylyl-idene)]}nickel(II).
Kargar H, Kia R, Abbasian S, Tahir MN.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 Feb 1;68(Pt 2):m193. Epub 2012 Jan 21.
PMID:
22346862
[PubMed - in process]
trans-Tetra-kis(1-allyl-1H-imidazole-?N)bis-(thio-cyanato-?N)nickel(II).
Zheng SM, Jin YL.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 Feb 1;68(Pt 2):m188-9. Epub 2012 Jan 21.
PMID:
22346859
[PubMed - in process]
Poly[aqua-[?(3)-4-carb-oxy-2-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxyl-ato-?N,O:N,O:N]nickel(II)].
Jing XM, Gong SZ, Xiao LW.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 Feb 1;68(Pt 2):m187. Epub 2012 Jan 21.
PMID:
22346858
[PubMed - in process]
trans-Tetra-carbonyl-bis-[tris-(3-fluoro-phen-yl)phosphane]chromium(0).
Norlidah MN, Yazid MY, Shawkataly OB, Rosli MM, Fun HK.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1652-m1653. Epub 2011 Nov 2.
PMID:
22199480
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Preparation and characterization of La(III) encapsulated silica gel/chitosan composite and its metal uptake studies.
Gandhi MR, Meenakshi S.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Nov 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22197561
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electro-migration of heavy metals in an aged electroplating contaminated soil affected by the coexisting hexavalent chromium.
Zhang W, Zhuang L, Tong L, Lo IM, Qiu R.
Chemosphere. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22197017
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Angular momentum conservation in dipolar energy transfer.
Guo D, Knight TE, McCusker JK.
Science. 2011 Dec 23;334(6063):1684-7.
PMID:
22194572
[PubMed - in process]
Selected Trace Elements in the Sacramento River, California: Occurrence and Distribution.
Taylor HE, Antweiler RC, Roth DA, Alpers CN, Dileanis P.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22193863
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chromium and genomic stability.
Wise SS, Wise JP Sr.
Mutat Res. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22192535
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A Theoretical Evaluation of Ethylene Insertion into Chromium Alkyl Bonds of Cp-Donor based Olefin Polymerization Catalysts.
Xu R, Klatt G, Enders M, Koeppel H.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22191673
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by modified corn stalk: A fixed-bed column study.
Chen S, Yue Q, Gao B, Li Q, Xu X, Fu K.
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22189077
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant and Toxic-Metal Tolerant Enterococci in Fresh Feces from Urban Pigeons in Brazil.
da Silva VL, Caçador NC, da Silva CD, Fontes CO, Garcia GD, Nicoli JR, Diniz CG.
Microbes Environ. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22188908
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Revision of a tibial baseplate using a customized oxinium component in a case of suspected metal allergy. A case report.
Van Opstal N, Verheyden F.
Acta Orthop Belg. 2011 Oct;77(5):691-5.
PMID:
22187849
[PubMed - in process]
Retention Strength of Cobalt-Chromium vs Nickel-Chromium Titanium vs CP Titanium in a Cast Framework Association of Removable Partial Overdenture.
Souza JE, Silva NR, Coelho PG, Zavanelli AC, Ferracioli RC, Zavanelli RA.
J Contemp Dent Pract. 2011 May 1;12(3):179-86.
PMID:
22186813
[PubMed - in process]
Metal analysis, phytotoxic, insecticidal and cytotoxic activities of selected medicinal plants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Khuda F, Iqbal Z, Zakiullah -, Khan A, Nasir F, Muhammad N, Khan JA, Khan MS.
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012 Jan;25(1):51-58.
PMID:
22186309
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Correlation between metal allergy and treatment outcomes after ankle fracture fixation.
So S, Harris IA, Naylor JM, Adie S, Mittal R.
J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2011 Dec;19(3):309-13.
PMID:
22184160
[PubMed - in process]
Enhancement of the acute phase response to a lipopolysaccharide challenge in steers supplemented with chromium.
Burdick NC, Bernhard BC, Carroll JA, Rathmann RJ, Johnson BJ.
Innate Immun. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22180563
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Identification and hexavalent chromium reduction characteristics of Pannonibacter phragmitetus.
Shi Y, Chai L, Yang Z, Jing Q, Chen R, Chen Y.
Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2011 Dec 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22179413
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Exposure to particulate hexavalent chromium exacerbates allergic asthma pathology.
Schneider BC, Constant SL, Patierno SR, Jurjus RA, Ceryak SM.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22178736
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Circulating levels of metals are related to carotid atherosclerosis in elderly.
Lind PM, Olsén L, Lind L.
Sci Total Environ. 2011 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22178028
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Highly active nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)-Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites for the removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions.
Lv X, Xu J, Jiang G, Tang J, Xu X.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Dec 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22177747
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Airborne concentrations of metals and total dust during solid catalyst loading and unloading operations at a petroleum refinery.
Lewis RC, Gaffney SH, Le MH, Unice KM, Paustenbach DJ.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22177528
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Simultaneous Synthesis of Both Rings of Chromenes via a Benzannulation/o-Quinone Methide Formation/Electrocyclization Cascade.
Majumdar N, Korthals KA, Wulff WD.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22176537
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Desymmetrization of 7-dimethylphenylsilylcycloheptatriene. Towards the synthesis of new aminocycloheptitols.
Girard E, Desvergnes V, Tarnus C, Landais Y.
Org Biomol Chem. 2010 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20941452 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Enzyme-functionalized polymer brush films on the inner wall of silicon-glass microreactors with tunable biocatalytic activity.
Costantini F, Benetti EM, Reinhoudt DN, Huskens J, Vancso GJ, Verboom W.
Lab Chip. 2010 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20941436 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Wavelength-tunable excited-state absorption and optical limiting effects in the Q band region based on silicon phthalocyanine oligomers.
Ishii K, Sakai N.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2010 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20941425 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Role of near-field enhancement in plasmonic laser nanoablation using gold nanorods on a silicon substrate.
Harrison RK, Ben-Yakar A.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22556-71. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022556.PMID: 20941153 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Ultrafast all-optical modulator with femtojoule absorbed switching energy in silicon-on-insulator.
Schönenberger S, Stöferle T, Moll N, Mahrt RF, Dahlem MS, Wahlbrink T, Bolten J, Mollenhauer T, Kurz H, Offrein BJ.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22485-96. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022485.PMID: 20941147 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
The observation of super-long range surface plasmon polaritons modes and its application as sensory devices.
Zhang XL, Song JF, Lo GQ, Kwong DL.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22462-70. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022462.PMID: 20941145 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Silicon photonic temperature sensor?employing a ring resonator manufactured?using a standard CMOS process.
Kim GD, Lee HS, Park CH, Lee SS, Lim BT, Bae HK, Lee WG.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22215-21. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022215.PMID: 20941123 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Highly efficient nonlinearity reduction in silicon-on-insulator waveguides using vertical slots.
Yue Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Beausoleil RG, Willner AE.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22061-6. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022061.PMID: 20941107 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Quantitative evaluation of boron-induced disorder in multilayers containing silicon nanocrystals in an oxide matrix designed for photovoltaic applications.
Zatryb G, Podhorodecki A, Hao XJ, Misiewicz J, Shen YS, Green MA.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22004-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022004.PMID: 20941101 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Discrete parametric band conversion in silicon for mid-infrared applications.
Tien EK, Huang Y, Gao S, Song Q, Qian F, Kalyoncu SK, Boyraz O.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):21981-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021981.PMID: 20941099 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Split of surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles on silicon substrate: a study of dielectric functions.
Zhu S, Chen TP, Cen ZH, Goh ES, Yu SF, Liu YC, Liu Y.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):21926-31. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021926.PMID: 20941092 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Solution-processed photodetectors from colloidal silicon nano/micro particle composite.
Tu CC, Tang L, Huang J, Voutsas A, Lin LY.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):21622-7. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021622.PMID: 20941060 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
FDTD modeling of anisotropic nonlinear optical phenomena in silicon waveguides.
Dissanayake CM, Premaratne M, Rukhlenko ID, Agrawal GP.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 27;18(20):21427-48. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021427.PMID: 20941040 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Multi-channel WDM RZ-to-NRZ format conversion at 50 Gbit/s based on single silicon microring resonator.
Ding Y, Peucheret C, Pu M, Zsigri B, Seoane J, Liu L, Xu J, Ou H, Zhang X, Huang D.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 27;18(20):21121-30. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021121.PMID: 20941008 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Nickel as rods, powder and plates. Other shapes are available by request. 
Nickel is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Nickel's shells is 2, 8, 16, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar]3d8 4s2. In its elemental form nickel's CAS number is 7440-02-0. Nickel is sometimes found free in nature but is more commonly found in ores. The nickel atom has a radius of 149.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 163.pm. Nickel and its compounds are considered to be carcinogenic. Nickel carbonyl is a very toxic gas. It is extensively alloyed with iron, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and other metals produce stainless and other anti-corrosive steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys. It is highly electronically conductive and has many applications as a result. It is the basis of the nickel hydride battery. Most recently, its 
conductive properties have 
made it an ideal component for ceramic anode formulations used in oxygen generation and solid oxide fuel cell applications. Catalytic nickel is used to hydrogenate vegetable oils. Nickel additions to glass and ceramic glazes impart a bright green. It is also used in pigments for this purpose. Nickel information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Nickel was first discovered by Alex Constedt in 1751. The name originates from the German word 'kupfernickel' which means false copper from the illusory copper color of the ore. See Nickel research below.
Chromium is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s1. In its elemental form chromium's CAS number is 7440-47-3. The chromium atom has a radius of 124.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Hexavalent chromium is toxic. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion. This has led to its use in numerous alloying and steel producing applications. When chromium is added to glass or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green. Chromium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used as a paint pigment for this purpose.Although chromium metal is an essential trace element, hexavalent 
chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic. Recently, chromites have formed the basis for cathode compositions 
for oxygen generation and fuel cell applications. Chromium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Chromium was first discovered by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. Due to its various colorful compounds, Chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color. See Chromium research below.
Silicon is a Block P, Group 14, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Silicon's shells is 2, 8, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p2. In its elemental form silicon's CAS number is 7440-21-3. The silicon atom has a radius of 117.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 210.pm. Silicon is not toxic but can cause chronic respiratory problems if inhaled as a fine silica or silicate dust. Asbestos silicates are carcinogenic. Silicon is
one of man's most useful elements. It makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Silicon is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ultra high purity silicon can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus , or arsenic to produce silicon for use in 
transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silcones are important products of silicon. They range from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Silicon was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1823. The name Silicon originates from the Latin word "silex" which means flint or hard stone. See Silicon research below. 
