Osmium Bromide is a highly water soluble crystalline Osmium source for uses compatible with Bromides and lower (acidic) pH. Metallic Bromides are marketed under the trade name AE Bromides™. Most metal bromide compounds are water soluble for uses in water treatment, chemical analysis and in ultra high purity for certain crystal growth applications. Bromide in an aqueous solution can be detected by adding carbon disulfide (CS2) and chlorine. Osmium Bromide is generally immediately available in most volumes. Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards. Nanoscale (See also Nanotechnology Information and Quantum Dots) elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Osmium is a Block D, Group 8, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Osmium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2. In its elemental form osmium's CAS number is 7440-04-2. The osmium atom has a radius of 133.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) can cause eye, lung and skin damage which makes it very toxic. Osmium has the highest melting point and the lowest vapor pressure of any of the platinum group of metals. Osmium tetroxide has recently been used to detect fingerprints and as an aid to stain fatty tissue for microscope slides. The metal is almost entirely used to produce very hard alloys with other metals of the platinum group. Osmium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Osmium was first discovered by Smithson Tennant in 1803. The origin of the name Osmium comes from the Greek word osme meaning a smell or odor. See Osmium research below.
Ultrastructure of the myotendinous junction of the medial pterygoid muscle of
adult and aged Wistar rats. Ciena AP, Luques IU, Dias FJ, Yokomizo de Almeida SR, Iyomasa MM, Watanabe IS. Micron. 2010 Dec;41(8):1011-4. Epub 2010 Apr 20.
PubMed PMID: 20656496.
A novel oxidative
cyclisation onto vinyl silanes. Donohoe TJ, Winship PC, Pilgrim BS, Walter DS, Callens CK. Chem Commun (Camb). 2010 Oct 21;46(39):7310-2.
Epub 2010 Sep 6. PubMed PMID: 20830333.
Electrochemical and homogeneous electron
transfers to the Alzheimer amyloid-{beta} copper complex follow a preorganization
mechanism. Balland V, Hureau C, Savéant JM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Oct 5;107(40):17113-8. Epub 2010 Sep
21. PubMed PMID: 20858730.
Osmium(III) complexes with POP pincer ligands: preparation from commercially
available OsCl(3)·3H(2)O and their X-ray structures. Asensio G, Cuenca AB, Esteruelas MA, Medio-Simón M, Oliván M, Valencia M. Inorg Chem. 2010 Oct
4;49(19):8665-7. PubMed PMID: 20828213.
Multilamellar spherical particles as potential sources of excessive light
scattering in human age-related nuclear cataracts. Costello MJ, Johnsen S, Metlapally S, Gilliland KO, Frame L, Balasubramanian
D. Exp Eye Res. 2010 Sep 30.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20888812.
DNA photocleavage by an osmium(II)
complex in the PDT window. Sun Y, Joyce LE, Dickson NM, Turro C. Chem Commun (Camb). 2010 Sep 28;46(36):6759-61. Epub
2010 Aug 17. PubMed PMID: 20717583.
Interplay of cysteinyl leukotrienes and
TGF-ß in the activation of hepatic stellate cells from Schistosoma mansoni
granulomas. Paiva LA, Maya-Monteiro CM, Bandeira-Melo C, Silva PM, El-Cheikh MC, Teodoro
AJ, Borojevic R, Perez SA, Bozza PT. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 Sep 15. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20817008.
Pulmonary fat embolism after
reamed and unreamed nailing of femoral fractures. Högel F, Gerlach UV, Südkamp NP, Müller CA. Injury. 2010 Sep 15. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20850117.
Clytostoma callistegioides (Bignoniaceae) wax extract with activity on
aphid settling. Castillo L, Díaz M, González-Coloma A, González A, Alonso-Paz E, Bassagoda MJ,
Rossini C. Phytochemistry. 2010 Sep 7. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20828771.
Synchrotron-based micro-CT imaging of the human lung acinus.
Litzlbauer HD, Korbel K, Kline TL, Jorgensen SM, Eaker DR, Bohle RM, Ritman
EL, Langheinrich AC. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2010 Sep;293(9):1607-14. PubMed PMID: 20687188.
Cellularity and
adipogenic profile of the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese
adolescents: association with insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Kursawe R, Eszlinger M, Narayan D, Liu T, Bazuine M, Cali AM, D'Adamo E, Shaw
M, Pierpont B, Shulman GI, Cushman SW, Sherman A, Caprio S. Diabetes.
2010 Sep;59(9):2288-96. PubMed PMID: 20805387; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2927952.
Low temperature and anhydrous electron microscopy techniques to observe the
infection process of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas fragariae on strawberry
leaves. Allan-Wojtas P, Hildebrand PD, Braun PG, Smith-King HL, Carbyn S, Renderos
WE. J Microsc. 2010 Sep 1;239(3):249-58. PubMed PMID: 20701664.
CEMOVIS on
a pathogen: analysis of Bacillus anthracis spores. Couture-Tosi E, Ranck JL, Haustant G, Pehau-Arnaudet G, Sachse M. Biol Cell. 2010 Aug 26. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20795943.
Layer-by-layer self-assembled osmium polymer-mediated laccase oxygen cathodes for
biofuel cells: the role of hydrogen peroxide. Scodeller P, Carballo R, Szamocki R, Levin L, Forchiassin F, Calvo EJ. J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Aug
18;132(32):11132-40. PubMed PMID: 20698679.
One-chip biosensor for simultaneous disease
marker/calibration substance measurement in human urine by electrochemical
surface plasmon resonance method. Nakamoto K, Kurita R, Niwa O. Biosens Bioelectron. 2010 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of
print] PubMed PMID: 20888212.
Morphology of male
reproductive system of two solitary bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Araújo VA, Freitas FV, Moreira J, Neves CA, Lino-Neto J. Neotrop
Entomol. 2010 Jul-Aug;39(4):595-600. PubMed PMID: 20877997.
Correlative microscopy of densely
labeled projection neurons using neural tracers. Oberti D, Kirschmann MA, Hahnloser RH. Front Neuroanat. 2010 Jun
14;4:24. PubMed PMID: 20676237; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2912169.
Rapidly excised and cryofixed rat tissue.
Vanhecke D, Graber W, Studer D. Methods Cell Biol. 2010;96:513-27. PubMed PMID: 20869536.
Electron microscopy analysis of skin biopsies in CADASIL
disease. Cotrutz CE, Indrei A, Badescu L, Dacalu C, Neamtu M, Dumitrescu GF,
Stefanache F, Petreus T. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2010;51(3):455-7. PubMed PMID: 20809020.
Synthesis of Enol Lactones via Cu(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular O-Vinylation of Carboxylic Acids.
Sun C, Fang Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Li C.
Org Lett. 2010 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19689116 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Formation of ArF from LPdAr(F): Catalytic Conversion of Aryl Triflates to Aryl Fluorides.
Watson DA, Su M, Teverovskiy G, Zhang Y, García-Fortanet J, Kinzel T, Buchwald SL.
Science. 2009 Aug 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19679769 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
(2-Pyridyl)acetone-Promoted Cu-Catalyzed O-Arylation of Phenols with Aryl Iodides, Bromides, and Chlorides.
Zhang Q, Wang D, Wang X, Ding K.
J Org Chem. 2009 Aug 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19673481 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ni-Catalyzed Sonogashira Coupling of Nonactivated Alkyl Halides: Orthogonal Functionalization of Alkyl Iodides, Bromides, and Chlorides.
Vechorkin O, Barmaz D, Proust V, Hu X.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Aug 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19670863 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Zn-mediated electrochemical allylation of aldehydes in aqueous ammonia.
Huang JM, Dong Y.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Jul 14;(26):3943-5. Epub 2009 May 28.
PMID: 19662260 [PubMed - in process]
Practical Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Diaryl-, Aryl Heteroaryl-, and Diheteroarylmethanols.
Salvi L, Kim JG, Walsh PJ.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19653691 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Direct Palladium-Catalyzed Arylations of Aryl Bromides with 2/9-Substituted Pyrimido[5,4-b]indolizines.
Jiang M, Li T, Meng L, Yang C, Xie Y, Ding J.
J Comb Chem. 2009 Jul 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19645499 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Versatile chemoselectivity in Ni-catalyzed multiple bond carbonylations and cyclocarbonylations in CO(2)-expanded liquids.
del Moral D, Banet Osuna AM, Córdoba A, Moretó JM, Veciana J, Ricart S, Ventosa N.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Aug 21;(31):4723-5. Epub 2009 Jun 29.
PMID: 19641822 [PubMed - in process]
Highly Selective Biaryl Cross-Coupling Reactions between Aryl Halides and Aryl Grignard Reagents: A New Catalyst Combination of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel Fluorides.
Hatakeyama T, Hashimoto S, Ishizuka K, Nakamura M.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19639999 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hexacationic Dendriphos Ligands in the Pd-Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction: Scope and Mechanistic Studies.
Snelders DJ, van Koten G, Klein Gebbink RJ.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19639941 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Can One Predict Changes from S(N)1 to S(N)2 Mechanisms?
Phan TB, Nolte C, Kobayashi S, Ofial AR, Mayr H.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19634906 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A General Copper-Catalyzed Coupling of Azoles with Vinyl Bromides.
Liao Q, Wang Y, Zhang L, Xi C.
J Org Chem. 2009 Jul 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19603753 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Kinetics of Bromine-Magnesium Exchange Reactions in Heteroaryl Bromides.
Shi L, Chu Y, Knochel P, Mayr H.
Org Lett. 2009 Jul 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19601592 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
C5-Modified nucleosides exhibiting anticancer activity.
Lee YS, Park SM, Kim HM, Park SK, Lee K, Lee CW, Kim BH.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Aug 15;19(16):4688-91. Epub 2009 Jun 21.
PMID: 19596579 [PubMed - in process]
Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Ammonia with Aryl Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides, and Sulfonates: A General Method for the Preparation of Primary Arylamines.
Vo GD, Hartwig JF.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19591470 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
New One-Pot Synthesis of (E)-beta-Aryl Vinyl Halides from Styrenes.
Pawluc´ P, Hreczycho G, Szudkowska J, Kubicki M, Marciniec B.
Org Lett. 2009 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19572730 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Scope and Limitation of Nickel-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation of Aryl Bromides from Formamide Derivatives.
Jo Y, Ju J, Choe J, Song KH, Lee S.
J Org Chem. 2009 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19572571 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electroencephalographic and behavioral convulsant effects of hydrobromide and hydrochloride salts of bupropion in conscious rodents.
Henshall DC, Dürmüller N, White HS, Williams R, Moser P, Dunleavy M, Silverstone PH.
Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2009;5:189-206. Epub 2009 Apr 8.
PMID: 19557114 [PubMed - in process]
A facile route to C2-substituted imidazolium ionic liquids.
Ennis E, Handy ST.
Molecules. 2009 Jun 19;14(6):2235-45.
PMID: 19553895 [PubMed - in process]
Synthesis of 1,3-amino alcohol derivatives via a silicon-mediated ring-opening of substituted piperidines.
McCall WS, Comins DL.
Org Lett. 2009 Jul 2;11(13):2940-2.
PMID: 19552467 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]