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(3-Bromopropyl)trichlorosilane
(4-Chlorophenyl)triethoxysilane
(4-Methoxyphenyl)dimethylsilanol
(Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane
(Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane
(Pentafluorophenyl)triethoxysilane
(Triisopropylsiloxy)methyl chloride
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-dimethyldisilane
1,1,2,2-Tetramethyldisilane
1,1-Dichlorosilacyclobutane
1,1-Dimethylsiletane
1,2-Bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)ethane
1,2-Bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene
1,2-Dimethyl-1,1,2,2-tetraphenyldisilane
1,2-Ethanediylbis(methylsilane)
1,3-Bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene
1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane
1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane
1,3-Diethyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane
1,4-Bis(hydroxydimethylsilyl)benzene
1,4-Bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene
1,4-Phenylenebis(chlorodimethylsilane)
1-Chloro-1-methylsilacyclobutane
(2-Allylphenoxy)trimethylsilane
2,4,6,8,10-Pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane
2,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane
2,4,6,8-Tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane
2-(Allyldimethylsilyl)pyridine
2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethanesulfonyl chloride
2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethanol
3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane
3-(Triethoxysilyl)furan
3-Aminopropyl Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles, Dispersion
4,4'-Bis(triethoxysilyl)-1,1'-biphenyl
4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic Acid
Allyloxytrimethylsilane
Alumina Silicate
Aluminum Silicate
Aluminium Silicon Magnesium Alloy Powder
Aluminum Copper Manganese Silicon Magnesium Alloy
Aluminum Copper Silicon
Aluminum Copper Silicon Sputtering Target
Aluminum Magnesium Silicon Alloy
Aluminum Magnesium Silicon Sputtering Target
Aluminum Magnesium Silicon Copper Alloy
Aluminum Silicon Alloy
Aluminum Silicon Copper Sputtering Target
Aluminium Silicon Magnesium Alloy
Aluminium Silicon Magnesium Alloy Particles
Aluminum Silicon Sputtering Target
Aluminum Silicon Slug
Amorphous Silicon
Ammonium Hexafluorosilicate
Barium Silicate
Benzyltrimethylsilane
Bromotrimethylsilane
Calcium Silicate
Calcium Silicate Sputtering Target
Calcium Silicide CaSi
Calcium Silicide CaSi2
Calcium Silicon Alloy
Chloro(dimethyl)thexylsilane
Chloropentamethyldisilane
Chromium doped Silicon Oxide
Chromium Iron Carbon Silicon  Alloy Particles
Chromium Iron Carbon Silicon Alloy Powder
Chromium Nickel Silicon Alloy
Chromium Nickel Silicon Metal
Chromium Oxide/Silicon Oxide Pieces
Chromium Silicide
Chromium(III) Silicide
Chromium Silicon Alloy
Chromium Silicon Oxide
Chromium Silicon Sputtering Target
Dichlorosilane
Dimethyl(2-thienyl)silanol
Dimethylphenylsilanol
Disilane
Dodecamethylcyclohexasilane
Ferrosilicon
Gadolinium Erbium Silicon Sputtering Target
Gadolinium-silicon-germanium Alloy
Germanium Silicide
Gold Silicon Sputtering Target
Iron Silicon Alloy Particles
Iron Silicon Alloy Powder
Iron Silicon Aluminum Alloy Particles
Iron Silicon Aluminium Alloy Powder
Iron Silicon Sputtering Target
Kaolin
Magnesium Silicide
Mesoporous Aluminosilicates
Mesoporous Organosilica
Mesoporous Silica
Molybdenum Disilicide
Molybdenum Disilicide Heating Elements
Molybdenum Disilicide Sputtering Target
Molybdenum Silicide MoSi2
Molybdenum Silicide MoSi3
Molybdenum Silicon Sputtering Target
N,N',N''-Tri-tert-butylsilanetriamine
N-Boc-2-indolyldimethylsilanol
N-sec-Butyl(trimethylsilyl)amine
Nickel Chromium Iron Silicon Boron Alloy
Nickel Chromium Iron Silicon Boron Alloy Particles
Nickel Chromium Silicon Sputtering Target
Nickel Copper Silicon Alloy
Nickel Titanium Silicon Boron Alloy Particles
Nickel Titanium Silicon Boron Alloy Powder
Nickel Silicon Alloy
Nickel Silicon Boron Alloy
Palladium Silver Silicon Alloy
Pentamethyldisilane
Platinum Silicide
Poly(carbodihydridosilane)
Quartz - Fused
Silane
Silica
Silica doped Zirconia
Silicon 2 - Ethylhexanoate
Silicon 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(octyloxy)-29H,31H-phthalocyanine Dihydroxide
Silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine bis(trihexylsilyloxide)
Silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine Dichloride
Silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine Dihydroxide
Silicon 2,9,16,23-tetra-tert-butyl-29H,31H-phthalocyanine Dihydroxide
Silicon 28 Dioxide Isotope
Silicon 29 Dioxide Isotope
Silicon 29 Metal Isotope
Silicon 30 Dioxide Isotope
Silicon Acetate Solution
Silicon Aluminum Nanoparticles
Silicon Aluminum Oxide Rotatable Sputtering Target
Silicon Aluminum Rotatable Sputtering Target
Silicon Arsenide
Silicon Arsenide Sputtering Target
Silicon Balls
Silicon Bands
Silicon Bits
Silicon Briquette
Silicon Bromide
Silicon Capsules
Silicon Carbide
Silicon Carbide Bricks
Silicon Carbide Foam
Silicon Carbide Heating Elements
Silicon Carbide Honeycomb
Silicon Carbide (SiC) Micron Powder
Silicon Carbide (SiC) Micronwhisker
Silicon Carbide Nanoparticles
Silicon Carbide Powder
Silicon Carbide Sponge
Silicon Carbide Sputtering Target
Silicon Carbide (SiC) SubMicron Powder
Silicon Carbide Wool
Silicon Carbon Bricks
Silicon Chloride
Silicon Chloride Solution
Silicon Circle
Silicon Coil
Silicon Concentrate
Silicon Cylinder
Silicon Dioxide
Silicon Dioxide Nanopowder
Silicon Dioxide Nanospheres
Silicon Dioxide Shot
Silicon Dioxide Spheres
Silicon Dioxide, Alumina Doped
Silicon Dust
Silicon Flake
Silicon Flanges
Silicon Fluoride
Silicon Foil
Silicon Fragments
Silicon Grain
Silicon Honeycomb
Silicon Iodide
Silicon Lump
Silicon Mesh
Silicon Metal
Silicon Microfoil
Silicon Monoxide
Sililcon Nanoparticles
Silicon Nanoprisms
Silicon Nanorods
Silicon Nanotubes
Silicon Nickel Alloy
Silicon Nitride
Silicon Nitride Foam
Silicon Nitride Honeycomb
Silicon Nitride Sponge
Silicon Nitride Wool
Silicon Nitride Carbide Foam
Silicon Nitride Carbide Honeycomb
Silicon Nitride Carbide Sponge
Silicon Nitride Carbide Wool
Silicon Nitride Nanoparticles
Silicon Nugget
Silicon Oxide
Silicon Oxide Hollow Nanospheres
Silicon Oxide Hollow Spheres
Silicon Oxide Nanopowder
Silicon Oxide Pellets
Silicon Oxide Pieces
Silicon Oxide Rotatable Sputtering Target
Silicon Oxide Wafer
Silicon Parts
Silicon Pebbles
Silicon Pellets
Silicon Phosphide
Silicon Phosphide Sputtering Target
Silicon Phthalocyanine Dichloride
Silicon Phthalocyanine Dichloride
Silicon Phthalocyanine Dihydroxide
Silicon Pieces
Silicon Pills
Silicon Precipitate
Silicon Prisms
Silicon Puck
Silicon Residue
Silicon Ribbon
Silicon Rings
Silicon Rocks
Silicon Rotatable Sputtering Target
Silicon Samples
Silicon Scraps
Silicon Segments
Silicon Selenide
Silicon Selenide Sputtering Target
Silicon Shaving
Silicon Shot
Silicon Sleeves
Silicon Specimens
Silicon Spheres
Silicon Sponge
Silicon Spring
Silicon Sputtering Target
Silicon Strip
Silicon Sulfide
Silicon Tape
Silicon Telluride
Silcon Telluride Sputtering Target
Silicon Tetraacetate
Silicon Tetrachloride
Silicon Titanium Nitride
Silicon Wafer
Silicon Window
Silicon Wire
Silicon Wool
Silver Silicon Alloy
Sodium 2-furyldimethylsilanolate
Sodium Dimethylphenylsilanolate Hydrate
Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride Trihydrate
Tetraethylorthosilicate
Tetraethylsilane
Tetrakis(dimethylamino)silane
Tetrakis(ethylmethylamino)silane
Tetramethylsilane
Titanium Silicate Nanopowder
Titanium Silicide (TiSi2)
Titanium Silicide (Ti5Si3)
Titanium Silicide Sputtering Target
Titanium Silicocarbide
Titanium Silicon Alloy
Titanium Silicon Oxide
Titanium Silicon Sputtering Target
Trichlorosilane
Triethoxy(1-phenylethenyl)silane
Triethoxy(4-methoxyphenyl)silane
Triethoxy-2-thienylsilane
Triethoxy-p-tolylsilane
Triethoxyphenylsilane
Triethoxy[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]silane
Tris(dimethylamino)silane
Tris(isopropoxy)silanol
Tris(tert-butoxy)silanol
Tris(tert-pentoxy)silanol
Tungsten Silicon Sputtering Target
Vanadium Silicide
Vanadium Silicide(II)
Zirconium Silicide
Zirconium Silicon Sputtering Target
Zirconium tetrakis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate)
Silicon information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Silicon Bohr MoleculeSilicon is one of man's most useful elements. It makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Silicon is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ultra high purity silicon can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus , or arsenic to produce silicon for use in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silcones are important products of silicon. They range from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Thin film deposition of Silicon Nanoparticle quantum dots on the polycrystalline silicon substrate of a photovoltaic (solar) cell increases voltage output as much as 60% by fluorescing the incoming light prior to capture.

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
  Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


(click on an element)

Silicon facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such usesHigh Purity (99.999%) Silicon Oxide (SiO2)Powder as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Silicon is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Silicon is a Block D, Group 14, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Silicon's shells is 2, 8, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p2. In its elemental form silicon's CAS number is 7440-21-3. The silicon atom has a radius of 117.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 210.pm. Silicon is not toxic but can cause chronic respiratory problems if inhaled as a fine silica or silicate dust. Asbestos silicates are carcinogenic.

High Purity (99.999%) Silicon (Si) Sputtering TargetAll elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Silicon compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Silicon was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1823. The name Silicon originates from the Latin word "silex" which means flint or hard stone.
French Silicium German Silicium Italian Silicio Portuguese Silício Spanish Silicio Swedish Kisel


Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of silicon and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
Isotope Atomic Mass % Abundance on Earth
Si-28 27.976926533 92.23
Si-29 28.97649472 4.67
Si-30 29.97377022 3.10


The following table shows the abundance of Silicon present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
  Typical Human Body Universe
by Weight 260000 ppb 700000 ppb
by Atom 58000 ppb 30000 ppb


Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for silicon metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Silicon compounds are used by diatoms, and some protoza, sponges and plants as a structural material.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for silicon (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
1st Ionization Energy 786.52 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy 1577.15 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy 3231.61 kJ mol-1


Conductivity. As to silicon's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 10 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.9. The thermal conductivity of silicon is 148 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for silicon are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
Heat of Fusion 39.6 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization 383.3 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization 451.29 kJ mol-1


Recent Research & Development for Silicon
  • Selective Growth of a-Sexithiophene by Using Silicon Oxides Patterns. Albonetti C, Barbalinardo M, Milita S, Cavallini M, Liscio F, Moulin JF, Biscarini F. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(9):5719-35. Epub 2011 Sep 6. PMID: 22016622 [PubMed - in process]

  • ToF-SIMS Depth Profiling of Trehalose: The Effect of Analysis Beam Dose on the Quality of Depth Profiles. Muramoto S, Brison J, Castner D. Surf Interface Anal. 2011 Jan;43(1-2):58-61. PMID: 22016576 [PubMed]

  • Influence of spectral broadening on femtosecond wavelength conversion based on four-wave mixing in silicon waveguides. Wang Z, Liu H, Huang N, Sun Q, Wen J. Appl Opt. 2011 Oct 1;50(28):5430-6. doi: 10.1364/AO.50.005430. PMID: 22016209 [PubMed - in process]

  • All-optical clock recovery from 40?Gbit/s RZ signal based on microring resonators. Xiong M, Ding Y, Zhang Q, Zhang X. Appl Opt. 2011 Oct 1;50(28):5390-6. doi: 10.1364/AO.50.005390. PMID: 22016205 [PubMed - in process]

  • Basic Principles for Rational Design of High-Performance Nanostructured Silicon-Based Thermoelectric Materials. Yang CC, Li S. Chemphyschem. 2011 Oct 20. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201100514. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22015704 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Sensitivity-Enhanced Natural-Abundance Silicon-29 Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Wong A, Sakellariou D. Chemphyschem. 2011 Oct 20. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201100432. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 22015668 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Diffractive light trapping in crystal-silicon films: experiment and electromagnetic modeling. Weiss DN, Lee BG, Richmond DA, Nemeth W, Wang Q, Keszler DA, Branz HM. Appl Opt. 2011 Oct 10;50(29):5728-34. doi: 10.1364/AO.50.005728. PMID: 22015368 [PubMed - in process]

  • Supported Lipid Bilayers on Biocompatible Polysaccharide Multilayers. Mulligan K, Jakubek ZJ, Johnston L. Langmuir. 2011 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22013993 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • A novel 2,6-dicarbonylpyridine-based fluorescent chemosensor for Co(2+) with high selectivity and sensitivity. Tan Y, Yu J, Cui Y, Yang Y, Wang Z, Hao X, Qian G. Analyst. 2011 Oct 19. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22013587 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Microspot-based ELISA in microfluidics: chemiluminescence and colorimetry detection using integrated thin-film hydrogenated amorphous silicon photodiodes. Novo P, França Prazeres DM, Chu V, Conde JP. Lab Chip. 2011 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22012414 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Fabrication of gold dot, ring, and corpuscle arrays from block copolymer templates via a simple modification of surface energy. Cho H, Choi S, Kim JY, Park S. Nanoscale. 2011 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22012324 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Release of Metal Ions from Orthodontic Appliances: An In Vitro Study. Mikulewicz M, Chojnacka K, Wozniak B, Downarowicz P. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22011837 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Planar silicon microrings as wavelength-multiplexed optical traps for storing and sensing particles. Lin S, Crozier KB. Lab Chip. 2011 Oct 19. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22011760 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Reservoir-on-a-Chip (ROC): A new paradigm in reservoir engineering. Kumar Gunda NS, Bera B, Karadimitriou NK, Mitra SK, Hassanizadeh SM. Lab Chip. 2011 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22011687 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Computer-simulated X-ray three-beam pinhole topographs for spherical silicon crystals. Okitsu K. Acta Crystallogr A. 2011 Nov;67(Pt 6):559-60. Epub 2011 Oct 18. PMID: 22011473 [PubMed - in process]

  • On the polarization state of X-rays generated using a rotating four-quadrant X-ray phase retarder system. Okitsu K. Acta Crystallogr A. 2011 Nov;67(Pt 6):557-8. Epub 2011 Oct 18. PMID: 22011472 [PubMed - in process]

  • Polarization-dependent X-ray six-beam pinhole topographs for a channel-cut silicon crystal. Okitsu K, Yoda Y, Imai Y, Ueji Y. Acta Crystallogr A. 2011 Nov;67(Pt 6):550-6. Epub 2011 Oct 18. PMID: 22011471 [PubMed - in process]

  • Characterization upon electrical hysteresis and thermal diffusion of TiAl3Ox dielectric film. Shi L, Liu Z. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2011 Oct 19;6(1):557. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22011364 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • The Burning Rate of Energetic Films of Nanostructured Porous Silicon. Plummer A, Kuznetsov V, Joyner T, Shapter J, Voelcker NH. Small. 2011 Oct 19. doi: 10.1002/smll.201101087. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22009919 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Freshwater diatoms as a source of lipids for biofuels. Graham JM, Graham LE, Zulkifly SB, Pfleger BF, Hoover SW, Yoshitani J. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Oct 19. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 22009056 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]


  • Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point Boiling Point Vanderwaals radius Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
    Si 14 28.0855 g.mol -1 1.8 2.33 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 1410 °C 3265 °C 0.132 nm 0.271 nm (-4) ; 0.041 (+4) 786.3 kJ.mol-1

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