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1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-Octabutoxyphthalocyanine Copper(II) Salt
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Ammonium Tetrachlorocuprate(II) Dihydrate
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Bis(1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene)copper(I) Tetrafluoroborate
Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato)copper
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Copper(I) Chloride - Bis(Lithium Chloride) Complex
Copper(I) Tetraiodomercurate
Copper(II) Methoxide
Copper(II) Selenite Dihydrate
Copper-63 Isotope
Copper-63 Oxide Isotope
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Copper-65 Oxide Isotope
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Copper-Zinc Alloy Nanopowder
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CuInGaSe
CuInSe
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Copper(II) Disodium Salt
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Diammonium Copper Salt Solution
Gold Copper Alloy
Gold Copper Nickel Alloy
Gold Copper Sputtering Target
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Gold Silver Copper Alloy Powder
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Nickel Copper Alloy
Nickel Copper Foam
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Potassium bis(oxalato)Cuprate(II) Hydrate
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Tetraamminecopper(II) Sulfate Monohydrate
Tin Bismuth Copper Silver Alloy
Tin Copper Alloy
Tin Silver Copper Alloy
Titanium Copper Alloy
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Titanium Nickel Copper Alloy
Tungsten Carbide Copper Alloy
Tungsten Copper Alloy
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Tungsten Nickel Copper Iron Alloy
Ultra Thin Copper Foil
Vanadium Copper Sputtering Target
Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide
Zinc Copper Alloy
Zirconium Copper Alloy
Zirconium Copper Sputtering Target
Copper information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Copper Bohr ModelCopper is a soft, reddish metal. Due to its high electrical conductivity, large amounts of copper are used by the electrical industry for wire. Of all pure metals, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity. Copper is also resistant to corrosion caused by moisture, making it a widely used material in pipes, coins, and jewelery. Copper is often too soft for its applications, so it is incorporated in numerous alloys. For example, brass is a copper-zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper-tin alloy. Copper sulfate (CuSO 4·H2O), also known as blue vitrol, is the most well-known copper compound. It is used as an agricultural poison, an algicide, and as a pigment for inks. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a powder used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is often used in electroplating applications. Copper is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. The origin of the word copper comes from the Latin word 'cuprium' which translates as "metal of Cyprus". Cyprus, a Mediterranean island, was known as an ancient source of mined copper.

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
  Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


(click on an element)

Copper facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

High Purity (99.999%) Copper Oxide (CuO) PowderOxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Copper is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Copper is a Block D, Group 11, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Copper's shells is 2, 8, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s1. In its elemental form copper's CAS number is 7440-50-8. The copper atom has a radius of 127.8 .pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 140.pm. Copper is an essential trace element in animals and plants, but in excess copper is toxic.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and High Purity (99.9999%) Copper (Cu) Sputtering Targetevaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Copper compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Copper was first discovered by Early Man.
French Cuivre German Kupfer Italian Rame Portuguese Cobre Spanish Cobre Swedish Koppar


Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of copper and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
Isotope Atomic Mass % Abundance on Earth
Cu-63 62.929601 69.17
Cu-65 64.927794 30.83


The following table shows the abundance of Copper present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
  Typical Human Body Universe
by Weight 1000 ppb 60 ppb
by Atom 99 ppb 1 ppb


Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for copper metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Copper compounds have an essential biological role in all life, and are a key components of redox enzymes and hemocyanin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for copper (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
1st Ionization Energy 745.49 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy 1957.93 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy 3554.64 kJ mol-1


Conductivity. As to copper's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 1.67 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.9. The thermal conductivity of copper is 401 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for copper are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
Heat of Fusion 13 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization 306.7 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization 337.15b kJ mol-1


Recent Research & Development for Copper
  • Altered intracellular localization and valosin-containing protein (p97 VCP) interaction underlie ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy. Yi L, Donsante A, Kennerson ML, Mercer JF, Garbern JY, Kaler SG. Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22210628 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Chitinolytic and Chitosanolytic Activities from Crude Cellulase Extract Produced by A. niger Grown on Apple Pomace Through Koji Fermentation. Dhillon GS, Brar SK, Kaur S, Valero JR, Verma M. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Dec;21(12):1312-21. PMID: 22210619 [PubMed - in process]

  • Structural and functional recovery of microbial biofilms after a decrease in copper exposure: Influence of the presence of pristine communities. Lambert AS, Morin S, Artigas J, Volat B, Coquery M, Neyra M, Pesce S. Aquat Toxicol. 2011 Dec 14;109C:118-126. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22210500 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Effects of copper on osmoregulation in sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus acclimated to different salinities. Adeyemi JA, Deaton LE, Pesacreta TC, Klerks PL. Aquat Toxicol. 2011 Dec 14;109C:111-117. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22210499 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Characterization of the Chitinolytic Machinery of Enterococcus faecalis V583 and High-Resolution Structure of Its Oxidative CBM33 Enzyme. Vaaje-Kolstad G, Bøhle LA, Gåseidnes S, Dalhus B, Bjørås M, Mathiesen G, Eijsink VG. J Mol Biol. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22210154 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Electrochemistry of copper(II) induced complexes in mycorrhizal maize plant tissues. Zitka O, Merlos MA, Adam V, Ferrol N, Pohanka M, Hubalek J, Zehnalek J, Trnkova L, Kizek R. J Hazard Mater. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22209587 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • The metal binding abilities of Megathura crenulata metallothionein (McMT) in the frame of Gastropoda MTs. Pérez-Rafael S, Mezger A, Lieb B, Dallinger R, Capdevila M, Palacios O, Atrian S. J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22209022 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Photoluminescence quenching/recovery kinetics of [Ru(bpy)(2)(tatp)](2+) and [Ru(bpy)(2)(dmtatp)](2+) intercalated within DNA by copper(II) ions and EDTA. Ji S, Chen M, Gan G, Li H, Li W. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22208960 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Peculiarities of copper binding to alpha-synuclein. Ahmad A, Burns CS, Fink AL, Uversky VN. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2012 Feb;29(4):825-42. PMID: 22208282 [PubMed - in process]

  • Role of Vitamin C and E Supplementation on IL-6 in response to Training. Yfanti C, Fischer CP, Nielsen S, Akerström T, Nielsen AR, Veskoukis AS, Kouretas D, Lykkesfeldt J, Pilegaard H, Pedersen BK. J Appl Physiol. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22207723 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Zinc, Ferritin, Magnesium and Copper in a group of Egyptian Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Mahmoud MM, El-Mazary AA, Maher RM, Saber MM. Ital J Pediatr. 2011 Dec 29;37(1):60. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22206662 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Intramolecular C-H Amination Leading to Imidazobenzimidazole Derivatives. Wang X, Jin Y, Zhao Y, Zhu L, Fu H. Org Lett. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22206482 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • High-Throughput Graphene Imaging on Arbitrary Substrates with Widefield Raman Spectroscopy. Havener RW, Ju SY, Brown L, Wang Z, Wojcik M, Ruiz-Vargas CS, Park J. ACS Nano. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22206260 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Triarylboron-Functionalized Cu(II) Carboxylate Paddlewheel Complexes. Blight BA, Stewart AF, Wang N, Lu JS, Wang S. Inorg Chem. 2011 Dec 28. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22206219 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Application of a topical biomimetic electrical signaling technology to photo-aging: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a galvanic zinc-copper complex. Chantalat J, Bruning E, Sun Y, Liu JC. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012 Jan 1;11(1):30-7. PMID: 22206074 [PubMed - in process]

  • Assessment of Metal Pollution in Soils From a Former Havana (Cuba) Solid Waste Open Dump. Díaz Rizo O, Hernández Merlo M, Echeverría Castillo F, Arado López JO. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22205471 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Coordination chemistry of copper proteins: How nature handles a toxic cargo for essential function. Rubino JT, Franz KJ. J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Dec 3;107(1):129-143. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22204943 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Palm oil fruit shells as biosorbent for copper removal from water and wastewater: Experiments and sorption models. Hossain MA, Ngo HH, Guo WS, Nguyen TV. Bioresour Technol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22204888 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Effective and reversible DNA condensation induced by bifunctional molecules containing macrocyclic polyamines and naphthyl moieties. Yan H, Li ZF, Guo ZF, Lu ZL, Wang F, Wu LZ. Bioorg Med Chem. 2011 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22204742 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Fish quarantine: current practices in public zoos and aquaria. Hadfield CA, Clayton LA. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2011 Dec;42(4):641-50. PMID: 22204059 [PubMed - in process]


  • Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point Boiling Point Vanderwaals radius Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
    Cu 29 63.546 g.mol -1 1.9 8.9 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 1083 °C 2595 °C 140.pm nm 0.096 nm (+1) ; 0.069 nm (+3) 745.49 kJ.mol-1

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    Periodic table of the elements science and academic information, elements and advanced materials data, scientific presentations and all pages, designs, concepts, logos, and color schemes herein are the copyrighted proprietary rights and intellectual property of American Elements. American Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark. © 2001-2012. American Elements. All rights reserved.
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    Periodic table of the elements science and academic information, elements and advanced materials data, scientific presentations and all pages, designs, concepts, logos, and color schemes herein are the copyrighted proprietary rights and intellectual property of American Elements. American Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark. © 2001-2012. American Elements. All rights reserved.
    Learn Six Sigma


    American Elements is a copyrighted U.S. Trademark. All rights reserved.