Gold information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
Gold is a soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it more strength. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is unaffected by air and most reagents. It is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary systems. It is also extensively used for jewelry, dental work, and for plating. It is used for coating certain space satellites, as it is a good reflector of infrared and is inert. One area that has seen significant growth is the use of gold in electronics, particularly within telecommunications, information technology and safety critical applications. Similarly, within computers there are usually gold-plated edge connectors. Gold bonding wires are used extensively within semiconductor packages, gold thick film inks are applied in the fabrication of hybrid circuits and gold's excellent solder wetting properties are used to form a very thin protective layer on copper laminate printed circuit boards. Gold is an indispensable element for nanoscale electronic components because of its resistance to oxidation and its mechanical robustness. There are a number of direct applications of gold in medical devices. New development are based on its use as a catalyst in chemical processing, pollution control and fuel cell applications. Gold is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.
Highly stable low oxidizing metals such as gold, iridium, aluminum and titanium are used in a host of medical applications, such as to create body implants and in regenerative medicine.
Gold facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Gold is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Gold is a Block D, Group 11, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Gold's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f142 5d10 6s1. In its elemental form gold's CAS number is 7440-57-5. The gold atom has a radius of 144.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 166.pm. Gold is not toxic.
All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Gold compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Gold was first discovered by Early Man c.a. 3000 B.C. The element name originated from the Latin word 'aurum' meaning gold.
Or |
Gold |
Oro |
Ouro |
Oro |
Guld |
Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of gold and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Au-197 |
196.966552 |
100 |
The following table shows the abundance of Gold present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
100 ppb |
0.6 ppb |
| by Atom |
3 ppb |
0.004 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for gold metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Gold compounds have no biological role but are used in some medications used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for gold (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
890.13 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1977.96 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
- kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to gold's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 2.35 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.4. The thermal conductivity of gold is 317 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for gold are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
12.7 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
343.1 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
365.93 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Gold
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[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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PMID:
22241533
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Park H, Kim JU, Park S.
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22240016
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