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Iron
Iron information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Iron is the most commonly used metal for commercial applications due to its hardness, historical availability and low cost. Once used on its own, it is now alloyed with nickel and other elements to produce steel and other high strength, non-corrosive structural metals. Iron as a metal and as its many compounds has numerous uses. It is a primary colorant in glass and ceramics. It is a catalyst. It is the basis for low grade magnets and because of its magnetic properties is used extensively in memory tape. Iron is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.

Iron facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Iron is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Iron is a Block D, Group 8, Period 4 element. The electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d6 4s2. In its elemental form iron's CAS number is 7439-89-6. The iron atom has a radius of 124.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Iron compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Iron was first discovered by Early Man.

French fer German Eisen Italian ferro Portuguese Ferro Spanish hierro Swedish Järn

Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of iron and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Fe-54
53.939615
5.8
Fe-56
55.934942
91.72
Fe-57
56.935399
2.1
Fe-58
57.933280
0.28

Safety Data. The safety data for iron metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for iron (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
762.47 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1561.90 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
2957.49 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to iron's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 9.71 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.83. The thermal conductivity of iron is 80.2 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for iron are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
14.9 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
340.2 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
413.96 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Fe 26 55.85 g.mol -1 1.8 7.8 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 1536 °C 2861 °C 200.pm 0.076 nm (+2) ; 0.064 nm (+3) 762.47 kJ.mol-1

PRODUCT CATALOG U.S. Operations Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Foil
 
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Recent Research & Development for Iron

  • Enhanced Reactivities of Iron(IV)-Oxo Porphyrin pi-Cation Radicals in Oxygenation Reactions by Electron-Donating Axial Ligands. Kang Y, Chen H, Jeong YJ, Lai W, Bae EH, Shaik S, Nam W. Chemistry. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19697378 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • New molecules from old classes: revisiting the development of beta-lactams. Page MG, Heim J. IDrugs. 2009 Sep;12(9):561-5. PMID: 19697275 [PubMed - in process]

  • Compliance to iron supplementation during pregnancy. Habib F, Alabdin EH, Alenazy M, Nooh R. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009 Aug;29(6):487-92. PMID: 19697194 [PubMed - in process]

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  • Identification of up-regulated genes in flag leaves during rice grain filling and characterization of OsNAC5, a new ABA-dependent transcription factor. Sperotto RA, Ricachenevsky FK, Duarte GL, Boff T, Lopes KL, Sperb ER, Grusak MA, Fett JP. Planta. 2009 Aug 21. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19697058 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • In vivo transfer of intracellular labels from locally implanted bone marrow stromal cells to resident tissue macrophages. Pawelczyk E, Jordan EK, Balakumaran A, Chaudhry A, Gormley N, Smith M, Lewis BK, Childs R, Robey PG, Frank JA. PLoS One. 2009 Aug 21;4(8):e6712. PMID: 19696933 [PubMed - in process]

  • Lymphotropic nanoparticle-enhanced MRI for independent prediction of lymph node malignancy: a logistic regression model. Pandharipande PV, Mora JT, Uppot RN, Goehler A, Braschi M, Halpern EF, Gazelle GS, Harisinghani MG. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 Sep;193(3):W230-7. PMID: 19696264 [PubMed - in process]

  • Pumping iron: mechanisms for iron uptake by Campylobacter. Miller CE, Williams PH, Ketley JM. Microbiology. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19696110 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Transcriptional up-regulation of four genes of the lysine biosynthetic pathway by homocitrate accumulation in Penicillium chrysogenum: homocitrate as a sensor system of the pathway distress. Teves F, Lamas-Maceiras M, García-Estrada C, Casqueiro J, Naranjo L, Ullán RV, Scervino JM, Wu X, Velasco-Conde T, Martín JF. Microbiology. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19696106 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Vishweshwaraiah Iron Steel Limited (VISL) fire disasters following steel converter blast, 30 July 2003. Kumar P. Burns. 2009 Aug 18. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19695784 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Inhibition of sulfate reduction by iron, cadmium and sulfide in granular sludge. Gonzalez-Silva BM, Briones-Gallardo R, Razo-Flores E, Celis LB. J Hazard Mater. 2009 Jul 14. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19695775 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Magnetic nanoparticles encapsulated into biodegradable microparticles steered with an upgraded magnetic resonance imaging system for tumor chemoembolization. Pouponneau P, Leroux JC, Martel S. Biomaterials. 2009 Aug 18. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19695700 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Magnetic tagging increases delivery of circulating progenitors in vascular injury. Kyrtatos PG, Lehtolainen P, Junemann-Ramirez M, Garcia-Prieto A, Price AN, Martin JF, Gadian DG, Pankhurst QA, Lythgoe MF. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009 Aug;2(8):794-802. PMID: 19695550 [PubMed - in process]

  • [Immunoglobulin treatment for neonatal hemochromatosis: A case report in a context of immunoglobulin delivery quotas.] Lecointre R, Lima S, Varlet MN, Combe C. Ann Pharm Fr. 2009 Sep;67(5):304-9. Epub 2009 Jul 30. French. PMID: 19695366 [PubMed - in process]

  • Antioxidant enzymes show adaptation to oxidative stress in athletes and increased stress in hemodialysis patients. Knap B, Prezelj M, Buturovic-Ponikvar J, Ponikvar R, Bren AF. Ther Apher Dial. 2009 Aug;13(4):300-5. PMID: 19695063 [PubMed - in process]

  • Efficiency of sediment quality guidelines to predict toxicity: The case of the St. Lawrence River. Desrosiers M, Babut M, Pelletier M, Bélanger C, Thibodeau S, Martel L. Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2009 Aug 20:1. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19694492 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Iron(III) Complexes of Tripodal Monophenolate Ligands as Models for Non-Heme Catechol Dioxygenase Enzymes: Correlation of Dioxygenase Activity with Ligand Stereoelectronic Properties. Mayilmurugan R, Visvaganesan K, Suresh E, Palaniandavar M. Inorg Chem. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19694480 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Synthesis, Structures, and Electronic Properties of [8Fe-7S] Cluster Complexes Modeling the Nitrogenase P-Cluster. Ohki Y, Imada M, Murata A, Sunada Y, Ohta S, Honda M, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N, Katada M, Tatsumi K. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19694466 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Structures and Spin States of Bis(tridentate)-Type Mononuclear and Triple Helicate Dinuclear Iron(II) Complexes of Imidazole-4-carbaldehyde azine. Sunatsuki Y, Kawamoto R, Fujita K, Maruyama H, Suzuki T, Ishida H, Kojima M, Iijima S, Matsumoto N. Inorg Chem. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19694455 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Isocyanides Inhibit Human Heme Oxygenases at the Verdoheme Stage. Evans JP, Kandel S, Ortiz de Montellano PR. Biochemistry. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19694439 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

 

 

 

 

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